Knight's Halls (Akkon)

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Knight halls
אוּלַמּוֹת הָאַבִּירִים Ūlammōth ha-Abbīrīm
قاعات الفرسان, DMG Qāʿāt al-Fursān
Israel 05120-Pillar Hall (34084281491) .jpg
East wing of the Grand Manoir : pillar hall with partly original, partly secured and partly reconstructed pillars and vaults, 2016
Data
place IsraelIsrael Akkon , Israel , Rechov Weizmann 1 (1רְחוֹב וַיצְמַן) Coordinates: 32 ° 55 ′ 23.2 "  N , 35 ° 4 ′ 10.3"  EWorld icon
Art
History, culture and buildings of the crusaders and Pullanen
opening 1979
operator
Society for the Development of the Old Battery (חֶבְרָה לְפִתּוּחַ עַכּוֹ הָעַתִּיקָה Chevrah le-Fittūach ʿAkkō ha-ʿAttīqah )
management
Amir Solarski (אָמִיר סוֹלַרְסְקי)
David Hareri (דָּוִד הַרְרִי) in 2003
Website
Israel's Haifa and North districts physically

Israel North relief location map.png

Akko knight halls
Akko
knight halls
Localization of Israel in Israel
Akko
Akko

The Knights Halls ( Hebrew אוּלַמּוֹת הָאַבִּירִים, translit. Ūlammōth ha-Abbīrīm ; Arabic قاعات الفرسان, DMG Qāʿāt al-Fursān ; English Knights' Halls ) are exhibition rooms and a venue for cultural events in Acre , Northern District of Israel . To distinguish them from other parts of the citadel , in which they are involved structurally, is called the Knights Halls , the public spaces of the so-called Grand Manoir (former Order Management Large manor house) as the knights and pilgrims hospice in the northern part of St. John Coming .

The knight's halls are vaulted halls of the original structure of the medieval Johanniterkommende ( Hebrew מֶרְכַּז הַמִּסְדָּר הָהוֹסְפִּיטַלֶרִי Merkaz ha-Misdar ha-Hōspīṭalerī ; Arabic القلعة الإسْبِتَارِيَّةُ, DMG al-Qalʿa al-Isbitāriyya ), which the Order of St. John had built in the 12th and 13th centuries. The halls accessible today, some of which have been preserved over three floors, are those that withstood the destruction in 1291 and the subsequent decay and were excavated and uncovered from the 1950s. The crypt of the former Johanniterkirche St. Johannis Baptistae , part of the exhibition rooms from the beginning, in the southern part of the Kommende is accessible through a 60 meter long corridor below today's street level as part of the knight's halls.

The Ritterhallen have been open to the public at regular opening times since 1979. The vaults uncovered since the 1950s were initially scientifically evaluated and were initially only occasionally open to the public, such as for guided tours or concerts. The number of rooms included in the knight's halls grew with the development and stabilization of other parts of the order, such as the open, excavated courtyard of the Grand Manoir in 2000 and the entire pillar hall in the east wing in 2009.

As a museum , the knight's halls show exhibits and information boards on the history, culture and architecture of crusaders , Catholic Levantines, Latin rite (so-called Franks;الفرنجة, DMG al-Faranǧa ) and Pullanen in the former Kingdom of Jerusalem . Finds from other eras are also shown in the knight's halls. Suitable rooms are occasionally also used for public events or closed societies.

location

Plan of the old town with plans of ramparts , knight's halls (№ 2: north wall of the Ottoman courtyard, № 3: halls 1–6, № 4: courtyard, № 5: refectory, ground plan HDice-9a.svg : crypt of St. John ), № 20: Jazzār -Mosque on the substructure of the Cross Cathedral, № 22: Chan al-Ifranǧ and other buildings

The knight's halls are located in Akkon on the northern edge of today's old town directly on the narrower Ottoman city wall, which includes only part of the area of ​​the former crusader city, and the work of the Arab regional potentate Ẓāhir al-ʿUmar (1690–1775) and the Ottoman governor Ahmad 'al-Jazzār' is Pasha (1722-1804). On this old town wall, which ran between the new and old town from the construction of the new town of Montmusard at the beginning of the 13th century until the destruction of Acon in 1291, the Johanniterkommende occupied the wall section between the second and third tower, which was built over by the Ottoman Empire, when viewed from the west are. The knight's halls are the excavated and structurally stabilized remains of the Johanniterkommende, which are located north and south on both sides of the Rechov Portzej ha-Mivtzar (רְחוֹב פּוֹרְצֵי הַמִּבְצָר 'Road the Burglars into the Fortress' ;شارع اللص في القلعة, DMG Šāriʿ al-Laṣi fī al-Qalʿa ).

הַמְּצוּדָה הָהוֹסְפִּיטַלֶרִית 'Hospitaller Citadel'
plan of the knight's halls - top left: north-west tower, top center: north wing, № 2/4: inner courtyard, center: pillar hall, № 1/3: refectory, bottom right: crypt of St. John's Church, № 5: 3 rooms of the Diwan-Chans, now the Okaschi Museum and top right: Burǧ al-Chazna
Draftsman unknown , 2012

Link to the picture
(please note copyrights )

The alleys and streets around the Ritterhallen are now seven to eight meters above medieval street level, because when the ruins were reopened in the 18th century, rubble and rubble from the once imposing upper floors were left in the alleys and contented with a new sand pile to pave higher street level. This makes this area the highest location in Acco's old town today. Accordingly, the knight halls are mostly below today's street level.

Atrium: Ha-Gan ha-Qassūm with fountain, 2014

exhibition

In addition to the knight's halls, the Citadel complex includes the underground prisoners museum in the Ottoman superstructure and the Okaschi Museum of Art, which opened in 1980, on the eastern forecourt of the citadel in the so-called Diwan-Chan. Visitors enter the complex of the knight's halls through the eastern forecourt of Rechov Weizmann 1 (1st floor) , which was built in Ottoman timesרְחוֹב וַיצְמַן).

There are also cash registers and function rooms for visitors. Through a green area, ha-Gan ha-Qassūm (הַגַּן הַקָּסוּם 'Enchanted Garden' ), in the forecourt and at the feet of Burǧ al-Chazna (برج الخزنة'Treasure Chamber Tower') visitors reach the actual building complex of the Grand Manoir . Before 2000, visitors entered the knight halls fromشارع الجزار, DMG Šāriʿ al-Ǧazzār through a vault of the Divan Chan to the east of the Okaschi Museum. Not all parts of the excavated Johanniterkommende are publicly accessible today, which is why the rooms and finds that were made in them are not shown here in the section on the exhibition, but in the building description chapter .

Refectory: crockery retrieved on site, 2017

Visitors can get an impression of the remains of the lower floors of the Johanniterkommende, as higher floors were destroyed by Muslim conquerors and the ravages of time. Parts of the Kommende, which have been uncovered and restored in the meantime, now house a permanent exhibition on its history and that of the Crusader period. In the refectory you can see crockery that was found on site. In addition to the many simple bowls, the excavators also found fragments of a more elaborately designed specimen, which under their glaze show olive-colored St. John's crosses in the pale yellow background. It is therefore one of the earliest artifacts showing the order cross in the straight style of the 12th century.

Ritterhallen: performance at the Akko Festival, 2012

In the dungeon of the Coming One, showcases show finds from Akko from Phoenician, Hellenistic, Roman or Umayyad times, not only from the excavations in the Coming One. There are also booths of artisans who craft their creations on site and sell them to interested parties. Parts of the coming are occasionally used for closed events, or for public events, such as the Akko Festival for Alternative Israeli Theater (פֶסְטִיבָל עַכּוֹ לְתֵיאַטְרוֹן יִשְׂרָאֵלִי אַחֵר Fesṭīval ʿAkkō le-Tej'aṭrōn jisra'elī acher ).

history

Akko is an ancient city on the Mediterranean , where the Via Maris trade route between Egypt and Mesopotamia changed from sea to caravan transport and vice versa. Destroyed and rebuilt several times and fell from one lord to another even more often (Phoenicians, ancient Egyptians, Alexander the Great, Romans, Byzantines, to name just a few), Akko has belonged to the Egyptian Fatimid Empire since the 10th century . In 1104 the kingdom of Jerusalem besieged the city ​​of Akko with its armed forces, supported by crusaders and the Genoese navy.

The Acre surrendered with the promise of free withdrawal with their movable belongings or remaining as subjects of the King of Jerusalem , but Genoese ambushed defenseless residents, which then ended as a general slaughter of the besiegers of all Acre and their plunder. Nevertheless, the city's population under the Crusaders soon grew again to 40,000 to 50,000 inhabitants, making the Crusader Akko an important medieval city.

