Old Seraglio (Akkon)

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Old seraglio
السرايا القديم, DMG al-Sarāyā al-Qadīm
הַסָּרָאיָה הַיְּשָׁנָה ha-Sarājah ha-Jəschanah
Old Seraglio: View from the main courtyard to the east and south wings, towered over by the minaret of the Jazzār Mosque, 2013

Old Seraglio: View from the main courtyard to the east and south wings, towered over by the minaret of the Jazzār Mosque , 2013

Data
place IsraelIsrael Acre (عَکّا, DMG ʿAkkā ;עַכּוֹ ʿAkkō ),
Client Ẓāhir al-ʿUmar
Construction year 1750
Coordinates 32 ° 55 '22.1 "  N , 35 ° 4' 11.6"  E Coordinates: 32 ° 55 '22.1 "  N , 35 ° 4' 11.6"  E
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Old seraglio السرايا القديم, DMG al-Sarāyā al-Qadīm .mw-parser-output .Hebr {font-size: 115%} הַסָּרָאיָה הַיְּשָׁנָה .mw-parser-output .Latn {font-family: "Akzidenz Grotesk.", "Akzidenz Grotesk." "," Avant Garde Gothic "," Calibri "," Futura "," Geneva "," Gill Sans "," Helvetica "," Lucida Grande "," Lucida Sans Unicode "," Lucida Grande "," Stone Sans ", "Tahoma", "Trebuchet", "Univers", "Verdana"} ha-Sarājah ha-Jəschanah

The Old Seraglio ( Arabic السرايا القديم or. السراي القديمة, DMG al-Sarāyā al-Qadīm / al-Sarāy al-Qadīma ; Hebrew הַסָּרָאיָה הַיְּשָׁנָה ha-Sarājah ha-Jəschanah ) is a former seraglio in Acre , northern district of Israel . The Persian-born Arabic word serail (سراي or سرايا, DMG Sarāy, Sarāyā ) in Levantine parlance refers to buildings for representation, residential purposes and administration from the Ottoman period, because private rooms, including those for harem ladies, such as administration rooms, were often under one roof. The Old Seraglio as the administrative center forms the former regional government district with the Jazzār Mosque (place of prayer) and Akko's Citadel (military site).

After various uses, the three-wing building of the Seraglio built around a courtyard has served as a culture, youth and sports center MaTNa “S a-Sarājah (מֶרְכַּז תַּרְבּוּת, נוֹעַר וּסְפּוֹרְט [מַתְנָ"ס] אַ-סָּרָאיָה M Erkaz T arbūt, N ōʿar ū S pōrṭ [MaTNa “S] a-Sarājah ) in municipal sponsorship.

The old seraglio was built in 1750 on the crypt of the otherwise largely destroyed Johanniterkirche St. Johannis and includes its west facade and parts of its north facade in its west wing. The builder of the Old Seraglio was the Arab regional potentate Ẓāhir al-ʿUmar (1690–1775). By 1830, one of his successors built a new seraglio, which is where the name affix 'old' comes from. Since the New Seraglio since 1983 mostly as the Palais des Paschas (אַרְמוֹן הַפָּאשָׁא Armon ha-Pāšā ), the name New Seraglio fades. Accordingly, the old seraglio is often simply called a seraglio without any addition.

Plan Akkos with plans of ramparts , plan HDice-9a.svg : crypt under the old seraglio, citadel (№ 2: north wall of the Ottoman forecourt, № 3: halls 1-6, № 4: courtyard, № 5: refectory), № 20: Jazzār mosque on the substructure of the Cross Cathedral, № 22: Chan al-Ifranǧ and other buildings

location

The Old Seraglio is located in Akkon in the northern part of today's old town within the narrower Ottoman city wall, which only includes part of the area of ​​the former Crusader city. The wall is the work of Ẓāhir al-ʿUmar and his successor Ahmad 'al-Jazzār' Pasha . The old seraglio is located on the south side of the street of Rechov Portzej ha-Mivtzar (רְחוֹב פּוֹרְצֵי הַמִּבְצָר 'Road the Burglars into the Fortress' ;شارع اللص في القلعة, DMG Šāriʿ al-Laṣi fī al-Qalʿa ) corner Rechov Ritschard Lev-Ari (רְחוֹב רִיצָ'ארְד לֵב-אֲרִי, شارع ريتشارد قلب الأسد, DMG Šāriʿ Rītšārd Qalb al-Asad ). The citadel rises north opposite the Old Seraglio . It consists of buildings from the Ottoman period at the top and includes the remains of the northern Johanniterkommende below ( French Grand Manoir , large manor house ), which stretched north and south on both sides of the Rechov Portzej ha-Mivtzar .

