Mohamed El Hachemi Chérif

Mohamed El Hachemi Chérif (left) with his brother Muḥammad aṭ-Ṭaiyib in Ouargla (1900)

Mohamed El Hachemi Chérif , with full name Mohamed El Hachemi Ben Ibrahim Ben Ahmed Chérif Nefti (* 1853 in Nefta , according to other sources 1863 or 1861 ; † September 23, 1923 in El Oued ; Arabic محمد الهاشمي بن إبراهيم بن أحمد الشريف النفطي, DMG Muḥammad al-Hāšimī b. Ibrāhīm b. Ahmad aš-Sharif to-Nafti ) was an Algerian Sufi sheikh of Qadiriya - Order and Antikolonialist .

Origin and family

Sheikh Mohamed El Hachemi Chérif's family came from the tribe of al-Būazīd (Abū Zaid), who settled in the Algerian region of Ziban , with the cities of Biskra and Tolga , and achieved international fame in 1876 through a revolt against France.

His grandfather Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. ʿAṭīa aš-Šarīf emigrated to Bled el Djerid in southern Tunisia at the beginning of the 19th century . There El Hachemi Chérif's father founded Ibrāhīm b. Ahmad aš-Sharif (1813-1897) in 1845 in the city of Nefta one Zaouia of Qadiriya - Order and was a supporter and financier of the Emir Abd el-Kader .

At the end of the century, the family's influence extended not only to southern Tunisia but also to almost all of south-eastern Algeria, to the Tuareg regions of Twat , Adrar and Tamantit to the west on the border with today's Mali , and also to the northern Algerian regions of Skikda , Tébessa , Biskra and the Aurès Mountains, as well as parts of Tripolitania and the vicinity of Ghadames '.

Mohamed El Hachemi Chérif married four women, including Ḫadīǧa bint aṭ-Ṭaiyib, and had at least four sons, ʿAbd ar-Razzāq, Muḥammad Ṣāliḥ, Abdelaziz and ʿAbd al-Qādir, and at least one daughter.

Life

Mohamed El Hachemi Chérif was born as the sixth and youngest son of Sheikh Ibrāhīm and his wife Hāniʾ bint al-geborenamm in Nefta in 1853, while other sources give 1963 or 1961 as the date of birth. After his older brother, the firstborn son, Muḥammad was appointed to continue the Zaouia of the father in Nefta, the remaining sons were sent to the mission and the establishment of new Zaouias in Algeria. Muḥammad aṭ-Ṭaiyib founded the Zaouia in Rouissat in the province of Ouargla in 1880 and expanded the area of ​​influence to the cities of Djanet , Ghardaia and Laghouat . The third son, Muḥammad Imām, founded the Zaouia in Robbah in 1887 , while two others opened the one in Guemar near El Oued and Tébessa . All of these Zaouias were directly subordinate to the one in Nefta.

Mohamed El Hachemi Chérif himself reached Algeria in 1886 or 1887 and initially supported his brother Muḥammad Imām and his uncle Sheikh Muḥammad al-Kabīr (1853-1914) in their work. In 1892 he was commissioned to set up his own Zaouia in Bayadha (al-Bayaḍa), south of El Oued , which he named after the Amiche region there .

After returning from a trip to France, between 1900 and 1901 he had a relationship with the Swiss Isabelle Eberhardt , who joined the order after becoming acquainted with him and his brother al-Ḥussain. The records of Eberhardt suggest that Mohamed El Hachemi was still under the authority of his bigger brothers al-Ḥussain and Muḥammad Imām at this point in time.

In his capacity as Shaykh he was in competition with the Tijaniyyah -Orden and local tribal leaders for regional influence. This relationship was so tense after the assassination attempt on Eberhardt, which was under his personal protection, that violent clashes broke out. In 1902 another Zaouia was founded in Touggourt . In addition, he succeeded in expanding his network to southern Libya and northern Sudan .

During the Italian-Turkish war 1911-12 supported Chérif the jihad of Sulayman al-Baruni against the Italian invaders and financially the posting of 350 fighters. During this time he acquired large palm groves for growing dates and was considered loyal to the French colonial authorities. In 1915 and 1916 he acted as an informant and carried out espionage about activities of the Sanūsīya and military facilities in Libya .

After the trade of the Chérifs with the Libyan provinces was increasingly prevented by the authorities and the French government decided in July 1917 that a large number of the students of his Zaouias were subject to military service and caused great nuisance in the region, Mohamed changed this attitude El Hachemi Chérifs. From then on he began with propaganda against France and colonialism .