Model of the Kommende with Johanniskirche (left) and pilgrims 'and knights' hospice (right), connected by a bridge over the shopping street, view from the east before 1291

In the days of the crusaders

After the city fell to the Crusaders , the Hospitallers took over as her Coming of the great Friday Mosque an em southwest (at the time under construction / demolition for the new Holy Cross Cathedral ), which Ze'ev Goldmann as an Arab-Fatimid caravanserai of 10 . or 11th century identified.

At the beginning of the 12th century, the Johanniter began to expand their commons north of the original Geviert, on the other side of an important shopping street. In the 1130s, when the Holy Cross Cathedral was expanded to include a mighty northern entrance, neighboring Johanniterbauten had to give way, whereupon the religious order abandoned the location north of the cathedral and in the middle of the 12th century expanded its branch further west to include a new religious house, which is largely uncovered today can be seen as a knight's hall. The oldest news of this new building comes from 1141 from the time of the Queen-Regent Melisende of Jerusalem.

Under Rechov Portzej ha-Mivtzar : Level of the old shopping street with projection of the processing of sugar cane into sugar, 2016

As the new north side of the hospital courtyard, south on the commercial street and now in the center of the Kommende, which extends on both sides of this street, the Johanniter built their church dedicated to John the Baptist , a little west of the cross cathedral. The earliest news of this Johanniskirche comes from the year 1149. The church included a preserved crypt of six vaulted halls, which is now part of the knight's halls, and according to contemporary reports it was a very towering building. Said shopping street, from the Johannistor in the new town of Montmusard in the north facing south, ran in its middle section along the east wing of the Grand Manoir , then swung west to after a 50-meter-long section in the middle of the complex of the Johanniterkommende between the north Grand Manoir and southern Johanniskirche to turn south again towards the Genoese quarter.

As an important commercial street, the section that cut through the order complex over a length of about 50 meters was also open to the general public, but was partly bridged around the northern part of the commander ( French Grand Manoir , large manor house ) from order administration such as hospice for knight brothers and pilgrims To connect without crossing with the southern part of the Coming from Johanniskirche and Johanniterhospital. In times of need, the Order of St. John was able to block the street section between the northern and southern parts of the order complex , now located under the Rechov Portzej ha-Mivtzar , through a massive gate in order to prevent unwanted penetration by those coming. The Rhinelander Theodericus Monachus described the coming, whom he had seen on his pilgrimage in 1172.

After years in enemy hands (1187 to 1191), Akko grew after its reconquest under the leadership of Richard the Lionhearted new tasks as the capital of the Kingdom of Jerusalem , since the Crusaders had not been able to win back Jerusalem. In addition to the Hospitallers, the Teutonic , Lazarus and Templar Knights had religious houses in Akko. The Order of St. John, which had lost its seat in Jerusalem, now expanded its regained commander in stages in order to also accommodate the central administration of the order and, from 1271, the Grand Master , which is why the commander in French sources of the 17th century also called it the palais du grand -maître (Grand Master's Palace). The predominantly French-speaking Johanniter also called their headquarters Grand Manoir .

Grave slab for Petrus de Veteri Brivato from the oratorio, excavated 1959–1962

The Jerusalem kings Guido of Lusignan (1192) and Henry I of Jerusalem (1193) successively made concessions to the Hospitallers, who, according to the order, were able to extend their commissions to the street along the old northern city wall of Acco. The expansion continued well into the 13th century and included new wings and additional floors on older parts. According to a map by Paulinus de Puteoli (Paolino Veneto, 1270–1344) from the early 14th century, the coming of the Johanniter consisted of three parts, a northern religious house (hospitale), southern hospital (domus infirmorum) and St. John's Church (ecclesie) in between. In the oratory of the Johanniterspital, located south of the Johanniskirche, there was found the grave slab for Grand Master Petrus de Veteri Brivato , which names his death date with XV days before the calendar of October MCCXLII, i.e. 17th September 1242. The oratory probably served the order in Akko as Burial place.

The northern part of the Coming (nosocomial) served two essential purposes, he was living , exercise and whereabouts of the Knight brothers hid a Rohrzuc kerfabrik , which contributed significantly to revenues of the Order and was pilgrim hospice . Pilgrims were first welcomed here after they had reached Akko by sea or after the pilgrimage through the Holy Land , when they waited for their ship passage home. The north wing of the Coming House borders on the old crusader city wall that runs in an east-west direction.

New town of Montmusard (left) and old town of Akkos (right), in it the Johanniterkommende (rectangular block with entry Hospitale ), easted plan by Marino Sanudo the Elder. Ä. (1260-1338)

A new, today not preserved city wall of the crusaders ran further northeast from southeast to northwest diagonally to the old and was built after the expansion of the city at the beginning of the 13th century to the new town of Montmusard, which was built on the initiative of Louis IX. was included in the fortification of the city by two new walls between 1250 and 1254. For reasons of defense strategy, however, the old wall was retained. At the new wall around the new town of Montmusard, the Johannitern were also responsible for protecting and defending Marientor and the so-called Johanniterschanze ( C [us] todia Hospitalariorum in the map), a section of the new wall.

With increasing superiority, the Mamluks narrowed the areas of the Crusaders. After all, Akko was the target of the conquest. After 44 days of siege of Akko, Mamluks under the leadership of Sultan Khalil stormed the city on May 18, 1291 . After the city was taken, the Johanniterkommende, the Teutonic Order House and the Knights Templar fortress could hold out for a few more days. Residents who had not fled were massacred many times, and surviving women and children were sold in harems or slavery .

From destruction to excavation

In 1291, Sultan Chalīl commissioned Emir ʿAlam al-Din Sanjar al-Shudschaʿi al-Mansuri (عَلَمُ الدِّينِ سَنْجَرُ الشُّجَاعِيُّ المَنْصُورِيُّ, DMG ʿAlam ad-Dīn Sanǧar aš-Šuǧāʿī al-Manṣūrī ) to grind churches and fortifications of Akko in order to erase Christian traces and to make it impossible for the crusaders to use them again as a base after a possible reconquest. However, some of the massive buildings of the Johanniterkommende were preserved. Even after the Levant was conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1516/1517, Akko remained a field of ruins. Drawings by European travelers - Cornelis de Bruyn 1679, Étienne Gravier, Marquis d'Ortières (also d'Orcières) 1686 - which latter the mighty ruins of the coming - as palais du grand maître (grand master's palace) - and its church - as église S t  Jean (Johanniskirche) - marked, clearly show the ruins of the Johanniterkirche and the coming ones in decay and drifting with sand.

Chan al-Ifranǧ: Built over with Terra Sancta School , towered over by St. Francis , 2015

Only a few self-sufficient people, often Arab fishermen, settled down in the ruins and settled down. The flourishing trade in Western Europe drove mainly French, but also Dutch merchants to the coasts of the Levant in search of business opportunities. European merchants also headed for the port of Accos. In 1691 there were already 13 French merchants living in Akko, who maintained trading posts in the former Venetian trading courtyard near the port, which was renovated around 1700 and which is still used today in Arabic Chan al-Ifran Arab (خان الإفرنج 'Frankish caravanserai') is called.

The textile industry in France prospered, increasing its cotton imports ten-fold between 1700 and 1750, and although producers increased supply, demand grew faster, which is why the price of cotton doubled in the same period. In 1691, in search of cotton suppliers, Marseille merchants traveled through the Galilean hinterland to Safed . The few free farmers, but above all the many dependent peasant land tenants of the state Miri-Land in the Ottoman Tımar system recognized that cotton production could be sold at rising prices beyond their own needs.

If tax farmer (ملتزم, DMG multazim ) came across the villages, mostly to rigorously collect the levy on Miri-Land, the often illiquid peasant tenants could only pay for it from the proceeds they obtained from quick sales of hectic and unripened harvested cotton to European merchants at poor prices. The price, quantity and quality were unfavorable for producers and merchants, which is why French merchants established a futures market for cotton (later also for other futures goods such as olive oil and grain) by 1720 by paying producers the discounted sales proceeds before the harvest , which the tax collectors as comfortably as they could pay their dues, and only deliver the full yield when they had gathered the ripe harvest.

In 1729 the Hohe Pforte banned futures trading in agricultural products, but to no avail. In enforcement of the ban, the authorities arrested Saʿd al-Zaydānī, eldest brother of Ẓāhir al-ʿUmar (1690–1775) in June 1730 , because he had mediated the sale of the harvests of three villages on an appointment to French merchants, who were also successful for his release used. Ẓāhir al-ʿUmar, himself a successful merchant in the trade between Galilee and Damascus , saw an opportunity and agreed in 1731 with a foreign merchant based in Akko to sell his goods abroad.

After the death of his father, Ẓāhir al-ʿUmar took over the task of multasim (tax farmer), whereby he was commercially thinking on regular continuous tax receipts instead of one-off maximum amounts that ruined the taxpayers. His concept also included protecting land tenants from robbers.