The alleys and streets around the Old Seraglio and Citadel are now seven to eight meters above medieval street level, since in the 18th century, when the crusader ruins were reopened, the ruins of the once imposing upper floors, which were destroyed in 1291, were left in the alleys and were satisfied with it to level a new, higher street level with sand heaps. This makes this area the highest location in Acco's old town today. Correspondingly, building remnants were only used at this height or built on preserved basement floors, such as the crypt of St. Johannis, which still protruded on the new level, as happened with the old seraglio.

history

Akko is an ancient city on the Mediterranean , where the Via Maris trade route between Egypt and Mesopotamia changed from sea to caravan transport and vice versa. Several times destroyed and rebuilt and even more often fallen from one lord to another (Phoenicians, Ancient Egyptians, Alexander the Great, Romans, Byzantines, Egyptian Fatimids , Crusaders , Mamluks, to name just a few), Akko, like the entire Levant , has belonged to Akko since 1516 / 1517 to the Ottoman Empire . Even under the Ottomans, Akko remained a field of ruins. Acco's churches and fortifications were ordered by Emir ʿAlam al-Din Sanjar al-Schujaʿi al-Mansuri ( by order of his victorious conqueror Sultan Chalil in 1291عَلَمُ الدِّينِ سَنْجَرُ الشُّجَاعِيُّ المَنْصُورِيُّ, DMG ʿAlam ad-Dīn Sanǧar aš-Šuǧāʿī al-Manṣūrī ) had been razed in order to erase Christian traces and to make it impossible for the crusaders - after a possible reconquest - to use them again as a base. However, some of the massive buildings of the Johanniterkommende were preserved.

Only a few self-sufficient people, often Arab fishermen, settled down in the ruins and settled down. Acco's port was the only one in the Levant where cargo could be landed in any weather. In the 17th century, the flourishing trade in Western Europe drove mainly French, but also Dutch merchants in search of business opportunities to the coasts of the Levant, with the former enjoying some legal protection from the surrender of the Ottoman Empire and a monopoly in Ottoman trade among Europeans.

Chan al-Ifranǧ: Partly built over with Terra Sancta School, 2015

European merchants also headed for the port of Accos. In 1691 there were already 13 French merchants living in Akko, who maintained trading posts in the former Venetian trading center near the port, which was renovated around 1700 in the midst of the rubble and is still used today in Arabic Chan al-Ifranǧ (خان الإفرنج'Frankish caravanserai') is called. The textile industry in France prospered, increasing its cotton imports ten-fold between 1700 and 1750, and although producers increased supply, demand grew faster, which is why the price of cotton doubled in the same period. In 1691, in search of cotton suppliers, Marseille merchants traveled through the Galilean hinterland to Safed . The few free farmers, but above all the many dependent peasant land tenants of the state Miri-Land in the Ottoman Tımar system recognized that cotton production could be sold at rising prices beyond their own needs.

If tax farmer (ملتزم, DMG multasim ) came through the villages, mostly in order to rigorously collect the levy on Miri-Land, the often illiquid peasant tenants could only pay for it with the proceeds from quick sales of hectic and not fully ripened cotton to European merchants at bad prices . The price, quantity and quality were unfavorable for producers and merchants, which is why French merchants established a futures market for cotton (later also for other futures goods such as olive oil and grain) by 1720 by paying producers the discounted sales proceeds that were so convenient before the harvest could pay their dues and only deliver the full yield when they had gathered the ripe harvest.

In 1729 the Hohe Pforte banned futures trading in agricultural products, but to no avail. In enforcement of the ban, the authorities arrested Saʿd al-Zaydānī, eldest brother of Ẓāhir al-ʿUmar (1690–1775) in June 1730 , because he had mediated the sale of the harvests of three villages on an appointment to French merchants who were also successful for his release used. Ẓāhir al-ʿUmar, himself a successful merchant in the trade between Galilee and Damascus , recognized an opportunity and agreed in 1731 with the Melkite and merchant Jūssuf al-Qassīs, who lived in Akko (يوسف القسيس; first his advisor, from the 1740s his vizier ) to sell his goods abroad.

Ẓāhir al-ʿUmar, whose Bedouin family, who immigrated to Galilee, had established themselves as merchants and tax tenants, took over the task of multasim (tax farmer) after the death of his father, whereby, from a commercial point of view, he relied on regular, continuous tax receipts instead of one-off maximum amounts that the Taxpayers ruined. His concept also included protecting land tenants from robbers.

Respected by merchants and valued peasant land tenants for consideration and protection, Ẓāhir al-ʿUmar began using negotiation and military skill in Galilee to build an order that offered protection against robbery and official exploitation and arbitrariness by establishing and enforcing general rules on which they were based the residents could leave. Ẓāhir al-ʿUmar rose to become an autonomist regional potentate, conscientiously paying the Ottoman tax authorities the required taxes and avoiding open conflict with the seldom present Sublime Porte , but seeking their recognition.

Quartier Hospitalier, emplacement des structures 2012
Draftsman unknown
Johanniterquartier: location of the buildings
№ 11: Jazzār Mosque , № 51: Olive Tree Mosque, № 53: Turkish Bazaar, № 54: southern remainder of the St. John's Hospital, № 55: Oratory, № 56: Courtyard of the St. John's Hospital, № 57: Old Seraglio , № 59: Turkish Hammam, № 60: Zāwiyat al-Šāḏaliya, № 61: Courtyard, № 62: Room 1, № 65: Tower in the forecourt, № 66: Burǧ al-Chazna and № 67: Bridge over moat to the citadel
Link to the picture
(please note copyrights )

Established as the administrative center from 1740

Ẓāhir al-ʿUmar recognized Ako's potential and began in the 1740s to expand the ruins of Akko into his fortified residence and administrative center. In Ẓāhir al-ʿUmar's territory, protected from robbery, peasant producers were able to increase their production and, after tax and rent, kept more of their income for themselves than their equals in the territories of other masters. The re-fortified Akko was a hub for global trade, Ẓāhir al-ʿUmar's fortress and capital of his precarious regional rule. The growing production in the primary sector with security from violence and neglect of arbitrariness, ultimately further strengthened by the promotion of labor migration , required and allowed more employees in secondary processing and services (trade, transport, administration, planning, law enforcement and security organs) due to growing tax revenues tertiary economic sector , with which the number of acre people rose from 400 around 1730 to 15,000 within a few years and then 25,000 around 1770.