After the end of the fighting of the First World War , on the days of November 14th and 15th, 1918, under the leadership of Chérif, there were uprisings in the city of El Oued and attacks on facilities of the colonial authorities there. This culminated in a train of partially armed demonstrators on the governor's residence and the firing of warning shots. The revolt was quickly ended by the intervention of the military and the sheikh's relenting. However, the situation remained tense until Chérif submitted a series of demands to the French governor and obtained the release of prisoners. As a result, he was banned from the Souf region for a year. During this time he resided in Skikda, among other places .

In July 1920 Mohamed El Hachemi Chérif returned to El Oued and in the same year founded another Zaouia in the city, whereby the tension between Tijānīya and Qādirīya had increased.

On September 23, 1923, El Hachemi Chérif died of a wound infection in El Oued .

His son ʿAbd ar-Razzāq succeeded him as sheikh, the Zaouias he founded, but also died a little later in December 1923. Subsequently, his second youngest son Abdelaziz Belhachemi took over the fate.

During his lifetime Mohamed El Hachemi Chérif amassed a comparatively large property. He not only owned properties and religious institutions in El Oued, but also in Biskra , Laghouat , Touggourt and Nefta in the Sahara, as well as a mosque and shops in Skikda on the African Mediterranean coast. In addition, he is said to have owned gardens with a total of several 10,000 date palms in various places in Algeria and Tunisia.

Others

In the French - Australian Film Production Isabelle Eberhardt of 1991 Chérif is of Foued Nassah under the role name Si Lachmi shown. This name can also be found in other publications by and about Eberhardt as a name for the person Mohamed El Hachemi Chérif.

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b c d} Nūr ad-Dīn Abū Laḥiya: Ǧamʿīyat al-ʿulamāʾ al-muslimīn wa-ṭ-ṭuruq aṣ-ṣūfīya wa-tārīḫ al-ʿilāqa baynahumā. Dār al-Anwār li-l-našr wa-t-tawziʿ. 2016. 2nd edition. P. 78f.
2. ↑ ^{a b c d} ʿAbd al-Baqī Miftaḥ: Adwāʾ ʿalā aš-šayḫ ʿAbd al-Qādir al-Ǧilānī wa-ntišār ṭarīqatuhu. Beirut: Dar al-Kotob al-Ilmiyah. 2014. pp. 304f.
3. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g} Hellal, Amar (ar. 'Aʿmar Hilāl'): Le mouvement reformiste algérien. Les hommes et l'histoire (1831-1957). Algiers: Office des Publications Universitaires. 2009 [2002]. 2nd, revised edition. P. 16ff.
4. ↑ ^{a b c d} ʿAšūrī Qamaʿūn: Zāwiya aš-šayḫ al-Hāšimī aš-Šarīf mufaḫarat al-ḥaraka al-iṣlāḥīya bi-sūf bi-qalam al-brūfīsūr ʿAšūrī Qamaʿūn :. In: El Djadid El Yawmi. September 23, 2018, accessed March 18, 2019 . 
5. ^ German monthly books: magazine for the entire cultural interests of the German fatherland. Volume March 4, 1876. Cambridge: Harvard University. 2007, p. 70.
6. ^ Charles Robert Ageron: Les Algériens musulmans et la France: 1871-1919. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France. 2005. p. 57f.
7. ↑ Samīr Samirād: "aš-Šayḫ Abd al-ʿAzīz b. Ayḫ al-Hāšimī ”. In: al-iṣlāḥ (4). Algiers: Maǧlat Ǧāmʿia. July 21, 2010. p. 38ff.
8. ↑ Khelifa Benamara: Le Destin d'Isabelle Eberhardt en Algérie: Amour, mystique, espionnage et mort violente. Paris: Publibook. 2013. pp. 68f., 102f.
9. ↑ Liz Kershaw (ed.): The Nomad. The Diaries of Isabelle Eberhardt. Northampton: Interlink. 2003. pp. 77, 204.
10. ^ Marie Odile Delacour (ed.): Écrits intimes. Lettres aux trois hommes les plus aimés. Paris: Payot & Rivages. 1998. p. 266.
11. ↑ Simone Rezzoug (ed.): Isabelle Eberhardt. Algiers: Office des Publications Universitaires. 1985. pp. 29, 51f.
12. ↑ al-Ǧīlānī Šarāda: Mulḥama aš-šayḫ al-Hāšimī aš-Šarīf. In: "at-Taḥrīr". October 3, 2016, accessed March 24, 2019 .