Respected by merchants and valued peasant land tenants for their consideration and protection, Ẓāhir al-ʿUmar began to use negotiation and military skill in Galilee to build an order that offered protection against robbery and official exploitation and arbitrariness by establishing and enforcing general rules upon which they were based the residents could leave. Ẓāhir al-ʿUmar rose to become an autonomist regional potentate, conscientiously paying the Ottoman tax authorities the required taxes and avoiding open conflict with the seldom present Sublime Porte , but seeking their recognition.

Quartier Hospitalier, emplacement des structures / Johanniterquartier: location of the buildings
№ 11: Jazzār Mosque , № 51: Olive Tree Mosque, № 53: Turkish Bazaar, № 54: southern remainder of the Johanniter Hospital, № 55: Oratory, № 56: Courtyard of the Johanniter Hospital, № 57: Old Seraglio , № 59: Turkish Hammam, № 60: Zāwiyat al-Šāḏaliya, № 61: Courtyard, № 62: Room 1, № 65: Tower in the forecourt, № 66: Burǧ al-Chazna and № 67: Bridge over the moat to the citadel
Draftsman unknown , 2012

Link to the picture
(please note copyrights )

Ẓāhir al-ʿUmar recognized Ako's potential and began in the 1740s to expand the ruins of Akko into his fortified residence and administrative center. The re-fortified Akko was a hub for global trade, Ẓāhir al-ʿUmar's fortress and capital of his precarious regional rule. The growing production in the primary sector with security from violence and neglect of arbitrariness, ultimately further strengthened by the promotion of labor migration , required and allowed more employees in secondary processing and services (trade, transport, administration, planning, law enforcement and security organs) due to growing tax revenues tertiary economic sector , with which the number of acre people rose from 400 around 1730 to 15,000 within a few years and then 25,000 around 1770.

Old Seraglio: Hof, 2013

In and on the ruins of the Crusader city, New Acre built a new city in the 18th century. On the preserved crypt in the ruins of the nave of the Johanniterkirche, its preserved west facade and partly including the north facade, Ẓāhir al-ʿUmar had his first seraglio (now called the Old Seraglio ) built around 1750 . On the one hand, Ẓāhir al-Umar stopped the decline, on the other hand it intervened massively in the remaining building stock with new buildings.

After unsuccessful attempts to overthrow the independent Ẓāhir al-ʿUmar, who had risen from his own will and ability, the Sublime Porte finally submitted to the inevitable in 1768 and granted him the newly created rank of Sheikh of Akko and all of Galilee, reflecting the sphere of power he had achieved on his own initiative . Ẓāhir al-ʿUmar, who stood by a friend who had fallen out of favor with the Ottoman Sultan Abdülhamid I , was himself the target of Ottoman intervention in 1771, which ended in 1775 when he was shot while trying to escape. The Sublime Porte appointed Ahmad al-Jazzār Pasha as the new sheikh from 1777 with the title of Wālī of Sidon, when he took his seat in Acre in 1779.

Ahmad 'al-Jazzār' Pasha, who was nicknamed 'the butcher' ('al-Jazzār') for violence, lacked economic expertise, family and friendly relationships within his sphere of influence, and the ability to make concessions to local and regional potentates who conflicted with his power and to win agreements for yourself. Instead, he relied on violence.

Increasing expenses for a strong repressive apparatus required higher tax claims and revenues. B. should bring in a new government monopoly in the grain trade. The number of farmers fell, partly due to the bubonic plague of 1786 and as a result of fleeing reprisals or tax enforcement. Acre and Galileans emigrated and more and more agricultural land was fallow. Jazzār's attempt to prevent French buyers from buying directly from farmers in 1790, with which they wanted to avoid export taxes, caused them to move on to Beirut.

Jazzār Pasha's successor, his adopted son Suleyman Pasha 'al-ʿĀdil' (term of office 1805–1819) and his son and successor, ʿAbdullah Pasha ibn ʿAlī (terms of office 1820–1822 and again 1823–1832), did not reverse the development, but made it worse nor by turning their displeasure about the situation against Ḏimmi , i.e. Christians and Jews. Both were the last Wālīs of Sidon to officiate from Akko. After the decline of Akko due to a failed economic policy, missed economic adjustment, epidemics, war and earthquake, Akko, as a small town with 2,000 inhabitants, bobbed around in a great setting. The administrative seat of the Eyâlet had also been lost to other cities.

Citadel: Akko prison in the Ottoman superstructure on the north and west wings of the Coming House, view from the northwest after 1920

In the focus of monument preservation after 1918

The British mandate considered the protection of monuments in the Holy Land as an official task. In 1942 the antiquities administration of Mandate Palestine began exploration winter to explore Acco's old town. It showed that the building stock of the old town was a unique structural combination of crusader buildings of the 12th / 13th centuries. Century with buildings from the Arab-Ottoman era (18th / 19th century), especially the city walls. As a result of this investigation, the British Mandate Government placed the old town of Acco under protection and issued a conservation statute.

From 1948, Prof. Jehoschuʿa Prawer (יְהוֹשֻׁעַ פְּרָאווֶר; 1917–1990), pioneer of crusader research, a program of explorations to discover the legacies of crusaders, Catholic Levantines Latin rite (so-called Franks;الفرنجة, DMG al-Faranǧa ) and Pullanen to expose and research. After initial explorations, effective excavations began in 1954 in the buried Grand Manoir .

From 1955, the Israel Antiquities Authority supervised the removal of rubble and rubble from the Grand Manoir , which the Ministry of Public Works operated as a job creation measure for unemployed undOlim for the first two years and then continued the Israeli Authority for Nature and Gardens , but this time with financial support from the US Embassy in Israel . Goldmann undertook further excavations from 1956 onwards from the Akko Municipal Museum and from 1960 onwards Se'ev Jejvin (זְאֵב יֶיְבִין; 1926–2015), head of the surveying department of the antiquities authority.

Then, on behalf of the Nature and Gardens Authority, from 1958 to 1963 , workers undertook an excavation campaign in the area of ​​the Grand Manoir , initially uncovering halls 1 to 3 of the north wing, a diagonal passage through the pillar hall in the east wing and the presumed refectory in the south wing. The ruins of collapsed vaults were found in the pillar hall on layers of rubble and sand up to three meters high, which proves that sand drifts and debris entered the hall before some vaults, probably in the 18th century, were under the weight of new ones Construction loads finally collapsed.

As a precaution , the round pillars in the refectory were secured with massive steel straps, and in many places the walls from the days of the crusaders have to be stabilized. Under the Old Seraglio , the Nature and Gardens Authority , again headed by Goldmann, had the crypt excavated from 1959 to 1962 and uncovered six parallel halls, which now lead through arcades to a courtyard to the south and through windows to the north into the former shopping street below street level.

View northwards through the exposed courtyard of the commander up to the citadel, now the prison museum , on the right the light scaffolding above the unstable pillar hall, 2011

When new cracks appeared in the vaults of the pillar hall of the east wing in 1990, and soundings had begun to further uncover the hall, it was decided to take pressure off the vaults and remove the overlying backfill from rubble and rubble. For this purpose, the inner courtyard of the citadel, which was built above the rubble and supported as a substructure, was excavated. Financed by the Ministry of Tourism and the Society for the Development of the Old Battery (חֶבְרָה לְפִתּוּחַ עַכּוֹ הָעַתִּיקָה Chevrah le-Fittūach ʿAkkō ha-ʿAttīqah ; Founded in 1967) under the direction of Miriam Avischar (מִרְיָם אֲבִישָׁר) and Eliezer Stern from 1992 to 1999 employed the antiquities authority to completely free the courtyard of the Coming and the area above the east wing from rubble and rubble.

Alex Kesten (אַלֶכְּס קֶשְׁטֶן; 1912–1994) created a systematic directory of the buildings in the old town by 1962, which records the astonishing interlocking of the buildings from the times of the Crusaders and the Arab-Ottoman era; Based on the Kesten directory, a conservation plan was adopted for the old town and gradually implemented, which ultimately led to UNESCO declaring Accos old town a World Heritage Site in 2001 .

Burǧ al-Chazna (Treasury Tower ) at the northeast corner of the citadel, view from the southeast
Akka (Acre, Accho). The crusader castle. approximately 1920 to 1933. matpc.00220.B.jpg
In the 1920s as a prison : Eastern Ottoman forecourt on a raised level
Akko Castle 30 (5147892579) .jpg
2010 as a museum: Entrance to the Coming House and ha-Gan ha-Qassum on a lower level after rubble has been removed

Description in its parts

Parts of the knight's halls are on the one hand the excavated and developed Grand Manoir in the northern part of the Johanniterkommende and on the other hand the crypt of the Johanniterkirche St. Johannis in the southern part of the Kommende.

