Museum of Prisoners of the Underground (Akkon)

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Museum of Prisoners of the Underground
מוּזֵיאוֹן אֲסִירֵי הַמַּחְתָּרוֹת Mūsej'ōn Assīrej ha-Machtarōt
مُتحَف سجناء الحركات السرّيّة, DMG Mutḥaf Suǧanā 'al-Ḥarakāt al-Sirriyya
PikiWiki Israel 13530 Acre prison inmates Avenue.jpg
Plaques about underground groups on the driveway from Rechov ha-Hagannah with a view of the museum's cash desk in front of the flagged Burǧ al-Chazna, 2011
Data
place IsraelIsrael Acre (عَکّا, DMG ʿAkkā ;עַכּוֹ ʿAkkō ), Israel , Rechov ha-Hagannah 10רְחוֹב הַהֲגַנָּה, Postfach 1199 Coordinates: 32 ° 55 ′ 25.4 ″  N , 35 ° 4 ′ 8.7 ″  EWorld icon
Art
History of the prison system, history of the underground struggle against the British mandate
opening 1963
1984 expanded
operator
management
Eran Moses (עֵרָן מוֹזֶס)
Website
Israel's Haifa and North districts physically

Israel North relief location map.png

Akko Museum of the Underground
Akko
Museum of the Underground
Localization of Israel in Israel
Akko
Akko

The Museum of Prisoners of the Underground ( Hebrew מוּזֵיאוֹן אֲסִירֵי הַמַּחְתָּרוֹת Mūsej'ōn Assīrej ha-Machtarōt ; Arabic مُتحَف سجناء الحركات السرّيّة, DMG Mutḥaf Suǧanā 'al-Ḥarakāt al-Sirriyya ) is a museum in Acre , Northern District of Israel . The museum depicts the history of Akkon Prison and serves as a memorial to the struggle of the Zionist underground against British mandate rule. It is located on the site of the city's citadel in its upper structures from Ottoman times.

The Ottoman citadel already included cells for prisoners when it was built in the 18th century. After 1918, the British Mandate Government completely converted the citadel into a prison. Well-known prisoners were Abba Achimeir , Baha'ullah , Mosche Dajan , Schlomo Er'el , Usi Gal , Se'ev Jabotinsky , Harutiun Jangülian , Mosche Karmel , David Rasi'el , Stojan Saimow and Leopold Trepper , to name just a few. Access to the museum is from Rechov ha-Hagannah 10 (10רְחוֹב הַהֲגַנָּה), which runs west of the citadel, while its other publicly accessible parts, the knight's halls , can be entered from the east.

The memorial was established in 1963 in a small part of the citadel as a museum of heroism when the rest of the building was still used as a psychiatric clinic . After its dissolution, the expanded museum occupied the entire Ottoman superstructure of the citadel under its current name. At the beginning of the second millennium, the appearance of the museum approximated the condition that the prison had at the beginning of the mandate period. The museum is a registered cultural monument with the identification number 6-7600-007 .

The museum is run by the Israeli Ministry of Defense , which also cultivates the memory of the Jewish underground struggle against British rule. In addition to the museum in Acre, the ministry has maintained the museum of the same name in Jerusalem since 1991 . The best view over the whole of Acre is offered by the more than 40 meter high north-east tower Burǧ al-Chazna within the museum complex.

Plan of the old town with plans of ramparts , citadel (№ 2: north wall of the Ottoman courtyard, № 3: halls 1–6, № 4: courtyard, № 5: refectory), № 20: Jazzār Mosque on the base of the Cross Cathedral, № 22 : Chan al-Ifranǧ and other buildings

location

The museum in the superstructure of the citadel is located in Akkon on the northern edge of today's old town directly on the narrower Ottoman city wall, which only covers about a third of the area of ​​the former crusader city, and the work of the Arab regional potentate Ẓāhir al-ʿUmar (1690–1775) and the Ottoman governor Ahmad 'al-Jazzār' Pasha (1722–1804). On this old city wall, which ran between the new and old town from the construction of the new town of Montmusard at the beginning of the 13th century until the destruction of Akko in 1291, the citadel, seen from the west, occupies the wall section between the second and third tower, which has been built over by the Ottoman Empire are. The top of the citadel consists of buildings from the Ottoman period and borders the Rechov Portzej ha-Mivtzar (רְחוֹב פּוֹרְצֵי הַמִּבְצָר 'Road the Burglars into the Fortress' ;شارع اللص في القلعة, DMG Šāriʿ al-Laṣi fī al-Qalʿa ).