The New Acre migrated from Aleppo , Damascus, the Greek islands , Malta and Nazareth. Most of them professed Christianity, especially the Greek Orthodoxy or the Greek-Catholic Union , whereby Christians formed the majority in the city from the middle of the 18th century. In and on the ruins of the Crusader city, New Acre built a new city in the 18th century. On the preserved crypt in the ruins of the nave of St. Johannis, including its preserved west facade and partly the north facade, Ẓāhir al-ʿUmar had his first seraglio (now called the Old Seraglio) built around 1750 .

Turkish Ḥammām of the Pasha: Pillars and Other Spolia, 2010

Usable parts from the ruins of the splendid St. John's Church were stored in the oratory and some of them were later used as spoilers in the Turkish hammam . After this seraglio was completed, the administration moved from the citadel there.

After unsuccessful attempts to overthrow the independent Ẓāhir al-ʿUmar, who had ascended from his own will and ability, the Sublime Porte finally submitted to the inevitable in 1768 and granted him the newly created rank of Sheikh of Akko and the whole of Galilee, reflecting the sphere of power he had achieved through his own efforts . Ẓāhir al-ʿUmar, who stood by a friend who had fallen out of favor with the Ottoman Sultan Abdülhamid I , was himself the target of Ottoman intervention in 1771, which ended in 1775 when he was shot while trying to escape. The Sublime Porte appointed Ahmad al-Jazzār Pasha as the new sheikh from 1777 with the title of Wālī of Sidon, when he took his seat in Acre in 1779.

Ahmad 'al-Jazzār' Pasha, who was nicknamed 'the butcher' ('al-Jazzār') for violence, lacked economic expertise, friendly and, as a Bosniak, family relationships within his sphere of influence, as well as the ability to local and regional potentates conflicting with his rule to win through concessions and agreements. Instead, he relied on force to eliminate alleged and actual opponents and to deter potential adversaries. For this reason, Jazzār Pasha maintained a strong repression apparatus made up of expensive foreign, including Bosnian mercenaries without ties to the local population.

Increasing expenditure required higher tax claims and revenues. B. should bring in a new government monopoly in the grain trade. The number of peasants fell, partly by fleeing reprisals or tax enforcement and finally as a result of death from the bubonic plague of 1786. When Jazzār Pasha learned that some of his Egyptian Mamluk mercenaries had relationships with the ladies of his harem , he took draconian action against the suspects triggered a rebellion of these mercenaries, who holed up in the tower Burǧ al-Chazna , where he besieged them with the help of Bosniak mercenaries in May 1789. The Mamluks turned the cannons on the tower towards the Altes Serail and threatened to destroy it, successfully extorting their free withdrawal. Acre and Galileans emigrated and more and more agricultural land was fallow. Jazzār's attempt to prevent French buyers from buying directly from farmers in 1790, with which they wanted to avoid export taxes, caused them to move on to Beirut.

View from the Museum of the Underground to the south and west wings of the Old Seraglio, 2018

Jazzār Pasha's successor, his adopted son Suleyman Pasha 'al-ʿĀdil' (term of office 1805–1819), met in the morning at the second hour after sunrise with his Chancellor of the Exchequer alAli Pasha Agha 'al-Chazindār' and his finance vizier Chaim Farchi 'al-Muʿallim' (حاييم فرحي; 1760-1820), which he had taken over from Jazzār Pasha, in the seraglio to advise the affairs of government. Presumably since the end of the 18th century the crypt of St. John's Church under the Old Seraglio served as a postal expedition , which is why it is popularly known as al-Būsṭa (البوسطة 'Die Post') is called.

View eastwards over the ʿAbdullah Paschas house (in white) to the citadel, built around 1830 as a new seraglio , 2017

Suleyman Pasha and his son and successor ʿAbdullah Pasha ibn ʿAlī (terms of office 1820–1822 and again 1823–1832) were the last Wālīs of Sidon who officiated from Akko. By 1830, ʿAbdullah Pasha built a new seraglio, which since its renovation between 1978 and 1983 by the architect Ridvánu'lláh Ashraf and the refurbishment by Rúhíyyih Chánum , widow of Shoghi Effendis , Palais des Paschas (אַרְמוֹן הַפָּאשָׁא Armon ha-Pāšā ) or house ʿAbdullah Paschas is called and has served the Bahá'í institutions ever since . After Jazzār Pasha had built a new seraglio, the old seraglio served as the official residence of low-ranking government officials. After Akko's decline due to failed economic policies, missed economic adjustments, epidemics, war and earthquakes, Akko eked out its existence as a small town with 2,000 inhabitants in a great setting. The official seat of regional administrations had also been lost to other cities.