Johanniterkommende - Grand Manoir

The former Johanniterkommende ( Hebrew מֶרְכַּז הַמִּסְדָּר הָהוֹסְפִּיטַלֶרִי Merkaz ha-Misdar ha-Hōspīṭalerī ; Arabic القلعة الإسْبِتَارِيَّةُ, DMG al-Qalʿa al-isbitāriyya ) today, in its remaining remainder of the final expansion from 1291, covers an area of ​​4,500 to 5,000 square meters (about three fifths of a football field for international games). “The Hospitaller Coming from Acre is one of the main monuments of the medieval city of Acre; ... The excavations, which have been carried out for over half a century, led to a completely new knowledge of this first-class monument ensemble, which consisted of halls, kitchens, latrines , dormitories and reception rooms for pilgrims. ”This facility also has underground areas - cisterns and a sewage system .

The Grand Manoir north of Rechov Portzej ha-Mivtzar comprises a roughly rectangular building complex with two to three preserved floors (each seven to ten meters high), which extends lengthways in a north-south direction, but slightly shifted from the north-south axis from the northeast is oriented to the southwest. Most of the parts of the building of the coming are aligned in the same way, except for the halls 7/8, which are exactly in the north-south axis. There are two heavily fortified gates from the time it was built, one in the north and one in the south. At the north gate in room 9 there are approaches to a bridge that formerly spanned the moat of the old city wall.

The Grand Manoir is divided into four preserved wings around an inner courtyard with arcades extending in north-south direction, which - after the rubble had been excavated until 1999 - is open to the sky and has a floor area of ​​1,200 m². On the east side of the courtyard, a staircase ramp leads up to the upper floors, where the buildings of the Arab-Ottoman fortress are now being built , including the Museum of Prisoners of the Underground , which, together with the Johannite substructure, forms the citadel ( Arabic قَلْعَة عَکّا, DMG Qalʿat ʿAkkā ; Hebrew מְצוּדַת עַכּוֹ Mətzūdath ʿAkkō ) forms.

At the north end of the courtyard there is a well shaft that is sunk to a depth of 4.5 meters. Next to the well, the remains of two water-resistant plastered 40 cm deep basins were found, which drained through drains below the courtyard paving to the central sewer. They may have served as potions and for laundry. At the southern end of the courtyard a second well was found with a 1.5 meter deep, water-resistant plastered basin, which may have served as a bath .

Acre, Center Hospitalier, plan des bâtiments suivant les fouilles effectuées dans les années 1992-1999 / Akko: Hospitaller center, plan of the buildings as excavated from 1992 to 1999
№ 1: Halls 1–6, № 2: Halls 7/8, № 3: Hall 9 north gate, № 4: Hall 10 latrines, № 5: pillar hall, № 6: dungeon, № 7: courtyard, № 8: refectory, № 9: kitchen, № 10: beautiful hall, № 12: shopping street, № 13 : Turkish Hammam, № 14: Crypt of St. Johannis, highlighted in gray = uncovered by 1967
Raʿanan Kislev , 2006

Link to the picture
(please note copyrights )

West wing

The west wing has not yet been excavated and exposed. Eliezer Stern suspects, however, that it has also been preserved with two floors on which the west wing of the Ottoman Kışla rests. Two large, now walled-up arches formed the entrance from the courtyard to the west wing of the Coming House. In front of the west wing, the excavators unearthed components of the upper floors of the west wing of the Coming from the rubble of the excavated inner courtyard, such as basket capitals and Gothic ornaments depicting human figures. These finds show that the west wing is a Gothic building that presumably served the Knights of St. John as a residence and residence.

North wing

The north wing borders on the crusader wall, which was strengthened and expanded under Ẓāhir al-ʿUmar and Ahmad 'al-Jazzār' Pasha, which today borders the old town in the north. Nevertheless, the outer walls of the approaching city wall are particularly thick at 3.5 meters, even though they are located within the city, which was heavily fortified during the times of the Crusaders as it is today. The north wing is bounded in the east by the Burǧ al-Chazna (برج الخزنة 'Treasury Tower'; מִגְדָּל הָאוֹצָר Migdal ha-'Ōtzar ) from the 18th century. Its substructure has not yet been excavated. It was part of the renewed city fortifications of Ẓāhir al-ʿUmar and is located in the place of the third tower of the old city wall from the times of the Crusaders when viewed from the west. This tower forms the northeast corner of the citadel and, at 40 meters, is the highest part of the building.

North wing: Halls 1–6, formerly probably Läger, 2007
North wing: A plugged hole in the vault of the corridor in front of Room 2, which results from the unsuccessful attempt by Jewish prisoners to break out of the British Central Prison located above in 1947 .

In the north wing, to the west of the Burǧ al-Chazna tower, there are ten halls, of which the three eastern ones were uncovered by 1967. At that time, however, these three could only be entered individually with the permission of the psychiatric management within the scope of an inspection from the hospital; they were only accessible to the public at occasional concerts in these halls. These three halls and the next three to the west form a structural unit as halls 1-6, all parallel and barrel vaulted , which also show repairs from the time after the crusaders. Halls 1–6 are ten meters high and connected to one another by an archway and probably served as storage facilities. Halls 1–6 close to the west as if an extension in this direction was not planned. Presumably these halls were built before the 1130s, before the Johanniter decided to abandon their buildings north of the Cross Cathedral and instead expand the building to the west.

To the north, hall 2 has an exit, later broken into the north wall, which leads to a forecourt, where the remains of a bridge can be found that once spanned the moat of the old city wall into the new town of Montmusard, perhaps providing quick access to the Johanniter tower for the Knights of St. John Marientor in the Johanniterschanze (the eastern section of the city wall around the new town of Montmusard assigned to them for defense).

In a later construction phase, mentioned for the first time in 1141, the adjoining rooms 7 and 8 to the west were added, which, unlike the rest of the Grand Manoir, lie exactly in the north-south axis. Halls 7 and 8 actually designate six rooms with the same floor plan, two each spread over three floors. The two on the bottom floor are 7.5 meter high cross-vaulted rainwater cisterns with a floor area of ​​5 by 13 meters, which were plastered waterproof from floor to ceiling, with the plaster largely preserved. Both halls are connected by a wide archway and together have a capacity of around 1,000 cubic meters. The inlet, which once came from the roof, is located to the north in the vault of room 8 on the lowest level, an opening for water extraction is located to the south in the vault of room 7 on the lowest level.

Quartier Hospitalier, emplacement des structures / Johanniterquartier: location of the buildings
№ 11: Jazzār Mosque , № 51: Olive Tree Mosque, № 53: Turkish Bazaar, № 54: southern remainder of the Johanniter Hospital, № 55: Oratory, № 56: Courtyard of the Johanniter Hospital, № 57: Old Seraglio, № 59: Turkish Hammam, № 60: Zāwiyat al-Šāḏaliya, № 61: Courtyard, № 62: Room 1, № 65: Tower in the forecourt, № 66: Burǧ al-Chazna and № 67: Bridge over the moat to the citadel
Draftsman unknown , 2012

Link to the picture
(please note copyrights )

On the floor above there are two cross-vaulted halls of the same shape, 7 meters high, the barrel-vaulted ceiling of which has partially collapsed. They were, among which are up to three meters high fully debris and down fallen wall parts in Hall 7 of the middle level on the eastern wall in situ slipped neatly into each other, finely lined up neatly and buffered in straw hundreds conical clay pot found, poured through the upper opening molasses was used to make sugar loafs, as well as preserved sugar loafs themselves. In another part of room 7 dozens of small molasses cans were found on the floor.

Refectory: keystone in the vault, 2014

From the neighboring hall 8 on the middle level a staircase leads upwards on the south side to the upper hall 8, which, like the neighboring upper hall 7, has collapsed but has since been exposed. Its walls are plastered and painted in a Gothic style in black, yellow and red, a large round keystone recovered from the rubble of the vault is lavishly decorated with a rosette of acanthus leaves. To the west, on the lowest level, is Hall 9, which is also cross-vaulted, the passage to the north gate that connected the courtyard of the Coming with the moat in front of the old city wall, above which a massive tower rises. Halls 6–9 form the north side of the inner courtyard.

Upcoming - Room 10: Latrine on the middle floor, 2016

The latrine wing of room 10 is located in the north-west corner, but can be entered from the passage of the north gate, and is also over three floors. In room 10 on the lowest level, dozens of sewer pipes embedded in the walls flow from the actual latrine room above. The latrine room measures five by ten meters with toilets in four rows of eight and is ventilated through three windows in the massive north wall. Pipes embedded in the walls carried rainwater from the roof into and through the latrines on the middle level from higher floors in order to achieve a cleaning flush in the lowest room with its floor made of smooth stone slabs, which is steeply inclined to five drains, with the torrent of water that sets in when it rains. The five outflows of the lowest level flow into the main sewer below, the course of which has been explored from north to south.