The alleys and streets around the citadel are now seven to eight meters above medieval street level, because when the ruins were re-opened in the 18th century, the ruins of the once imposing upper floors of the crusader buildings, destroyed in 1291, were left in the alleys and were satisfied with them to level a new, higher street level with sand heaps. This makes this area the highest location in Acco's old town today. Correspondingly, building remnants were only used at this height or new buildings were built on preserved basement floors, which still stood out at the new level. The Ottoman components of the citadel sit directly on the former northern Johanniterkommende ( French Grand Manoir , large manor house ) that was preserved and buried at the time .

Citadel with inner courtyard
כלא עכו אסירים יהודים בחצר הכלא 1947 ארכיון ההגנה. Jpg
Akko Prison : 1947 view from Burǧ al-Chazna over the courtyard on the heaped level with prisoners walking across the courtyard to the Kışla (south and west wing) in front of the white dome of the Zāwiyat al-Šāḏaliya around 1914
Underground 3.jpg
Museum of the Underground : View from the Jabotinsky wing south-east over the courtyards of the Coming (below) and the citadel (above, partly on scaffolding) with the sculpture 'Hofgang', 2014

exhibition

Visitors enter the museum area from the Rechov ha-Hagannah in the west, pass an ascending path on the northern city wall with display boards that give an initial introduction to the subject of the museum. At the end of the access road, the ticket office stands on the ramparts of the city wall, and a bridge from British times over the dry moat between the ramparts and the citadel leads over to their museum rooms. Structurally, the museum mainly shows the state of the prison, which is approaching the period of the mandate. Initially, the museum, which opened in 1963, only comprised a small area around the former British gallows on the lower floor of the north-west tower, now called the Jabotinsky Wing. In 1963 the name of the facility was Museum des Heldentums (מוּזֵיאוֹן הַגְּבוּרָה Mūsej'ōn ha-Gvūrah ).

After the mental hospital , which had occupied most of the citadel, moved out in 1981, and after renovating and redesigning its rooms, the expanded museum opened its doors in 1984 with a revised exhibition. The story of Akko Prison is presented. Later worked Menachem 'Mendel' Maletzky (מְנַחֵם מַלֶצְקִי; 1922-2007), formerly an Irgunist and participant in the prisoners' liberation in 1947 and in the 1990s chairman of the veterans of the former underground organizations Hagannah , Irgun and LeCh "I , helped revise the exhibition. The east wing mainly provides information on the Zionist underground organizations and explains their work, such as the endeavor to provide immigration opportunities for those who had fled European anti-Semitism and for survivors of the Shoah . Throughout the museum, life-size figures and restored and modeled interiors depict the events in what was then the British Central Prison and are reminiscent of the functions of the rooms, of active and active people prisoners, in particular those hanged on the gallows (so-called ʿŌlej ha-Gardōm ) and involved underground movements. Of those working in prison, in particular the prison rabbi Arjeh Levin (אַרְיֵה לֵוִין; 1885–1969) thought.

Prison: North Wing Death Row, 2009

The south and east wing contain cells in which once strictly separated from one another non-Jewish Arab or Jewish Arab and Jewish European prisoners were held. The prisoners' workrooms, where workshops were once located, can be seen below in the Burǧ al-Chazna tower in the northeast corner, while films on everyday prison life and events (e.g. the liberation of the prisoners in 1947) are shown in the projection room on the upper floor . The former prison courtyard largely disappeared by 1999 when the Kommendenhof underneath was uncovered, but it has been partially reconstructed on light scaffolding above the pillar hall in the east wing of the Grand Manoir . The exhibition also shows scenic areas of the sick wing, the administration rooms on the first floor of the north wing and death cells on the lower floor .

