Babur

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Babur in a detail from an Indian illumination of the 17th century by Bishandas . British Library, London.
Babur on the hunt (depiction around 1605), Museum of Islamic Art (Berlin) , inv. I. 4593 fol. 49
Babur's grave in the Kabul Bāgh-e Bābur ("Babur Garden")

Zahir ad-Din Muhammad Babur ( Persian ظهير الدين محمد بابر, DMG Ẓahīr ad-Dīn Muḥammad Bābur ; born on February 14, 1483 in Andischon , Ferghanatal , today Uzbekistan ; died on December 26, 1530 in Agra , today India ), also Babur Chan or Babur Shah , was the first Mughal of India. He was originally a ruler in embattled Central Asia, who succeeded in defeating the Afghan Lodi dynasty , which already ruled large areas in northern India, as well as Hindu rulers in India, the long-standing IndianFounding a Mughal Empire .

Life

Zahir ad-Din Muhammad, called Babur ("Tiger") by his family and followers , was a Timurid prince from the Fergana Valley . When his father Omar Sheikh died in 1493, Muhammad succeeded him. In 1494 Sultan Ahmad Mirza died and several Timurids fought for rule over Bukhara and Samarkand . The young Mohammed Babur conquered Samarkand in 1497 at the age of 14, but could not hold it. He had no support from his relatives and quickly lost most of his following after failure.

In the meantime, the Uzbeks under Mohammed Scheibani came to an agreement in the northern steppes and occupied Bukhara and Samarkand in 1500. Babur conquered Samarkand back in a coup d'état, but was defeated again in open field battle and gave up Samarkand against free withdrawal (1500-1501).

In 1506 Husain Baiqara , the last important Timurid, died in Herat . Mohammed Scheibani's power was now almost unchallengeable. Only after his defeat and death in 1510 in the battle against the ( Shiite ) Safavid Shah Ishmael was Babur able to occupy Samarkand again on October 12, 1511 with the help of Ishmael. In contrast to earlier, however, resistance developed among the population (possibly as a result of massacres or because of Babur - perhaps only ostensible - conversion to the Shia as part of the pact with Ishmael). In the battle of Gajdivan near Bukhara in 1512 the Uzbeks under the cavalry general Jani Beg (a cousin of Scheibani) won and Babur lost control of Samarkand a third time.

He now turned south, to Afghanistan , made Kabul his new capital and from here led smaller campaigns against Afghan tribes from what is now the Northwestern Frontier Province and the Sultanate of Delhi . To strengthen his alliance with the Afghan Jūsuf-zāī , Babur married in 1519 Bībī Mubāraka (Aghācha of Gul-Badan) , the daughter of his ally Malik Shāh Manṣur , son of Malik Sulaimān Shāh .

The Sultan of Delhi , Ibrahim Lodi (ruled 1517–1526), ​​was notorious for his excessive severity and so soon some of his greats (e.g. Daulat Khan, governor in Punjab ) conspired with Babur. Persian cannons, superior cavalry and a defensive tactic based on the Ottomans (the so-called Rumi defense) using carts helped him to defeat Ibrahim Lodi, who fell in the battle of Panipat in April 1526. Babur occupied Delhi and Agra and founded the Mughal Empire there . In August 1526 his son Fārūq was born.

Rana Sangram Singh of Mewar (ruled 1509-1527), the highest ranking of the Rajput princes , attacked him at Khanwa . In March 1527 there were 15,000 fighters of Babur against 201,000 Rajputs. The Mughal artillery and cavalry won Babur's victory. Sangram Singh was badly wounded and poisoned shortly afterwards.

In the last three years of his life, Babur strove to consolidate his power. In 1530 he died in Agra and was buried there. His mausoleum is in his favorite city, Kabul, in the middle of the magnificent gardens (Bāgh-e Bābur) . The rule of the Mughal Empire was taken over by his son Humayun .

Baburnama

Babur left an autobiography called Baburnama . This is written in a Turkic language , namely Chagataisch , and still has linguistic meaning today. B. Uzbek is based on this language.

Contrary to what was customary at the time, the baburnama contains neither a religious nor any other introduction or a representation of the preceding realms. It is arranged chronologically and very detailed, especially in the representation of the individual actors. Among other things, the unfavorable negotiations with Mohammed Scheibani in July 1501 are hidden.