It measures 1 meter in width and 1.80 meters in height and crosses under the Coming with further inlets and the rest of the old town with its up to the former Pisan harbor in the south, where it once poured. Room 10 on the upper level is a Crusader building with its floor, but the walls and ceiling are from the Ottoman era. An examination of the floor showed that there are fixtures and drains for further toilets under the current pavement, which means that the entire system of latrines over two floors can only be compared with a few surviving St. Johns from the 13th and 14th centuries in England and Wales .

Pillar hall with secured pillars and partly with vaults replaced by concrete ceilings, 2010
Upcoming: Dungeon, 2016
East wing

To the south, across from halls 1–5 in the north wing, are the pillar hall and the dungeon in the east wing , separated by a deeply cut corridor running east-west . This corridor is bridged by a four-meter-wide closed passageway from the pillar hall to Hall 2 of the north wing at a sufficiently clear height, so that an upright passage remains below it. This passage from the east to the north wing was probably used for direct marching through, then further through hall 2 and out through its northern exit, so that the Knights of St. John could get to the Johanniterschanze quickly if necessary.

The large pillar hall probably served as a dormitory . It counts 24 five meter high bays over 15 pillars with a square floor plan in the Romanesque style . The hall measures 30 meters in width and 45 meters in length, i.e. around 1,300 square meters, with vaults up to eight meters high. Parts of the vaults and pillars collapsed under massive new structures in the 18th century and have been repaired and unstable structures stabilized in recent years. The hall probably formed the substructure of the once four-story main building of the coming, as drawings from the 17th century show.

Nice hall, 2017

In front of the east wing to the east is the former dungeon, a wall made of five meter high cross vaults without any window but with partly torn iron rings in the masonry where prisoners were chained. The floor of the dungeon was knocked out of the bedrock, making it a total of 2.5 meters lower than that of neighboring rooms. Access was originally only possible from the south by stairs to the higher, here in east-west direction, shopping street. In the south-east corner south of the pillar hall and east of the kitchen, what is now known as the beautiful hall was discovered in the early 1960s, so named because of the finely carved and set stones. The hall was accessible from the street and, as a reception hall, was probably the first point of contact and access for outside visitors.

Refectory, 2008
South wing

In the south wing, across the entire width of the inner courtyard, there is the most impressive hall of the Coming, the refectory built in the middle of the 12th century and uncovered in 1960 . It resembles refectories or chapter rooms in monasteries of the Middle Ages. It is occasionally called the crypt ('St. John's Crypt'), but this is an erroneous name because it creates misconceptions about what the hall, which is now open to visitors, was once used for. In addition, the crypt of the former St. John's Church , the substructure of today's Old Seraglio, exists in the complex of the Coming .

The refectory is 22.16 meters wide and 44 meters long. With its two naves and four entrances, the refectory forms the main room in the south wing of the Grand Manoir . The ten-meter-high ribbed vaults form eight bays that rest in the middle on three massive round pillars three meters in diameter, which are now reinforced with steel sleeves . The girdle ribs of the yokes are ogival , which is why the hall is a good example of the early Gothic , “in which the heavy round Romanesque pillars form the basis for the crossed rib vaults. When comparing the style with other buildings of the transitional style from Romanesque to Gothic, it can be concluded that this hall was built around the middle of the 12th century. ”The hall was evidently planned in the Romanesque style, i. H. without cross vaults, but the plans changed during the construction, so that later consoles had to be inserted for the cross ribs except on the west wall, which was apparently built for the Gothic vault. Perhaps the west wall was rebuilt or later, after the Johanniter decided to expand the coming west.

Refectory: relief of a fleur-de-lys on the underside of one of the consoles, 2014

In the refectory, when clearing the rubble, lots of earthenware was recovered. In particular, simple bowls, mostly broken, were found by excavators in large numbers. These unglazed flat bowls certainly formed the usual dishes for the diners at the time. In the northeast and southeast corners of the refectory, the excavators discovered two consoles showing the coat of arms of the kings of France, the stylized fleur de lys lily . Louis VII chose this symbol for his coat of arms during the Second Crusade (1147–1149). The oldest surviving representations in Europe date from 1180, so that those in the refectory could be traced back to Louis VII's stay in Akko in 1148. In the eastern narrow wall of the refectory there are three chimneys, one embedded in the wall and two subsequently attached to the wall. The room adjoining to the east presumably contained the kitchen, which has not yet been exposed.

Johanniskirche: crypt under the old seraglio, 2016
Johanniskirche: crypt with an exposed Corinthian capital from the upper part of the church, 2016

Johanniskirche crypt

The Johanniskirche (كنيسة القدّيس يُوحَنَّا, DMG Kanīsat al-Qiddīs Yūḥannā ,כְּנֵסִיַּת יוֹחָנָן הַמַּטְבִּיל הַקָּדוֹשׁ Knessijjat Jōchanan ha-Maṭbīl ha-Qadōsch ) was part of the Johanniterkommende. To the north who was Grand Manoir with medals hospice where brother knights and pilgrims under came south bordering Hospital of St. John of. The Johanniskirche was built on the north side of a four-sided complex with an inner courtyard, which the Crusaders left to the Johannites as a commander after taking the city in 1104.

Goldmann suspects that the crypt (قبو الكنيسة; מַרְתֵּף הַכְּנֵסִיָּה) of St. John's Church, six parallel vaulted halls under today's Old Seraglio, goes back to the north wing of an Arab-Fatimid caravanserai of the 10th or 11th century, because several features of the building, such as a horseshoe arch in the southern part of the east wall in the last of the halls, suggest that. The two western halls are older, the four eastern, 5.5 meters high, more recent. As is typical of a caravanserai, the six halls of the crypt open to the former inner courtyard (in the south). In the “Vue de Saint-Jean d'Acre” from 1686, the light falling through the windows in the north wall of the crypt shimmers through the deep yokes to the arches at the front. The classification of this substructure of the old seraglio as the former crypt of the church is considered to have been secured after the antiquities authority Hana'a Abu-ʿUqsa (هناء أبو عقصة, DMG Hanā'a Abū-ʿUqṣa ) and Eliezer Stern examined the crypt and the old seraglio in detail between 1995 and 2003.

Johanniskirche: Hewn stones with attached bars , found at the locked main entrance in the west wall of the Old Seraglio, 2010

In addition to the crypt, which was preserved after the Mamluk destruction of Accos and later overbuilding in Ottoman times, there are other remains of the actual church. At the end of the 1950s, Goldmann found the western main entrance to the church, now walled up, in front of which he suspected two flights of stairs that led from medieval street level four meters up to the level of the main nave. The cornice , now partly below today's street level, which encircled the entire church outside, is interrupted in the area of ​​the former main entrance, where pilasters on the outer masonry flank the now walled-up portal on the left and right.

Mausoleum of al-Nasir Muhammad: Gothic portal with set columns in the garment and archivolts, 2017

Between 2004 and 2010, Abu-ʿUqṣa and Stern excavated the floor of the old seraglio in three places, under which they found the church floor in a buffering layer of rubble, the traces of the choir screens in the eastern seraglio wing in the area in front of the former triapsidial choir, which has not been preserved itself exhibited. The three apses that closed off the nave to the east can be seen in the "Vue de Saint-Jean d'Acre" through the destroyed south and main aisles , but later gave way to the western wing of the Riwaq around the Jazzar Pasha mosque . The old church floor consists of slabs of marble of three different colors, covered with shards of stained church windows . In addition, Abu-ʿUqṣa and Stern found in the middle of the nave, today part under the courtyard of the Old Seraglio and the other part in its south wing, in the rubble layer, three fallen marble columns and colorful marble capitals, one of which has an orange cross on a black background. In the west wing of the Old Seraglio, in the area of ​​the former narthex of the church, they discovered an omitted round depression in the middle of the floor slabs, where the fifth had probably been .

At the former main western entrance to the church, the excavators discovered the gray marble doorstep. This 2.7 meter long threshold at the walled main entrance of St. Johannis, which leaves gaps of 35 cm at both ends up to the wall, fits in perfectly with the Gothic church portal with its vestments and columns set in it, which Sandjar al-Shujaʿi took as booty Akko to Cairo , where it was built between 1296 and 1303. The church portal now serves as the gateway from an-Nasir Muhammad's mausoleum to the madrasse of his name . Therefore Vardit Shotten-Hallel (וַרְדִּית שׁוֹטֶּן-הַלֵּל) that this church portal comes from the Johanniterkirche rather than - as others suspect - from the Holy Cross Cathedral (Jim Antoniou), St. Andrew's or St. George's Church (Alexander Papadopoulos).