Jabotinsky wing in the northwest tower with wooden door to Bahāʾullāh's cell, 2018

Signs, restored and recreated interiors remind of the functions of the rooms, of active and imprisoned people, underground movements to which they belonged, as well as what happened in the prison. Photographs, documents, text panels and screens with film sequences illustrate the content.

Coming: Dungeon, 2010

Baha'ullah's cell as a place of pilgrimage

In the Jabotinsky wing in the north-west tower there is the gallows and memorial rooms for the hanged down below and memorial rooms for other former prisoners such as Bahā'ullāh and Vladimir Se'ev Jabotinsky on the upper floor . The memorial rooms for Bahā'ullāh and fellow prisoners have been restored since July 2004 and are open again for Baha'i pilgrimages . The former dungeon of the Johanniterkommende , in front of the east wing of the Grand Manoir to the east, is not part of the museum, but can be visited as part of the knight's halls .

history

Building description

The museum occupies the premises of the citadel ( Arabic قَلْعَة عَکّا, DMG Qalʿat ʿAkkā ; Hebrew מְצוּדַת עַכּוֹ, translit. Mətzūdath ʿAkkō ) from Ottoman times. The buildings used for the museum were built in separate phases between the 18th and 20th centuries. In 2001 the UNESCO declared the museum as part of the citadel, like the entire old town of Acco, a world cultural heritage . The heart of the complex is the Burǧ al-Chazna tower ( Arabic برج الخزنة 'Treasure Chamber Tower'), Acco's tallest building, which earned the Ottoman superstructure the name of a citadel. The British mandate used the building as the Central Prison of Acre with associated facilities such as administrative wing and cells in the north and east wings and the Kışla with cells in the south and supply rooms in the west wing.

Use of space in British prison, plaque in the prison museum, 2010
View 2013 from the south wing over the courtyards of Kommende (below) and the citadel (above) with the sculpture 'Hofgang' to the north and east wings, overlooked by Burǧ al-Chazna

The facility is divided into four wings that stand directly on the crusader building of the Grand Manoir . The north wing is two-story and today shows offices, rooms for interrogation and criminal proceedings (№ 1 in the plan on the right) and the sick wing (№ 2). On the floor below there are memorial rooms for the hanged and the gallows (№ 3), which were a museum between 1963 and 1984. The treasury tower Burǧ al-Chazna (№ 9) in the northeast corner of the complex shows workshops and workrooms for the prisoners on its upper two floors and a room for film screenings above. In the east and south wing you can see the former cells for Jewish (№ 8) and Arab prisoners (№ 7), who were kept strictly separate. In the south wing (Kışla), the location of the detonation in the south wall during the liberation of the prisoners on May 4, 1947 is shown. Furthermore, the Kışla in the south wing also shows relics from hospital use.

The west wing (№ 6), part of the Kışla that once served utilities, is not accessible, but only indicated as a dummy. The citadel courtyard (№ 5) was excavated until 1999 to the ceiling vault of the pillar hall or the base in order to relieve the pillar hall and to expose the courtyard (№ 13) of the Grand Manoir . Only above the pillar hall in the east wing of the Kommende was a part of the citadel courtyard, level with the four wings of the Ottoman superstructure, modeled in light scaffolding and equipped with the sculpture courtyard corridor. In front of the north wing in the citadel courtyard, the visitor bars were reconstructed (№ 4), the inner one, where the prisoners had to stand and separated by a corridor for supervisory staff, the outer, higher one, where the visitors stood to speak to the inmates.

Grand Manoir: Plugged hole in the vault of the corridor in front of the north wing, which stems from a failed attempt by Jewish prisoners to break out of the British Central Prison above .

The Jabotinsky wing in the north-west tower, built in 1797, has a shape that approximates the state of 1920. In the Jabotinsky wing there is the gallows and memorial rooms for the hanged down below and memorial rooms for other former prisoners such as Bahā'ullāh and Vladimir Se'ev Jabotinsky on the upper floor . Beautiful structural details such as wooden ceilings and Ablaq walls indicate that this wing once fulfilled representative tasks as the residence of the Pashas. The original roof, which had been completely replaced in British times, could also be restored in the same form.