View from the citadel to the Old Seraglio (right) and Jazzār Mosque, around 1918

In the focus of monument preservation after 1918

The British mandate expanded the education system and in 1921 set up a girls' school in the Old Seraglio with Arabic as the language of instruction. In 1942 the antiquities administration of Mandate Palestine began exploration winter to explore Acco's old town. It showed that the building stock of the old town was a unique structural combination of crusader buildings of the 12th / 13th centuries. Century with buildings from the Arab-Ottoman era (18th / 19th century), especially the city walls. As a result of this investigation, the British Mandate Government placed the old town of Acco under protection and issued a conservation statute.

From 1948, Prof. Jehoschua Prawer (יְהוֹשֻׁעַ פְּרָאווֶר; 1917–1990), pioneer of crusader research, a program of explorations to discover the legacies of crusaders in Akko, Catholic Levantine Latin rite (so-called Franks;الفرنجة, DMG al-Faranǧa ) and Pullanen to expose and research. Then, on behalf of the Israeli Nature and Gardens Authority, from 1958 to 1963 an excavation campaign was carried out in the Grand Manoir square , first of all halls 1 to 3 of the north wing, a diagonal passage through the pillar hall in the east wing and the presumed refectory in the south wing were uncovered.

While the Arabic-language school in the Old Seraglio, which has meanwhile been converted to co- education by the Israeli Ministry of Education, was still in operation, the Nature and Gardens Authority , headed by Ze'ev Goldmann , had the crypt (commonly also al-Būsṭa ) excavated and six parallel ones inside Uncover halls that once had open arcades to a courtyard adjoining it to the south and smaller windows to the north facing the former commercial street, now below street level. At the end of the 1980s, the Old Seraglio served as a school.

Alex Kesten (אַלֶכְּס קֶשְׁטֶן; 1912–1994) compiled a systematic directory of the buildings in the old town by 1962, which records the astonishing interlocking of the buildings from the times of the Crusaders and the Arab-Ottoman era, they are sometimes next to, sometimes inside or on top of each other. Based on the Kesten directory, a conservation plan was adopted for the old town and gradually implemented, which ultimately led to UNESCO declaring the Old Seraglio as part of the old town of Accos with it as a World Heritage Site in 2001 .

Old Seraglio: Access to the ACA (American Corner Akka), 2010
Old Seraglio: Library of the Center, 2010

Todays use

Since 1998 the Old Seraglio has served as a cultural, youth and sports center MaTNa “S a-Sarājah (מֶרְכָּז תַּרְבּוּת, נוֹעַר וּסְפּוֹרְט [מַתְנָ"ס] אַ-סָּרָאיָה M Erkaz T arbūt, N ōʿarū S pōrṭ [MaTNa “S] a-Sarājah ; officially tooמֶרְכַּז תַּרְבּוּת, נוֹעַר וּסְפּוֹרְט [מָתְנָ"ס] חָדָשׁ עַכּוֹ הָעַתִּיקָה Merkaz Tarbūt, Nōʿar ūSpōrṭ [MaTNa “S Chadasch ʿAkkō ha-ʿAttīqah] , German “ New Cultural Center Old Akko ” ). After the extensive renovation was completed in 2009, citizens of the old town in particular use the Alte Serail as a community center .

In MaTNa “Sa-Sarāja , dedicated, mostly Arabic -speaking Akkoner offer cultural events, child care, rooms for young people as well as for sports, ballet and theater groups. In its youth work, the center focuses on cooperation between Christians, Jews and Muslims, on respect for each other and on overcoming violence. The center also promotes the position of mothers and offers professional qualification courses for around 60 young women. As a partner of the center, the American Corner in Akko (ACA) opened on April 1, 2009 , a library with English-language media on American fiction, with reference works on the government, history and culture of the USA. Another partner of the MaTNa “Sa-Sarāja is the Evangelische Israelhilfe Württemberg .

Rechov Ritschard Lev-Ari to the south with the west facade of the church (left), now part of the old seraglio, 2009
Johanniterkirche: crypt with exhibited Corinthian capital from the upper part of the church, 2016

Building description

The old seraglio occupies the place of the nave of the former Johanniterkirche St. Johannis Baptistae (كنيسة القدّيس يُوحَنَّا الإسْبِتَارِيَّةُ, DMG Kanīsat al-Qiddīs Yūḥannā al-Isbitāriyya ,כְּנֵסִיַּת יוֹחָנָן הַמַּטְבִּיל הַקָּדוֹשׁ הָהוֹסְפִּיטַלֶרִית Knessijjat Jōchanan ha-Maṭbīl ha-Qadōsch ha-hōspīṭalerīt ), which was in the center of the Johanniter coming . To the north who was Grand Manoir with medals hospice where brother knights and pilgrims under came south bordering Hospital of St. John of. The Johanniterkirche was built on the north side of a four-sided complex with an inner courtyard, which the Crusaders left to the Johannitern as a commander after taking the city in 1104.