Babur was very interested in natural history; the Baburnameh contains a detailed description of the flora and fauna of Hindustan. He describes in detail, for example, the jāsūn ( Hibiscus rosa sinensis ) with its flower, which is the size of a rose flower and more intensely colored than that of a pomegranate . He compares the double flower with a heart surrounded by the stem axes of the petals. They fade in a day. He also describes the oleander , which like the peach has five petals that can be red or white, the fragrant pandanus flowers ( Pandanus odoratissimus ) and the jasmine .

As can be seen from his autobiography, Babur also wrote numerous poems. However , he had renounced the writing of satirical poems ( Mubīn ), since base ideas polluted the mind that has grasped holy insights of the Koran . When he broke the oath in 1525 on a raft on the Kabul , in his opinion this was punished with an illness, whereupon he renewed his oath.

Gardens

Babur knew the gardens of Timur in Samarkand - in the Baburnama he describes the Dilkusha gardens and the plane tree garden , which are also known from the work of Ruy González de Clavijo , as well as the Shah Ruch gardens in Herat . These gardens were rectangular, symmetrical, and terraced. They contained cypress and poplar trees. Babur had gardens laid out in Kabul , including the Bāgh-e Bābur . For Bāgh-i-Wafa in Adīnapūr Babur was in 1523 in bananas imported from India. He later introduced plants to India from Central Asia and was delighted that they were thriving here. In 1528 a Baluch grew melons in Agra , and grapes also grew.

Gardens in Delhi and Agra also go back to Babur's plans. The Chār-Bāgh in Agra is located on the banks of the Jumna on very poor and unattractive terrain. "We crossed it with a hundredfold revulsion and shudder ..." - but no other country was available. First, a well was dug to supply the bathhouses . Then the central basin ( haud ) and its enclosure were created. The garden also contained an octagonal basin and tamarisk trees . Beds were created in which roses and daffodils grew “in perfect order”. Babur emphasizes how he introduces order and symmetry in “ugly and messy India” and how he divides his garden with beds, borders and parterres . Nimla is about 40 km from Jalalabad . The Bāgh-i-Wafa , "Garden of Faithfulness", has not yet been located, but is believed to be near Jalalabad. Here clover covered the ground; plantains , pomegranates, apple trees, sugar cane and poplars grew, among other things . A miniature from the Babur-nameh from the time of Akbar I shows Babur personally overseeing the garden. Babur collected wild tulips for his gardens and had cuttings made of oriental plane trees, ivy and sour cherries .

The Babur Memorial Park was opened in 1993 in his hometown of Andijon in Uzbekistan .

literature

  • The memories of the first Great Mogul of India. The Babur-Nama . Translated into German and with a foreword by Wolfgang Stammler . With a historical introduction by Sabakhat Azimdžanova et al., 2nd edition. Manesse, Zurich 1990, ISBN 3-7175-8082-5 , ( Manesse Library of World History ).
  • Babur Nama. Journal of Emperor Babur . Zahir Uddin Muhammad Babur, translated from Chagataic by Annette Susannah Beveridge, edited by Dilip Hiro . Penguin Books, London 2006, ISBN 0-14-400149-7 , Baburnama Online .
  • Bamber Gascoigne: The Mughals. Splendor and greatness of Mohammedan princes in India . Special edition. Prisma-Verlag, Gütersloh 1987, ISBN 3-570-09930-X .
  • Stephan Conermann: The Mughal Empire. History and Culture of Muslim India . Munich 2006, ISBN 978-3406536038 .
  • Mohibbul Hasan: Babur. Founder of the Mughal Empire in India. Kaveri Books, New Delhi 2020, ISBN 978-9388540940 .