See also

literature

  • Adrian Boas, Crusader archeology: The material culture of the Latin East , London and New York: Routledge, 2 2017, ISBN 978-1-138-90025-7
  • Bernhard Poet (בֶּרְנְהַרְד דִּיכְטֶר; 1911–1991) with Salman cotton (זַלְמָן בַּאוּמְווֹל; Arr.), Alex Carmel (arr.) And Ejal Jakob Eisler (אֱיָל יַעֲקֹב אַיְזְלֶר; Edit .), עַכּוֹ - אֲתָרִים מִיָּמֵי הַתּוּרְכִּים /عكا: مواقع من العهد التركي(Additional title: Akko, buildings from the Turkish period / Akko, sites from the Turkish period ), University of Haifa /הַמָּכוֹן עַל שֵׁם גּוֹטְלִיבּ שׁוּמַכֶר לְחֵקֶר פְּעִילוּת הָעֹולָם הַנּוֹצְרִי בְּאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל בַּמֵּאָה הַ -19 (Gottlieb Schumacher Institute for Research into the Christian Contribution to the Reconstruction of Palestine in the 19th Century; Ed.), Haifa: הַמָּכוֹן עַל שֵׁם גּוֹטְלִיבּ שׁוּמַכֶר לְחֵקֶר פְּעִילוּת הָעֹולָם הַנּוֹצְרִי בְּאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל בַּמֵּאָה הַ -19, 2000.
  • Ze'ev Goldmann , "The buildings of the Order of St. John in Akkon", in: The Order of St. John - The Order of Malta: The knightly order of St. John of the Hospital in Jerusalem - His tasks, his history , Adam Wienand (ed.) With Carl Wolfgang Graf von Ballestrem and Christoph Freiherr von Imhoff, Cologne: Wienand, 1977, pp. 108–115.
  • Ze'ev Goldmann, "Le couvent des Hospitaliers à Saint-Jean d'Acre", in: Bible et Terre Sainte , vol. 160 (April 1974), pp. 8-18.
  • Ze'ev Goldmann, “The Hospice of the Knights of St. John in Akko”, in: Archeological Discoveries in the Holy Land , Archeological Institute of America (compiled), New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1967, p 199-206.
  • Jehudith Inbar (יְהוּדִית עִנְבָּר) and Eli Schiller (אֵלַי שִׁילֶּר; 1938–2018), מוּזֵיאוֹנִים בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל , Ministry of Education and Cultureמִשְׂרַד הָחִנּוּךְ וְהַתַּרְבּוּת / Cultural administration מִנְהַל הַתַּרְבּוּת / Council of Museums מוֹעֶצֶת הַמּוּזֵיאוֹנִים (Ed.), Jerusalem: אֲרִיאֵל, 1995, chap. 82 'עַכּוֹ בַּמַּבָּט מִבַּעַד לְסוֹרָגִים, מוּזֵיְאוֹן הַגְּבוּרָה, עַכֹּוֹ', Pp. 159/160.
  • Arieh Jizchaqi (אַרְיֵה יִצְחָקִי), "מִבְצַר עַכּוֹ”, In: קַרְדּוֹם: דּוּ יַרְחוֹן לִידִיעַת הָאָרֶץ , Vol. V, No. 24/25 'עַכּוֹ וְאֲתָרֶיהָ'(Schvat 5743 / January 1983), pp. 81-87. ISSN  0334-2549
  • Hans Kühner, Israel: a travel guide through three thousand years , David Harris (photos), Olten and Freiburg im Breisgau: Walter, 1975, ISBN 3-530-49171-3
  • Andrew Petersen, A Gazetteer of Buildings in Muslim Palestine , Council for British Research in the Levant (Ed.), (= British Academy monographs in archeology; No. 12), Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001, ISBN 978-0-19 -727011-0 .
  • Thomas Philipp, Acre: the rise and fall of a Palestinian city, 1730-1831 , New York and Chichester: Columbia University Press, 2001, (= History and society of the modern Middle East series; Vol. 6), ISBN 0-231 -12327-2
  • Abraham Rabinovich, Akko - St. Jean d'Acre , Herzliya:פַּלְפוֹט, 1980, (= Palphot's pictorial Guide & Souvenir).