Goldmann suspects that the crypt (قبو الكنيسة; מַרְתֵּף הַכְּנֵסִיָּה) of St. John's Church, six parallel vaulted halls under today's Old Seraglio, goes back to the north wing of an Arab-Fatimid caravanserai of the 10th or 11th century, because several features of the building, such as a horseshoe arch in the southern part of the east wall in the last of the halls, suggest that. The two western halls are older, the four eastern, 5.5 meters high, more recent. As is typical of a caravanserai, the six halls of the crypt open to the former inner courtyard (in the south). In the “Vue de Saint-Jean d'Acre” from 1686, the light falling through the windows in the north wall of the crypt shimmers through the deep yokes to the arches at the front. The classification of this substructure of the Old Seraglio is considered former crypt of the church as backed up after on behalf of the Israeli Antiquities Authority Hana'a Abu-'Uqsa (هناء أبو عقصة, DMG Hanā'a Abū-ʿUqṣa ) and Eliezer Stern examined the crypt and the old seraglio in detail between 1995 and 2003.

Johanniskirche: Hewn stones with attached bars , found at the walled main entrance in the west wall of the Old Seraglio, 2010

In addition to the crypt, which was preserved after the Mamluk destruction of Accos and later overbuilding in Ottoman times, there are other remains of the actual church. At the end of the 1950s, Goldmann found the western main entrance to the church, now walled up, in front of which he suspected two flights of stairs that led from medieval street level four meters up to the level of the main nave. The cornice that surrounds the entire building on the outside, partly below today's street level, is interrupted in the area of ​​the former main entrance, where pilasters on the outer masonry flank the now walled portal on the left and right.

Center: Crypt under the Old Seraglio (partly red-covered three-wing building), left of it Turkish Bazaar (long gray roof), right of both Jazzār mosques surrounded by the Riwaq , above citadel with arcaded courtyard, 2016

Between 2004 and 2010, Abu-ʿUqṣa and Stern excavated the floor of the old seraglio in three places, under which they found the church floor in a buffering layer of rubble, the traces of the choir screens in the eastern seraglio wing in the area in front of the former triapsidial choir, which has not been preserved itself having. The three apses , who completed the nave to the east are in the "Vue de Saint-Jean d'Acre" (17th century) through still be seen through the ruins of southern and central nave, but later gave way to the western wing of the Riwaqs to the Jazzar Pasha Mosque . The old church floor consists of slabs of marble of three different colors, covered with shards of stained church windows . In addition, Abu-'Uqṣa and Stern found the middle of the nave, now a part under the main courtyard and the other part in the south wing of the Old Seraglio, in the rubble layer three fallen marble columns and colorful capitals of marble, one with a cross of St. John in orange on a black background. In the west wing of the Old Seraglio, in the area of ​​the former narthex , they discovered an omitted round depression in the middle of the floor slabs, where the fifth had probably been .

Mausoleum of al-Nasir Muhammad: Gothic portal with set columns in the garment and archivolts, 2017

At the former western main entrance to the church, the excavators discovered the gray marble doorstep. This 2.7 meter long threshold on the walled up portal of St. Johannis, which leaves gaps of 35 cm at both ends up to the enclosing wall, fits in perfectly with the Gothic church portal with its vestments and columns set in it, the Sandjar al-Shujai as booty from Akko to Cairo , where it was built between 1296 and 1303. The church portal now closes the corridor from an-Nasir Muhammad's mausoleum to the Madrasse of his name . Therefore Vardit Shotten-Hallel (וַרְדִּית שׁוֹטֶּן-הַלֵּל) that this church portal comes from the Johanniterkirche rather than - as others suspect - from the Holy Cross Cathedral (Jim Antoniou), St. Andrew's or St. George's Church (Alexander Papadopoulos).

The west facade of the Johanniterkirche rises above the now walled-up entrance to a height of 13 meters above the current street level and continues around the northwest corner with part of the north church facade, now integrated into the north wall on the west wing of the Old Seraglio. In the window openings of these façade parts, which can also be seen as three-pass windows in the “Vue de Saint-Jean d'Acre” , there are now younger windows, but the tracery is missing today , fragments of which were discovered when the church floor was excavated. Unlike in France, where tracery is mostly an integral part of the rest of the masonry, tracery used in crusader constructions predominated, which can easily be removed in the course of destruction or re-use. The found fragments of tracery allow it to be reconstructed as a three-pass arch, as Shotten-Hallel showed in 2010, as was the one above the church portal that was moved to Cairo.

Portal to the Old Seraglio from the north, 2017

The old seraglio, which was built by Ẓāhir al-ʿUmar around 1750, sits directly on the crypt. The old seraglio forms a two-storey three-wing complex around a courtyard with an arcade on the upper floor. On the north side of the Rechov Portzej ha-Mivtzar street , the main courtyard is closed off by a high wall that can be passed through a high gate. Its archway was built in Ablaq style in alternating light and dark stone and originally belonged to a madrassa that Ẓāhir al-ʿUmar had built. The inscription on the gate names the Islamic year 1270 (Gregorian: 1853/1854), possibly the date on which the gate was moved to its current location, but both said madrassa and the old seraglio were founded a few decades earlier.

