Johanniterkirche St. Johannis (Akkon)

This article describes the destroyed St. John's Church in Acre. For the existing Franciscan church of the same name, see the Franciscan Church of St. Johannis (Akkon) .

Johanniterkirche St. Johannis Baptistae
Ecclesia Sancti Ioannis Baptistae hospitalariorum
כְּנֵסִיַּת יוֹחָנָן הַמַּטְבִּיל הַקָּדוֹשׁ הָהוֹסְפִּיטַלֶרִית
Knessijjat Jōchanan ha-Maṭbīl ha-Qadōsch ha-hōspīṭalerīt
كنيسة القدّيس يُوحَنَّا الْمَعْمَدَان الإسْبِتَارِيَّةُ, DMG
Kanīsat al-Qiddīs Yūḥannā al-Maʿmadān al-isbitāriyya

Model of St. Johannis (left № 11) and Grand Manoir (№ 2-10, 17 and 18), view from the east (before 1291)
Basic data
Denomination	last Roman Catholic
place	Acre (عَکّا, DMG ʿAkkā ;עַכּוֹ ʿAkkō ), Israel
diocese	Ptolemais in Phenicia
Patronage	John the Baptist
Building history
Client	Order of St. John
construction time	Romanesque predecessor mentioned in 1149 - turn of the 12th / 13th centuries century
Building description
Profanation	from 1291 ruin; mostly destroyed, preserved parts re-used
Architectural style	Gothic
Construction type	three-aisled basilica with three apses
Function and title
Johanniterkirche
Coordinates 32 ° 55 '22.1 "  N , 35 ° 4' 11.6"  E Coordinates: 32 ° 55 '22.1 "  N , 35 ° 4' 11.6"  E

Israel's Haifa and North districts physically Akko Johanniterkirche Akko

The Johanniterkirche St. Johannis Baptistae ( Latin Ecclesia Sancti Ioannis Baptistae hospitalariorum ; Hebrew כְּנֵסִיַּת יוֹחָנָן הַמַּטְבִּיל הַקָּדוֹשׁ הָהוֹסְפִּיטַלֶרִית Knessijjat Jōchanan ha-Maṭbīl ha-Qadōsch ha-hōspīṭalerīt ; Arabic كنيسة القدّيس يُوحَنَّا الْمَعْمَدَان الإسْبِتَارِيَّةُ, DMG Kanīsat al-Qiddīs Yūḥannā al-Maʿmadān al-isbitāriyya ) in Acre , Kingdom of Jerusalem (now the northern district of Israel ) was a medieval church of St. John dedicated to John the Baptist. It was one of 38 churches among a total of 71 documented consecrated religious sites in Acre during the Crusader period. It was part of the Johanniterkommende of the city and was largely destroyed with this in 1291 .

The crypt and parts of the west and north facade have been preserved. The crypt is now open to the public as part of the Knight's Halls , Accon's museum of architecture and the era of the Crusaders . On the preserved crypt of the former church, the old seraglio now occupies the place of the ship and includes parts of its facade that have been preserved in its west wing.

Plan Akkos with plans of ramparts , citadel (№ 2: north wall of the Ottoman courtyard, № 3: halls 1–6, № 4: courtyard, № 5: refectory, ground plan H : crypt of St. John), № 20: Jazzār- Mosque on the substructure of the Cross Cathedral, № 22: Chan al-Ifranǧ and other buildings

location

The Johanniterkirche St. Johannis or the Old Seraglio, which includes its structural remains, is located in Akkon in the northern old town within today's narrower Ottoman city wall, which only covers part of the area of ​​the former Crusader city.The wall is the work of the Arab Regional potentates Ẓāhir al-ʿUmar (1690–1775) and his successor, the Ottoman governor Ahmad 'al-Jazzār' Pasha (1722–1804). Only remnants of the church are preserved. The west facade of the church is on Rechov Rīʧārd Lev-Arī (רְחוֹב ריצ'ארְד לֵב-אֲרִי, شارع ريتشارد قلب الأسد, DMG Šāriʿ Rītšārd Qalb al-Asad ) and parts of the north facade, both in the west wing of the Old Seraglio, are located at Rechov Portzej ha-Mivtzar (רְחוֹב פּוֹרְצֵי הַמִּבְצָר 'Road the Burglars into the Fortress' ;شارع اللص في القلعة, DMG Šāriʿ al-Laṣi fī al-Qalʿa ).