Above the now walled-up entrance, the west facade of the church rises to a height of 13 meters above the current street level, continued around the northwest corner of the building in part of the north church facade, now both included in the outer wall of the west wing of the Old Seraglio. In the window openings of these façade parts, which can also be seen in the "Vue de Saint-Jean d'Acre" as three-pass windows, there are younger windows, but the tracery is missing today , fragments of which were discovered when the church floor was excavated in the east wing of the Old Seraglio . Unlike in France, where Gothic tracery is usually an integral part of the rest of the masonry, tracery used in crusader constructions predominated, which can easily be removed in the course of destruction or new use. The found fragments of tracery allow it to be reconstructed as a three-pass arch, as Shotten-Hallel showed in 2010.

Shotten-Hallel translated the perspective “Vue de Saint-Jean d'Acre” published by Étienne Gravier, Marquis d'Ortières , in 1686, but probably drawn by his engineer Plantier, in the format 12 by 156 centimeters, the precision of which is much praised from computer technology into corrected elevations and floor plans and compared the dimensions determined with measurement data from the construction survey of existing buildings. The comparison showed that the dimensions of the Grand Manoir calculated from Plantier's Panorama only differ by two to three centimeters from the measurements taken in situ, which means that Plantier's Panorama does indeed have the quality of photographic images. Using this method, Shotten-Hallel also uses Plantier's drawing to determine the dimensions of other components of the St. John's Church that were still preserved at the time, but have now disappeared, and produces reconstructive drawings of the St. John's Church based on the building findings of the crypt, the spolia finds and older drawings of the ruins.

Plaque with names for the coming (and knight's halls) in Hebrew = Johannitische fortress , English = Johanniterzitadelle and Arabic = Johannitische castle