See also

literature

  • Adrian Boas, Crusader archeology: The material culture of the Latin East , London and New York: Routledge, 2 2017, ISBN 978-1-138-90025-7
  • Bernhard Poet (בֶּרְנְהַרְד דִּיכְטֶר; 1911–1991) with Salman cotton (זַלְמָן בַּאוּמְווֹל; Arr.), Alex Carmel (arr.) And Ejal Jakob Eisler (אֱיָל יַעֲקֹב אַיְזְלֶר; Edit .), עַכּוֹ - אֲתָרִים מִיָּמֵי הַתּוּרְכִּים /عكا: مواقع من العهد التركي(Additional title: Akko, buildings from the Turkish period / Akko, sites from the Turkish period ), University of Haifa /הַמָּכוֹן עַל שֵׁם גּוֹטְלִיבּ שׁוּמַכֶר לְחֵקֶר פְּעִילוּת הָעֹולָם הַנּוֹצְרִי בְּאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל בַּמֵּאָה הַ -19 (Gottlieb Schumacher Institute for Research into the Christian Contribution to the Reconstruction of Palestine in the 19th Century; Ed.), Haifa: הַמָּכוֹן עַל שֵׁם גּוֹטְלִיבּ שׁוּמַכֶר לְחֵקֶר פְּעִילוּת הָעֹולָם הַנּוֹצְרִי בְּאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל בַּמֵּאָה הַ -19, 2000.
  • Ze'ev Goldmann , "The buildings of the Order of St. John in Akkon", in: The Order of St. John - The Order of Malta: The knightly order of St. John of the Hospital in Jerusalem - His tasks, his history , Adam Wienand (ed.) With Carl Wolfgang Graf von Ballestrem and Christoph Freiherr von Imhoff, Cologne: Wienand, 1977, pp. 108–115.
  • Ze'ev Goldmann, “The Hospice of the Knights of St. John in Akko”, in: Archeological Discoveries in the Holy Land , Archeological Institute of America (compiled), New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1967, p 199-206.
  • Hans Kühner, Israel: a travel guide through three thousand years , David Harris (photos), Olten and Freiburg im Breisgau: Walter, 1975, ISBN 3-530-49171-3
  • Andrew Petersen, A Gazetteer of Buildings in Muslim Palestine , Council for British Research in the Levant (Ed.), (= British Academy monographs in archeology; No. 12), Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001, ISBN 978-0-19 -727011-0 .
  • Thomas Philipp, Acre: the rise and fall of a Palestinian city, 1730-1831 , New York and Chichester: Columbia University Press, 2001, (= History and society of the modern Middle East series; Vol. 6), ISBN 0-231 -12327-2
  • Vardit Shotten-Hallel (וַרְדִּית שׁוֹטֶּן-הַלֵּל), “Reconstructing the Hospitaller Church of St. John, Acre, with the help of Gravier d'Ortières's drawing of 1685-1687”, in: Crusades , Vol. 9 (2010), pp. 185-198.
  • Eliezer Star (אֱלִיעֶזֶר שְׁטֶרְן), “La commanderie de l'Ordre des Hospitaliers à Acre”, in: Bulletin Monumental , vol. 164 (No. 1, 2006 entitled 'L'architecture en Terre Sainte au temps de Saint Louis'), p. 53 -60.
  • Eliezer Star, "מֶרְכַּז הַמִּסְדָּר הָהוֹסְפִּיטַלֶרִי בְּעַכּוֹ”, In: קַדְמוֹנִיּוּת: כְּתָב-עֵת לְעַתִּיקוֹת אֶרֶץ-יִשְׂרָאֵל וְאֲרָצוֹת הַמִּקְרָא , Vol. לג (No. 1, 2000), pp. 4–12.
  • Thomas Veser, "Holy Cross Church under the Harem" , in: Neue Zürcher Zeitung , December 24, 2003
  • Adam Wienand, "Die Johanniter und die Kreuzzüge", in: Der Johanniter-Orden - The Malteser-Orden: The knightly order of St. John of the hospital in Jerusalem - His tasks, his story , Adam Wienand (ed.) With Carl Wolfgang Graf von Ballestrem and Christoph Freiherr von Imhoff, Cologne: Wienand, 1977, pp. 32–108.