Web links

Commons : Babur  - album with pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Babur (r.1526-30) Reading, Mughal (w / c on paper). Bridgeman Images, BL147698, (accessed November 14, 2020).
  2. ^ Annette Susanne Beveridge, Babur-nama (Memoirs of Babur). Translated from the original Turki text of Zahiru'd-din Muhammad Babur Padsha Ghazi. Delhi 1921 (Reprint Low Price Publications 1989 in one volume, ISBN 81-85395-07-1 ), p. 375
  3. ^ Annette Susanne Beveridge, Babur-nama (Memoirs of Babur). Translated from the original Turki text of Zahiru'd-din Muhammad Babur Padsha Ghazo. Delhi 1921 (Reprint Low Price Publications 1989 in one volume, ISBN 81-85395-07-1 ), p. 536
  4. ^ Annette Susanne Beveridge, Babur-nama (Memoirs of Babur). Translated from the original Turki text of Zahiru'd-din Muhammad Babur Padsha Ghazo. Delhi 1921 (Reprint Low Price Publications 1989 in one volume, ISBN 81-85395-07-1 ), pp. 488-514
  5. ^ Annette Susanne Beveridge, Babur-nama (Memoirs of Babur). Translated from the original Turki text of Zahiru'd-din Muhammad Babur Padsha Ghazo. Delhi 1921 (Reprint Low Price Publications 1989 in one volume, ISBN 81-85395-07-1 ), p. 513
  6. ^ Annette Susanne Beveridge, Babur-nama (Memoirs of Babur). Translated from the original Turki text of Zahiru'd-din Muhammad Babur Padsha Ghazo. Delhi 1921 (Reprint Low Price Publications 1989 in one volume, ISBN 81-85395-07-1 ), p. 514
  7. ^ Annette Susanne Beveridge, Babur-nama (Memoirs of Babur). Translated from the original Turki text of Zahiru'd-din Muhammad Babur Padsha Ghazo. Delhi 1921 (Reprint Low Price Publications 1989 in one volume, ISBN 81-85395-07-1 ), p. 515
  8. ^ Annette Susanne Beveridge, Babur-nama (Memoirs of Babur). Translated from the original Turki text of Zahiru'd-din Muhammad Babur Padsha Ghazo. Delhi 1921 (Reprint Low Price Publications 1989 in one volume, ISBN 81-85395-07-1 ), p. 449
  9. ^ Penelope Hobhouse, Gardening through the ages. An illustrated history of plants and their influence on Garden Styles from Ancient Egypt to the present day. London, Simon & Schuster 1992, p. 50
  10. ^ Penelope Hobhouse, Gardening through the ages. An illustrated history of plants and their influence on Garden Styles from Ancient Egypt to the present day. London, Simon & Schuster 1992, p. 42
  11. ^ Annette Susanne Beveridge, Babur-nama (Memoirs of Babur). Translated from the original Turki text of Zahiru'd-din Muhammad Babur Padsha Ghazo. Delhi 1921 (Reprint Low Price Publications 1989 in one volume, ISBN 81-85395-07-1 ), p. 443
  12. ^ Annette Susanne Beveridge, Babur-nama (Memoirs of Babur). Translated from the original Turki text of Zahiru'd-din Muhammad Babur Padsha Ghazo. Delhi 1921 (Reprint Low Price Publications 1989 in one volume, ISBN 81-85395-07-1 ), p. 686
  13. ^ Annette Susanne Beveridge, Babur-nama (Memoirs of Babur). Translated from the original Turki text of Zahiru'd-din Muhammad Babur Padsha Ghazo. Delhi 1921 (Reprint Low Price Publications 1989 in one volume, ISBN 81-85395-07-1 ), p. 531
  14. ^ Annette Susanne Beveridge, Babur-nama (Memoirs of Babur). Translated from the original Turki text of Zahiru'd-din Muhammad Babur Padsha Ghazo. Delhi 1921 (Reprint Low Price Publications 1989 in one volume, ISBN 81-85395-07-1 ), p. 443
  15. ^ Annette Susanne Beveridge, Babur-nama (Memoirs of Babur). Translated from the original Turki text of Zahiru'd-din Muhammad Babur Padsha Ghazo. Delhi 1921 (Reprint Low Price Publications 1989 in one volume, ISBN 81-85395-07-1 ), p. 532
  16. ^ Penelope Hobhouse, Gardening through the ages. An illustrated history of plants and their influence on Garden Styles from Ancient Egypt to the present day. London, Simon & Schuster 1992, p. 64
predecessor Office successor
- Mughal Mughal of India
1526–1530 		Humayun
personal data
SURNAME Babur
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Babar; Baber; Babor; Zāhir ad-Dīn Muhammad Bābur
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Emperor of India, the founder of the Mughal Empire
DATE OF BIRTH February 14, 1483
PLACE OF BIRTH Andijon , Ferghanatal (today: Uzbekistan )
DATE OF DEATH December 26, 1530
PLACE OF DEATH Agra (today: India )