See also

literature

  • Adrian Boas, Crusader archeology: The material culture of the Latin East , London and New York: Routledge, 2 2017, ISBN 978-1-138-90025-7
  • Bernhard Poet (בֶּרְנְהַרְד דִּיכְטֶר; 1911–1991) with Salman cotton (זַלְמָן בַּאוּמְווֹל; Arr.), Alex Carmel (arr.) And Ejal Jakob Eisler (אֱיָל יַעֲקֹב אַיְזְלֶר; Edit .), עַכּוֹ - אֲתָרִים מִיָּמֵי הַתּוּרְכִּים /عكا: مواقع من العهد التركي(Additional title: Akko, buildings from the Turkish period / Akko, sites from the Turkish period ), University of Haifa /הַמָּכוֹן עַל שֵׁם גּוֹטְלִיבּ שׁוּמַכֶר לְחֵקֶר פְּעִילוּת הָעֹולָם הַנּוֹצְרִי בְּאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל בַּמֵּאָה הַ -19 (Gottlieb Schumacher Institute for Research into the Christian Contribution to the Reconstruction of Palestine in the 19th Century; Ed.), Haifa: הַמָּכוֹן עַל שֵׁם גּוֹטְלִיבּ שׁוּמַכֶר לְחֵקֶר פְּעִילוּת הָעֹולָם הַנּוֹצְרִי בְּאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל בַּמֵּאָה הַ -19, 2000.
  • Jaʿel Fuhrmann-Naʿaman (יָעֵל פוּרְמַן-נַעֲמָן) and Raʿanan Kislew (רַעֲנָן כִּסְלֵו), "אוּלַמּוֹת הָאַבִּירִים", שִׁמּוּר מֶרְכַּז הַמִּסְדָּר הָהוֹסְפִּיטַלֶרִי , Jerusalem:הוצָאַת רָשׁוּת הָעַתִּיקוֹת, 2010.
  • Ze'ev Goldmann , "The buildings of the Order of St. John in Akkon", in: The Order of St. John - The Order of Malta: The knightly order of St. John of the Hospital in Jerusalem - His tasks, his history , Adam Wienand (ed.) With Carl Wolfgang Graf von Ballestrem and Christoph Freiherr von Imhoff, Cologne: Wienand, 1977, pp. 108–115.
  • Ze'ev Goldmann, "Le couvent des Hospitaliers à Saint-Jean d'Acre", in: Bible et Terre Sainte , vol. 160 (April 1974), pp. 8-18.
  • Ze'ev Goldmann, “The Hospice of the Knights of St. John in Akko”, in: Archeological Discoveries in the Holy Land , Archeological Institute of America (compiled), New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1967, p 199-206.
  • Hans Kühner, Israel: a travel guide through three thousand years , David Harris (photos), Olten and Freiburg im Breisgau: Walter, 1975, ISBN 3-530-49171-3
  • Andrew Petersen, A Gazetteer of Buildings in Muslim Palestine , Council for British Research in the Levant (Ed.), (= British Academy monographs in archeology; No. 12), Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001, ISBN 978-0-19 -727011-0 .
  • Thomas Philipp, Acre: the rise and fall of a Palestinian city, 1730-1831 , New York and Chichester: Columbia University Press, 2001, (= History and society of the modern Middle East series; Vol. 6), ISBN 0-231 -12327-2
  • Abraham Rabinovich, Akko - St. Jean d'Acre , Herzliya:פַּלְפוֹט, 1980, (= Palphot's pictorial Guide & Souvenir).
  • Vardit Shotten-Hallel (וַרְדִּית שׁוֹטֶּן-הַלֵּל), “Reconstructing the Hospitaller Church of St. John, Acre, with the help of Gravier d'Ortières's drawing of 1685–1687”, in: Crusades , Vol. 9 (2010), pp. 185-198.
  • Eliezer Star (אֱלִיעֶזֶר שְׁטֶרְן), “La commanderie de l'Ordre des Hospitaliers à Acre”, in: Bulletin Monumental , vol. 164 (No. 1, 2006 entitled 'L'architecture en Terre Sainte au temps de Saint Louis'), p. 53 -60.
  • Eliezer Star, "מֶרְכַּז הַמִּסְדָּר הָהוֹסְפִּיטַלֶרִי בְּעַכּוֹ”, In: קַדְמוֹנִיּוּת: כְּתָב-עֵת לְעַתִּיקוֹת אֶרֶץ-יִשְׂרָאֵל וְאֲרָצוֹת הַמִּקְרָא , Vol. לג (No. 1, 2000), pp. 4–12.
  • Thomas Veser, "Holy Cross Church under the Harem" , in: Neue Zürcher Zeitung , December 24, 2003
  • Adam Wienand, "Die Johanniter und die Kreuzzüge", in: Der Johanniter-Orden - The Malteser-Orden: The knightly order of St. John of the hospital in Jerusalem - His tasks, his story , Adam Wienand (ed.) With Carl Wolfgang Graf von Ballestrem and Christoph Freiherr von Imhoff, Cologne: Wienand, 1977, pp. 32–108.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h Thomas Veser, "Heiligkreuzkirche under the Harem" , in: Neue Zürcher Zeitung , December 24, 2003, accessed on February 22, 2019.
  2. ↑ a b Jack Bocar, “Quartier Templiers emplacement des structures” , in: L'Orient Latin: La Terre Sainte à l'époque Romane - L'Orient au Temps des Francs , accessed on February 25, 2019.
  3. ↑ Abraham Rabinovich, Akko - St. Jean d'Acre , Herzliah:פַּלְפוֹט, 1980, (= Palphot's pictorial Guide & Souvenir), p. 11.
  4. ↑ a b Israel , Theodor Friedrich Meysels (1899–1963) et al., (= Nagels Encyclopedia Travel Guide. German Series), verb. Ed., Revised. by SFG Nathan, Geneva: Nagel, 2 1967, p. 220.
  5. ↑ Avraham Lewensohn, Travel Guide Israel with road maps and city maps [Israel Tourguide, 1979; dt.], Miriam Magal (ex.), Tel Aviv-Yapho: Tourguide, 1982, p. 45.
  6. ↑ a b c d e f g Ze'ev Goldmann, “The Hospice of the Knights of St. John in Akko”, in: Archeological Discoveries in the Holy Land , Archeological Institute of America (compiled), New York: Thomas Y Crowell Co., 1967, pp. 199-206, here p. 200.
  7. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p “Hospitaller Fortress” , on: The secrets of the above and below ground city of Akko , accessed on February 26, 2019.
  8. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah Thomas Philipp, Acre: the rise and fall of a Palestinian city, 1730 –1831 , New York and Chichester: Columbia University Press, 2001, (= History and society of the modern Middle East series; Vol. 6), page number as indicated after the footnote number. ISBN 0-231-12327-2 .
  9. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l Jack Bocar, "La Commanderie de l'Ordre des Hospitaliers à Acre" , on: L'Orient Latin: La Terre Sainte à l'époque Romane - L'Orient au Temps des Francs , accessed February 25, 2019.
  10. ↑ Karin Lucke, Israel with Gaza Strip, Golan Heights and West Bank , Nuremberg: BW-Verlag, 1994, (= Edition Erde Travel Guide), p. 205. ISBN 3-8214-6533-6 .
  11. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Ze'ev Goldmann, "The buildings of the Order of St. John in Akkon", in: The Order of St. John - The Order of Malta: The Knightly Order of St. John of the Hospital in Jerusalem - His tasks, his story , Adam Wienand (ed.) with Carl Wolfgang Graf von Ballestrem and Christoph Freiherr von Imhoff, Cologne: Wienand, 1977, pp. 108–115, here p. 109.
  12. ↑ a b c d e f g h Ze'ev Goldmann, “The Hospice of the Knights of St. John in Akko”, in: Archeological Discoveries in the Holy Land , Archeological Institute of America (compiled), New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1967, pp. 199-206, here p. 202.
  13. ↑ Ute Frings and Rolly Rosen (רוֹלי רוֹזֶן), Israel. Palestine. A travel book in everyday life , Reinbek near Hamburg: Rowohlt, 1991, (= traveling differently; vol. 7596), p. 214. ISBN 3-499-17596-7 .
  14. ^ Ze'ev Goldmann, "The Hospice of the Knights of St. John in Akko", in: Archeological Discoveries in the Holy Land , Archeological Institute of America (compiled), New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1967, Pp. 199–206, here p. 199.
  15. ^ Hans Kühner, Israel: a travel guide through three thousand years , David Harris (photos), Olten and Freiburg im Breisgau: Walter, 1975, p. 250. ISBN 3-530-49171-3 .
  16. ^ Israel , Theodor Friedrich Meysels (1899–1963) et al., (= Nagels Encyclopedia Travel Guide. German Series), verb. Ed., Revised. by SFG Nathan, Geneva: Nagel, 2 1967, p. 218.
  17. ↑ Peter Milger, The Crusades: War in the Name of God , Munich: Bertelsmann, 1988, p. 162. ISBN 3-570-07356-4 .
  18. ↑ Denys Pringle, The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem. A Corpus : 4 Bde., Cambridge, Engl .: Cambridge University Press, 2009, Vol. 4 'The Cities of Acre and Tire with Addenda and Corrigenda to Volumes I-III', p. 83. ISBN 9780521109833 .
  19. ^ Ze'ev Goldmann, "The Hospice of the Knights of St. John in Akko", in: Archeological Discoveries in the Holy Land , Archeological Institute of America (compiled), New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1967, Pp. 199–206, here p. 202.
  20. ↑ a b c d e Eliezer Stern, “La commanderie de l'Ordre des Hospitaliers à Acre”, in: Bulletin Monumental , Vol. 164 (No. 1, 2006 with the title 'L'architecture en Terre Sainte au temps de Saint Louis'), pp. 53-60, here p. 53.
  21. ↑ a b c d e Eliezer Stern, “La commanderie de l'Ordre des Hospitaliers à Acre”, in: Bulletin Monumental , Vol. 164 (No. 1, 2006 with the title 'L'architecture en Terre Sainte au temps de Saint Louis'), pp. 53–60, here p. 59.
  22. ↑ a b Erhard Gorys, The Holy Land: Historical and religious sites of Judaism, Christianity and Islam in the 10,000 year old cultural land between the Mediterranean, Red Sea and Jordan , Cologne: DuMont, 2 1984, (= DuMont art travel guide), P. 368. ISBN 3-7701-1474-4 .
  23. ↑ See Christine Sauer, “Theoderichs‹ Libellus de locis sanctis ›(approx. 1169–1174). Architectural descriptions of a pilgrim ”, in: Hagiography of Art: Holy Cult in Writing, Image and Architecture , Gottfried Kerscher (Ed.), Berlin: Reimer, 1993, pp. 213–239. ISBN 978-3-496-01107-1 .
  24. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Eliezer Stern, “La commanderie de l'Ordre des Hospitaliers à Acre”, in: Bulletin Monumental , Vol. 164 (No. 1, 2006 with the Title 'L'architecture en Terre Sainte au temps de Saint Louis'), pp. 53–60, here p. 54.
  25. ^ Ze'ev Goldmann, "The Hospice of the Knights of St. John in Akko", in: Archeological Discoveries in the Holy Land , Archeological Institute of America (compiled), New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1967, Pp. 199-206, here p. 204seq.
  26. ↑ a b Eliezer Stern, “La commanderie de l'Ordre des Hospitaliers à Acre”, in: Bulletin Monumental , Vol. 164 (No. 1, 2006 with the title 'L'architecture en Terre Sainte au temps de Saint Louis') , Pp. 53-60, here p. 55seq.
  27. ↑ a b c d e f g Ze'ev Goldmann, “The Hospice of the Knights of St. John in Akko”, in: Archeological Discoveries in the Holy Land , Archeological Institute of America (compiled), New York: Thomas Y Crowell Co., 1967, pp. 199-206, here p. 201.
  28. ↑ a b Ze'ev Goldmann, "The Buildings of the Order of St. John in Akkon", in: The Order of St. John - The Order of Malta: The Knightly Order of St. John of the Hospital in Jerusalem - Its tasks, its history , Adam Wienand (ed .) with Carl Wolfgang Graf von Ballestrem and Christoph Freiherr von Imhoff, Cologne: Wienand, 1977, pp. 108–115, here p. 110.