Web links

Commons : Old Seraglio  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b "Museum of Heroism" , on: The Secrets of the Unearthly and Underground City of Akko , accessed on February 24, 2019.
  2. ↑ There are various examples of this in the former Ottoman Empire, for example the government building in Beirut is called the Grand Sérail (السراي الكبير'Great Seraglio'), similar to al-Sarāyā al-Hamrā (السرايا الحمراء'Red Seraglio') in Tripoli, Ak Saray (White Seraglio) in Ankara, Grand Sérail in Aleppo, or Topkapı Sarayı ( Cannon Gate Seraglio) in Istanbul.
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an Thomas Philipp, Acre: the rise and fall of a Palestinian city, 1730–1831 , New York and Chichester: Columbia University Press, 2001, (= History and society of the modern Middle East series; Vol. 6), page number as indicated after the footnote number. ISBN 0-231-12327-2 .
  4. ↑ a b c "Hospitaller Fortress" , on: The Secrets of the Aboveground and Underground City of Akko , accessed on February 26, 2019.
  5. ↑ a b c d e f g h “Acre's Old Saray: Acre, Israel” , in Archnet , accessed February 26, 2019.
  6. ^ "The House of` Abdu'lláh Páshá " , in: Bahá'í World , Vol. 18 (1979-1983), pp. 77-80, here p. 77, accessed on February 27, 2019.
  7. ↑ a b Avraham Lewensohn, travel guide Israel with maps and city maps [Israel Tour Guide, 1979; dt.], Miriam Magal (ex.), Tel Aviv-Yapho: Tourguide, 1982, p. 45.
  8. ^ A b c d Ze'ev Goldmann, “The Hospice of the Knights of St. John in Akko”, in: Archeological Discoveries in the Holy Land , Archeological Institute of America (compiled), New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co ., 1967, pp. 199-206, here p. 200.
  9. ↑ Erhard Gorys, Das Heilige Land: Historical and religious sites of Judaism, Christianity and Islam in the 10,000 year old cultural land between the Mediterranean, Red Sea and Jordan , Cologne: DuMont, 2 1984, (= DuMont art travel guide), p. 368. ISBN 3-7701-1474-4 .
  10. ↑ Jack Bocar, “Quartier Templiers emplacement des structures” , in: L'Orient Latin: La Terre Sainte à l'époque Romane - L'Orient au Temps des Francs , accessed on February 25, 2019.
  11. ↑ a b c d e Jack Bocar, "La Commanderie de l'Ordre des Hospitaliers à Acre" , on: L'Orient Latin: La Terre Sainte à l'époque Romane - L'Orient au Temps des Francs , accessed on 25. February 2019.
  12. ^ Ze'ev Goldmann, "The Hospice of the Knights of St. John in Akko", in: Archeological Discoveries in the Holy Land , Archeological Institute of America (compiled), New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1967, Pp. 199–206, here p. 199.
  13. ^ Hans Kühner, Israel: a travel guide through three thousand years , David Harris (photos), Olten and Freiburg im Breisgau: Walter, 1975, p. 250. ISBN 3-530-49171-3 .
  14. ↑ a b Israel , Theodor Friedrich Meysels (1899–1963) et al., (= Nagels Encyclopedia Travel Guide. German Series), verb. Ed., Revised. by SFG Nathan, Geneva: Nagel, 2 1967, p. 219.
  15. ↑ a b c d Vardit Shotten-Hallel, “Reconstructing the Hospitaller Church of St. John, Acre, with the help of Gravier d'Ortières's drawing of 1685-1687”, in: Crusades , Vol. 9 (2010), p. 185–198, here p. 195.
  16. ↑ a b c Thomas Veser, "Heiligkreuzkirche under the Harem" , in: Neue Zürcher Zeitung , December 24, 2003, accessed on February 22, 2019.
  17. ↑ Bernhard Dichter with Salman cotton (arrangement), Alex Carmel ( arrangement ) and Ejal Jakob Eisler ( arrangement ), עַכּוֹ - אֲתָרִים מִיָּמֵי הַתּוּרְכִּים /عكا: مواقع من العهد التركي(Additional title: Akko, buildings from the Turkish period / Akko, sites from the Turkish period ), University of Haifa /הַמָּכוֹן עַל שֵׁם גּוֹטְלִיבּ שׁוּמַכֶר לְחֵקֶר פְּעִילוּת הָעֹולָם הַנּוֹצְרִי בְּאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל בַּמֵּאָה הַ -19 (Gottlieb Schumacher Institute for Research into the Christian Contribution to the Reconstruction of Palestine in the 19th Century; Ed.), Haifa: הַמָּכוֹן עַל שֵׁם גּוֹטְלִיבּ שׁוּמַכֶר לְחֵקֶר פְּעִילוּת הָעֹולָם הַנּוֹצְרִי בְּאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל בַּמֵּאָה הַ -19, 2000, p. 52.
  18. ↑ Franke (إفرنجي, DMG Ifranǧī ) is a synonym for Europeans in Levantine Arabic .
  19. ↑ Eliezer Stern, "La commanderie de l'Ordre des Hospitaliers à Acre", in: Bulletin Monumental , Vol. 164 (No. 1, 2006 entitled 'L'architecture en Terre Sainte au temps de Saint Louis'), p . 53–60, here p. 53.
  20. ↑ a b c Ze'ev Goldmann, "The Buildings of the Order of St. John in Akkon", in: The Order of St. John - The Order of Malta: The Knightly Order of St. John of the Hospital in Jerusalem - Its tasks, its history , Adam Wienand ( Ed.) With Carl Wolfgang Graf von Ballestrem and Christoph Freiherr von Imhoff, Cologne: Wienand, 1977, pp. 108–115, here p. 110.
  21. ^ Ze'ev Goldmann, "The Hospice of the Knights of St. John in Akko", in: Archeological Discoveries in the Holy Land , Archeological Institute of America (compiled), New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1967, Pp. 199–206, here p. 204.