  • Vardit Shotten-Hallel (וַרְדִּית שׁוֹטֶּן-הַלֵּל), “Reconstructing the Hospitaller Church of St. John, Acre, with the help of Gravier d'Ortières's drawing of 1685-1687”, in: Crusades , Vol. 9 (2010), pp. 185-198.
  • Eliezer Star (אֱלִיעֶזֶר שְׁטֶרְן), “La commanderie de l'Ordre des Hospitaliers à Acre”, in: Bulletin Monumental , vol. 164 (No. 1, 2006 entitled 'L'architecture en Terre Sainte au temps de Saint Louis'), p. 53 -60.
  • Eliezer Star, "מֶרְכַּז הַמִּסְדָּר הָהוֹסְפִּיטַלֶרִי בְּעַכֹּוֹ”, In: קַדְמוֹנִיּוּת: כְּתָב-עֵת לְעַתִּיקוֹת אֶרֶץ-יִשְׂרָאֵל וְאֲרָצוֹת הַמִּקְרָא , Vol. לג (No. 1, 2000), pp. 4–12.
  • Thomas Veser, "Holy Cross Church under the Harem" , in: Neue Zürcher Zeitung , December 24, 2003
  • Adam Wienand, "Die Johanniter und die Kreuzzüge", in: Der Johanniter-Orden - The Malteser-Orden: The knightly order of St. John of the hospital in Jerusalem - His tasks, his story , Adam Wienand (ed.) With Carl Wolfgang Graf von Ballestrem and Christoph Freiherr von Imhoff, Cologne: Wienand, 1977, pp. 32–108.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b "Hospitaller Fortress" , on: The Secrets of the Aboveground and the Underground City of Akko , accessed on February 26, 2019.
  2. ↑ a b c d "בִּיקּוּר עַכּוֹנֶט מוּזֵיאוֹן אֲסִירֵי הַמַּחְתָּרוֹת בְּעַכּוֹ” , In: Akkonetיְדִיעוֹת בְּעַכּוֹ: הַדִּיּוּנִים עָבְרוּ לַקְבוּצָה עַכּוֹנֶט בְּפֶייְסְבּוּקfacebook.com/akkonet , accessed March 15, 2019.
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "מוּזֵיאוֹן אֲסִירֵי הַמַּחְתָּרוֹת בְּעַכּוֹ” , In: מִשְׂרַד הַבִּיטָּחוֹן , accessed June 13, 2018.
  4. ↑ Erhard Gorys, Das Heilige Land: Historical and religious sites of Judaism, Christianity and Islam in the 10,000 year old cultural land between the Mediterranean, Red Sea and Jordan , Cologne: DuMont, 2 1984, (= DuMont art travel guide), p. 369. ISBN 3-7701-1474-4 .
  5. ↑ Avraham Lewensohn, Travel Guide Israel with road maps and city maps [Israel Tourguide, 1979; dt.], Miriam Magal (ex.), Tel Aviv-Yapho: Tourguide, 1982, p. 45.
  6. ^ A b Ze'ev Goldmann, “The Hospice of the Knights of St. John in Akko”, in: Archeological Discoveries in the Holy Land , Archeological Institute of America (compiled), New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1967, pp. 199-206, here p. 200.
  7. ↑ Thomas Philipp, Acre: the rise and fall of a Palestinian city, 1730-1831 , New York and Chichester: Columbia University Press, 2001, (= History and society of the modern Middle East series; Vol. 6), p. 171 . ISBN 0-231-12327-2 .
  8. ^ A b Jack Bocar, "La Commanderie de l'Ordre des Hospitaliers à Acre" , in: L'Orient Latin: La Terre Sainte à l'époque Romane - L'Orient au Temps des Francs , accessed on February 25, 2019.
  9. ↑ Erhard Gorys, Das Heilige Land: Historical and religious sites of Judaism, Christianity and Islam in the 10,000 year old cultural land between the Mediterranean, Red Sea and Jordan , Cologne: DuMont, 2 1984, (= DuMont art travel guide), p. 368. ISBN 3-7701-1474-4 .