  29. ↑ Ze'ev Goldmann, "The Buildings of the Order of St. John in Akkon", in: The Order of St. John - The Order of Malta: The Knightly Order of St. John of the Hospital in Jerusalem - His tasks, his history , Adam Wienand (ed.) with Carl Wolfgang Graf von Ballestrem and Christoph Freiherr von Imhoff, Cologne: Wienand, 1977, pp. 108–115, here p. 115.
  30. ^ "Conquête d'Acre par Baudouin Ier" , in: L'Orient Latin: La Terre Sainte à l'époque Romane - L'Orient au Temps des Francs , accessed on February 22, 2019.
  31. ↑ a b c d Adam Wienand, "Die Johanniter und die Kreuzzüge", in: Der Johanniter-Orden - Der Malteser-Orden: The knightly order of St. John from the hospital in Jerusalem - His tasks, his story , Adam Wienand (ed. ) with Carl Wolfgang Graf von Ballestrem and Christoph Freiherr von Imhoff, Cologne: Wienand, 1977, pp. 32–108, here p. 101.
  32. ↑ Adam Wienand, "Die Johanniter und die Kreuzzüge", in: Der Johanniter-Orden - Der Malteser-Orden: The knightly order of St. John from the hospital in Jerusalem - His tasks, his history , Adam Wienand (ed.) With Carl Wolfgang Graf von Ballestrem and Christoph Freiherr von Imhoff, Cologne: Wienand, 1977, pp. 32–108, here p. 105.
  33. ^ Hans Kühner, Israel: a travel guide through three thousand years , David Harris (photos), Olten and Freiburg im Breisgau: Walter, 1975, p. 255. ISBN 3-530-49171-3 .
  34. ↑ a b c d Vardit Shotten-Hallel, "Reconstructing the Hospitaller Church of St. John, Acre, with the help of Gravier d'Ortières's drawing of 1685-1687", in: Crusades , Vol. 9 (2010), p 185–198, here p. 195.
  35. ↑ Bernhard Dichter with Salman cotton (arrangement), Alex Carmel ( arrangement ) and Ejal Jakob Eisler ( arrangement ), עַכּוֹ - אֲתָרִים מִיָּמֵי הַתּוּרְכִּים /عكا: مواقع من العهد التركي(Additional title: Akko, buildings from the Turkish period / Akko, sites from the Turkish period ), University of Haifa /הַמָּכוֹן עַל שֵׁם גּוֹטְלִיבּ שׁוּמַכֶר לְחֵקֶר פְּעִילוּת הָעֹולָם הַנּוֹצְרִי בְּאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל בַּמֵּאָה הַ -19 (Gottlieb Schumacher Institute for Research into the Christian Contribution to the Reconstruction of Palestine in the 19th Century; Ed.), Haifa: הַמָּכוֹן עַל שֵׁם גּוֹטְלִיבּ שׁוּמַכֶר לְחֵקֶר פְּעִילוּת הָעֹולָם הַנּוֹצְרִי בְּאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל בַּמֵּאָה הַ -19, 2000, p. 52.
  36. ↑ a b Israel , Theodor Friedrich Meysels (1899–1963) et al., (= Nagels Encyclopedia Travel Guide. German Series), verb. Ed., Revised. by SFG Nathan, Geneva: Nagel, 2 1967, p. 219.
  37. ↑ a b c Cf. Étienne Gravier's “Vue de Saint-Jean d'Acre” , on: {BnF Gallica , accessed on March 29, 2019.
  38. ^ Ze'ev Goldmann, "The Hospice of the Knights of St. John in Akko", in: Archeological Discoveries in the Holy Land , Archeological Institute of America (compiled), New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1967, Pp. 199–206, here p. 205.
  39. ↑ Franke (إفرنجي, DMG Ifranǧī ) is a synonym for Europeans in Levantine Arabic .
  40. ↑ Ze'ev Goldmann, "The Buildings of the Order of St. John in Akkon", in: The Order of St. John - The Order of Malta: The Knightly Order of St. John of the Hospital in Jerusalem - His tasks, his history , Adam Wienand (ed.) with Carl Wolfgang Graf von Ballestrem and Christoph Freiherr von Imhoff, Cologne: Wienand, 1977, pp. 108–115, here p. 112.
  41. ^ Ze'ev Goldmann, "The Hospice of the Knights of St. John in Akko", in: Archeological Discoveries in the Holy Land , Archeological Institute of America (compiled), New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1967, Pp. 199-206, here p. 200seq.
  42. ↑ a b c d e f Vardit Shotten-Hallel, “Reconstructing the Hospitaller Church of St. John, Acre, with the help of Gravier d'Ortières's drawing of 1685–1687”, in: Crusades , Vol. 9 (2010), Pp. 185–198, here p. 185.
  43. ↑ Eliezer Stern, "La commanderie de l'Ordre des Hospitaliers à Acre", in: Bulletin Monumental , Vol. 164 (No. 1, 2006 entitled 'L'architecture en Terre Sainte au temps de Saint Louis'), p 53–60, here the outline. Original omission.
  44. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l Eliezer Stern, “La commanderie de l'Ordre des Hospitaliers à Acre”, in: Bulletin Monumental , Vol. 164 (No. 1, 2006 with the title 'L'architecture en Terre Sainte au temps de Saint Louis'), pp. 53–60, here p. 55.
  45. ↑ a b c d e f Eliezer Stern, “La commanderie de l'Ordre des Hospitaliers à Acre”, in: Bulletin Monumental , Vol. 164 (No. 1, 2006 with the title 'L'architecture en Terre Sainte au temps de Saint Louis'), pp. 53–60, here p. 57.
  46. ↑ a b c d e f g Eliezer Stern, “La commanderie de l'Ordre des Hospitaliers à Acre”, in: Bulletin Monumental , Vol. 164 (No. 1, 2006 with the title 'L'architecture en Terre Sainte au temps de Saint Louis'), pp. 53–60, here p. 58.
  47. ↑ Abraham Rabinovich, Akko - St. Jean d'Acre , Herzliah:פַּלְפוֹט, 1980, (= Palphot's pictorial Guide & Souvenir), p. 10.
  48. ^ A b c Adrian Boas, Crusader archeology: The material culture of the Latin East , London and New York: Routledge, 2 2017, p. 40. ISBN 978-1-138-90025-7 .
  49. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Eliezer Stern, “La commanderie de l'Ordre des Hospitaliers à Acre”, in: Bulletin Monumental , Vol. 164 (No. 1, 2006 with the title 'L'architecture en Terre Sainte au temps de Saint Louis'), pp. 53–60, here p. 56.
  50. ↑ Goldmann thought it was an underground connecting passage. See Ze'ev Goldmann, “The Hospice of the Knights of St. John in Akko,” in: Archeological Discoveries in the Holy Land , Archeological Institute of America (compiled), New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1967 , Pp. 199-206, here p. 205.
  51. ^ Hans Kühner, Israel: a travel guide through three thousand years , David Harris (photos), Olten and Freiburg im Breisgau: Walter, 1975, p. 260. ISBN 3-530-49171-3 .
  52. ^ Hans Kühner, Israel: a travel guide through three thousand years , David Harris (photos), Olten and Freiburg im Breisgau: Walter, 1975, p. 251. ISBN 3-530-49171-3 .
  53. ↑ a b c Ze'ev Goldmann, "The Buildings of the Order of St. John in Akkon", in: The Order of St. John - The Order of Malta: The Knightly Order of St. John of the Hospital in Jerusalem - Its tasks, its history , Adam Wienand ( Ed.) With Carl Wolfgang Graf von Ballestrem and Christoph Freiherr von Imhoff, Cologne: Wienand, 1977, pp. 108–115, here p. 108.
  54. ^ Ze'ev Goldmann, "The Hospice of the Knights of St. John in Akko", in: Archeological Discoveries in the Holy Land , Archeological Institute of America (compiled), New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1967, Pp. 199-206, here p. 201seq.
  55. ↑ Ze'ev Goldmann, "The Buildings of the Order of St. John in Akkon", in: The Order of St. John - The Order of Malta: The Knightly Order of St. John of the Hospital in Jerusalem - His tasks, his history , Adam Wienand (ed.) with Carl Wolfgang Graf von Ballestrem and Christoph Freiherr von Imhoff, Cologne: Wienand, 1977, pp. 108–115, here p. 109seq.
  56. ↑ a b c Vardit Shotten-Hallel, “Reconstructing the Hospitaller Church of St. John, Acre, with the help of Gravier d'Ortières's drawing of 1685–1687”, in: Crusades , Vol. 9 (2010), p. 185 –198, here p. 192.
  57. ^ Adrian Boas, Crusader Archeology: The Material Culture of the Latin East , London and New York: Routledge, 2 2017, p. 39. ISBN 978-1-138-90025-7 . Goldmann, on the other hand, still suspected that St. John's Church might have stood on the site of the Jazzār mosque, cf. Ze'ev Goldmann, “The Hospice of the Knights of St. John in Akko”, in: Archeological Discoveries in the Holy Land , Archeological Institute of America (compiled), New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1967, p 199-206, here p. 204.
  58. ↑ “The Seraglio” , on: The Secrets of the Aboveground and Underground City of Akko , accessed on February 22, 2019.
  59. ↑ Bernhard Dichter with Salman cotton (arrangement), Alex Carmel ( arrangement ) and Ejal Jakob Eisler ( arrangement ), עַכּוֹ - אֲתָרִים מִיָּמֵי הַתּוּרְכִּים /عكا: مواقع من العهد التركي(Additional title: Akko, buildings from the Turkish period / Akko, sites from the Turkish period ), University of Haifa /הַמָּכוֹן עַל שֵׁם גּוֹטְלִיבּ שׁוּמַכֶר לְחֵקֶר פְּעִילוּת הָעֹולָם הַנּוֹצְרִי בְּאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל בַּמֵּאָה הַ -19 (Gottlieb Schumacher Institute for Research into the Christian Contribution to the Reconstruction of Palestine in the 19th Century; Ed.), Haifa: הַמָּכוֹן עַל שֵׁם גּוֹטְלִיבּ שׁוּמַכֶר לְחֵקֶר פְּעִילוּת הָעֹולָם הַנּוֹצְרִי בְּאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל בַּמֵּאָה הַ -19, 2000, pp. 216-219.
  60. ↑ a b c Vardit Shotten-Hallel, “Reconstructing the Hospitaller Church of St. John, Acre, with the help of Gravier d'Ortières's drawing of 1685–1687”, in: Crusades , Vol. 9 (2010), p. 185 –198, here p. 193.
  61. ↑ Vardit Shotten-Hallel, "Reconstructing the Hospitaller Church of St. John, Acre, with the help of Gravier d'Ortières's drawing of 1685-1687", in: Crusades , Vol. 9 (2010), pp 185-198, here p. 198.
  62. ↑ Michael Meinecke , The Mamluk architecture in Egypt and Syria (648/1250 to 923/1517) : 2 vols., Glückstadt: Augustin, 1992, (= treatises of the German Archaeological Institute, Cairo. Islamic series; vol. 5, p. 1), Part 1 'Genesis, development and effects of the Mamluk architecture', p. 49. ISBN 3-87030-071-X .
  63. ↑ In fact, an-Nasir Muhammad never allowed himself to be buried in it for fear that his grave would be desecrated after his death, although he had his mother Bint Sukbay and his son Anuk buried in it.
  64. ↑ Vardit Shotten-Hallel, "Reconstructing the Hospitaller Church of St. John, Acre, with the help of Gravier d'Ortières's drawing of 1685-1687", in: Crusades , Vol. 9 (2010), pp 185-198, here p. 194.
  65. ↑ a b Vardit Shotten-Hallel, “Reconstructing the Hospitaller Church of St. John, Acre, with the help of Gravier d'Ortières's drawing of 1685–1687”, in: Crusades , Vol. 9 (2010), pp. 185– 198, here p. 189.
  66. ↑ Cf. Vardit Shotten-Hallel (וַרְדִּית שׁוֹטֶּן-הַלֵּל), “Reconstructing the Hospitaller Church of St. John, Acre, with the help of Gravier d'Ortières's drawing of 1685–1687”, in: Crusades , Vol. 9 (2010), pp. 185-198.
  67. ↑ where al-ʿisbitāriyya = erroneouslyالعِسْبِتَارِيَّةُ instead of correctly al-'isbitāriyya = الإسْبِتَارِيَّةُ.

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