  22. ^ A b Ze'ev Goldmann, “The Hospice of the Knights of St. John in Akko”, in: Archeological Discoveries in the Holy Land , Archeological Institute of America (compiled), New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1967, pp. 199-206, here p. 202.
  23. ↑ a b c d Ze'ev Goldmann, "The Buildings of the Order of St. John in Akkon", in: The Order of St. John - The Order of Malta: The Knightly Order of St. John of the Hospital in Jerusalem - Its tasks, its history , Adam Wienand (Ed.) With Carl Wolfgang Graf von Ballestrem and Christoph Freiherr von Imhoff, Cologne: Wienand, 1977, pp. 108–115, here p. 109.
  24. ↑ Bartosz Radojewski, The Historical Documentation of the Water Cisterns under the Jazzar Pasha Mosque in Acre , Akko: International Conservation Center, 2010, p. 6.
  25. ^ "The House of` Abdu'lláh Páshá " , in: Bahá'í World , Vol. 18 (1979-1983), pp. 77-80, here p. 77, accessed on February 27, 2019.
  26. ^ "The House of` Abdu'lláh Páshá " , in: Bahá'í World , Vol. 18 (1979-1983), pp. 77-80, here pp. 78 and 80, accessed on February 27, 2019.
  27. ↑ a b c d e f g Eliezer Stern, “La commanderie de l'Ordre des Hospitaliers à Acre”, in: Bulletin Monumental , Vol. 164 (No. 1, 2006 with the title 'L'architecture en Terre Sainte au temps de Saint Louis'), pp. 53–60, here p. 54.
  28. ↑ a b c d e f Vardit Shotten-Hallel, “Reconstructing the Hospitaller Church of St. John, Acre, with the help of Gravier d'Ortières's drawing of 1685-1687”, in: Crusades , Vol. 9 (2010), Pp. 185–198, here p. 185.
  29. ↑ Zev Vilnay (זאב וילנאי Se'ev Wilna'i ), Israel: Art and travel guide with regional studies [The guide to Israel; German], Helmut Ludwig (ex.), through. u. erg. ed., Stuttgart, Berlin, Cologne and Mainz: Kohlhammer, 2 1987, (= Kohlhammer art and travel guide), p. 359. ISBN 3-17-007717-1 .
  30. ↑ a b Will Stevens, “American Corner Opens in Akko” (April 29, 2009), on: Archived content: Information released prior to January 20, 2017 , accessed on February 24, 2019.
  31. ↑ a b c d "MaTNa" S - Community center in the old town of Akko " , on: Evangelische Israelhilfe Württemberg , accessed on February 24, 2019.
  32. ↑ Ze'ev Goldmann, "The Buildings of the Order of St. John in Akkon", in: The Order of St. John - The Order of Malta: The Knightly Order of St. John of the Hospital in Jerusalem - His tasks, his history , Adam Wienand (ed.) with Carl Wolfgang Graf von Ballestrem and Christoph Freiherr von Imhoff, Cologne: Wienand, 1977, pp. 108–115, here p. 109seq.
  33. ↑ a b See Étienne Gravier's “Vue de Saint-Jean d'Acre” , on: {BnF Gallica , accessed on March 29, 2019.
  34. ↑ a b c Vardit Shotten-Hallel, "Reconstructing the Hospitaller Church of St. John, Acre, with the help of Gravier d'Ortières's drawing of 1685-1687", in: Crusades , Vol. 9 (2010), p 185 –198, here p. 192.
  35. ^ Adrian Boas, Crusader Archeology: The Material Culture of the Latin East , London and New York: Routledge, 2 2017, p. 39. ISBN 978-1-138-90025-7 . Goldmann, on the other hand, still suspected that St. John's Church might have stood on the site of the Jazzār mosque, cf. Ze'ev Goldmann, “The Hospice of the Knights of St. John in Akko”, in: Archeological Discoveries in the Holy Land , Archeological Institute of America (compiled), New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1967, p 199-206, here p. 204.
  36. ↑ “The Seraglio” , on: The Secrets of the Aboveground and Underground City of Akko , accessed on February 22, 2019.
  37. ↑ Bernhard Dichter with Salman Autovermietung (arrangement), Alex Carmel (arrangement) and Ejal Jakob Eisler (arrangement), Akko, Buildings from the Turkish Period / Akko, sites from the Turkish period , University of Haifa 2000, p. 216– 219.
  38. ↑ a b c Vardit Shotten-Hallel, "Reconstructing the Hospitaller Church of St. John, Acre, with the help of Gravier d'Ortières's drawing of 1685-1687", in: Crusades , Vol. 9 (2010), p 185 –198, here p. 193.
  39. ↑ Vardit Shotten-Hallel, "Reconstructing the Hospitaller Church of St. John, Acre, with the help of Gravier d'Ortières's drawing of 1685-1687", in: Crusades , Vol. 9 (2010), pp 185-198, here p. 198.
  40. ↑ Michael Meinecke , The Mamluk architecture in Egypt and Syria (648/1250 to 923/1517) : 2 vols., Glückstadt: Augustin, 1992, (= treatises of the German Archaeological Institute, Cairo. Islamic series; vol. 5, p. 1), Part 1 'Genesis, development and effects of the Mamluk architecture', p. 49. ISBN 3-87030-071-X .
  41. ↑ In fact, an-Nasir Muhammad never allowed himself to be buried in it for fear that his grave would be desecrated after his death, although he had his mother Bint Sukbay and his son Anuk buried in it.
  42. ↑ Vardit Shotten-Hallel, "Reconstructing the Hospitaller Church of St. John, Acre, with the help of Gravier d'Ortières's drawing of 1685-1687", in: Crusades , Vol. 9 (2010), pp 185-198, here p. 194.
  43. ↑ a b Andrew Petersen, A Gazetteer of Buildings in Muslim Palestine , Council for British Research in the Levant (Ed.), (= British Academy monographs in archeology; No. 12), Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001, p. 84 . ISBN 978-0-19-727011-0 .