  10. ↑ Jack Bocar, “Quartier Templiers emplacement des structures” , in: L'Orient Latin: La Terre Sainte à l'époque Romane - L'Orient au Temps des Francs , accessed on February 25, 2019.
  11. ↑ The Zāwiyat al-Šāḏaliya (زاوية الشاذلية) was created in 1862 as Zāwiya (in German: angle, corner; zaouïa in French transliteration), similar to a madrassa. A Zāwiya is not a mosque in the traditional sense, but a place of retreat and gathering for dervishes and Sufis as well as Sufi sheikhs. Sheikh Ali Nur al-Din al-Isroti, founder of the Šāḏali Sufi order in Akko, immigrated to Akko from Tunisia and donated the building, hence this typical Maghreb institution, which is quite unusual for the Levant .
  12. ↑ a b c "עַכּוֹ" , in: מַפָּה , accessed on June 11, 2018.
  13. ↑ a b c d “Holy place restored and open to pilgrims” (November 24, 2004), in: Bahá'í World News Service: The official news source of the worldwide Bahá'í community , accessed on June 12, 2018.
  14. ↑ Abraham Rabinovich, Akko - St. Jean d'Acre , Herzliah:פַּלְפוֹט, 1980, (= Palphot's pictorial Guide & Souvenir), p. 6.
  15. ↑ “מוּזֵיאוֹן אֲסִירֵי הַמַּחְתָּרוֹת, עַכּוֹ” , in: דַּף הַבַּיִת עִירִיַּת מַעֲלוֹת תַרשִׁיחָא ,עִירִיַּת מַעֲלוֹת תַרשִׁיחָא (Ed.), Retrieved August 2, 2019.
  16. ↑ Non-Jewish Arabs belonged religiously to different Christian or Islamic denominations or to the Druze.
  17. ↑ Eliezer Stern, "La commanderie de l'Ordre des Hospitaliers à Acre", in: Bulletin Monumental , Vol. 164 (No. 1, 2006 entitled 'L'architecture en Terre Sainte au temps de Saint Louis'), p . 53–60, here p. 55.
  18. ↑ Thomas Veser, "Heiligkreuzkirche under the Harem" , in: Neue Zürcher Zeitung , December 24, 2003, accessed on February 22, 2019.
  19. ↑ Assad ibn Ǧibrā'īl Rustum (أسد إبن جبرائيل رستم; 1897–1965), Notes on Akka and its Defenses under Ibrahim Pasha , Beirut: o. V., 1926, p. 10seq.
  20. ↑ Bernhard Dichter with Salman cotton (arrangement), Alex Carmel ( arrangement ) and Ejal Jakob Eisler ( arrangement ), עַכּוֹ - אֲתָרִים מִיָּמֵי הַתּוּרְכִּים /عكا: مواقع من العهد التركي(Additional title: Akko, buildings from the Turkish period / Akko, sites from the Turkish period ), University of Haifa /הַמָּכוֹן עַל שֵׁם גּוֹטְלִיבּ שׁוּמַכֶר לְחֵקֶר פְּעִילוּת הָעֹולָם הַנּוֹצְרִי בְּאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל בַּמֵּאָה הַ -19 (Gottlieb Schumacher Institute for Research into the Christian Contribution to the Reconstruction of Palestine in the 19th Century; Ed.), Haifa: הַמָּכוֹן עַל שֵׁם גּוֹטְלִיבּ שׁוּמַכֶר לְחֵקֶר פְּעִילוּת הָעֹולָם הַנּוֹצְרִי בְּאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל בַּמֵּאָה הַ -19, 2000, p. 52.
  21. ↑ Karin Lucke, Israel with Gaza Strip, Golan Heights and West Bank , Nuremberg: BW-Verlag, 1994, (= Edition Erde Travel Guide), p. 205. ISBN 3-8214-6533-6 .
  22. ↑ Abraham Rabinovich, Akko - St. Jean d'Acre , Herzliah:פַּלְפוֹט, 1980, (= Palphot's pictorial Guide & Souvenir), p. 10.

Web links

Commons : Museum of Prisoners of the Underground  - collection of images, videos and audio files