The alleys and streets around the remains of the Johanniterkirche are now seven to eight meters above medieval street level, because when the ruins were reopened in the 18th century, rubble and rubble from the once imposing upper floors were left in the alleys and contented with sand heaps to pave a new, higher street level. This makes this area the highest location in Acco's old town today. Correspondingly, building remnants were only used at this height or rebuilt on preserved basement floors, for example the crypt of St. Johannis, which still protruded on the higher level, as happened with the old seraglio. The crypt is below today's street level.

history

Akko is an ancient city on the Mediterranean , where the Via Maris trade route between Egypt and Mesopotamia changed from sea to caravan transport and vice versa. Several times destroyed and rebuilt and even more often fallen from one lord to another (Phoenicians, ancient Egyptians, Alexander the Great, Romans, Byzantines, to name just a few), Akko belonged to the Egyptian Fatimid Empire since the 10th century .

In the days of the crusaders

In 1104 the kingdom of Jerusalem besieged the city ​​of Akko with its armed forces, supported by crusaders and the Genoese navy. With the promise of free withdrawal with their movable belongings or remaining as subjects of the King of Jerusalem , the Acre finally surrendered, but the Genoese attacked the defenseless migrants, which then ended as a general slaughter of the besiegers of all residents and their plunder. Nevertheless, the city's population under the Crusaders soon grew again to 40,000 to 50,000 inhabitants, making the Crusader Akko an important medieval city. In addition to the predominant Christians of the Catholic, European Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox churches , Muslims and around 200 Jews also lived in Akko, as Benjamin von Tudela reported in 1170.

Crypt: visitors in a vault, 2013

After the city was taken by the Crusaders , the Johanniter took over a square southwest of the great Friday mosque (at the time under renovation / demolition for the new Holy Cross Cathedral ) as their commander , the Ze'ev Goldmann as an Arab-Fatimid caravanserai of the Identified 10th or 11th century. Under the complex of Jazzar Pasha Mosque and Riwaq to the east of the crypt of St. John's, there is still the substructure of the former cathedral, which was used as a cistern in Ottoman times and reaches one and a half to two meters above sea level, with which the cistern is on the same level as the crypt of the Johanniterkirche.

At the beginning of the 12th century, the Johanniter began to expand their commons north of the original Geviert, on the other side of an important shopping street . To the south of the aforementioned shopping street and now in the center of the Kommende, which extends on both sides of this street, the Johanniter built their church consecrated to John the Baptist as the new north side of the four-sided hospital courtyard. The earliest news of this first, probably Romanesque Church of St. John appears in documents of the Queen Regent Melisende of Jerusalem from the year 1149. The church included the preserved crypt of six vaulted halls and, according to contemporary reports, was a very towering building. Said shopping street, from the Johannistor in the no longer existing new town of Montmusard in the north facing south, passed the church on its north side in its middle course and thus separated the coming into the northern part with Grand Manoir (large manor house) over a length of about 50 meters Order administration, hospice for pilgrims and Johanniter and the southern part of the church and Johanniter hospital .

As an important shopping street, the section that cut the Coming for a length of about 50 meters was also open to the general public; a bridge between the church and the Grand Manoir connected both sides without crossing. In times of need, the Order of St. John was able to block this stretch of road between the northern and southern part of the Coming River , now located under the Rechov Portzej ha-Mivtzar , through a massive two-winged gate in order to prevent unwanted penetration by the Coming Party.

Lost in 1187 to Saladin's victories, the Ayyubids held Akko until the Crusaders, led by Richard the Lionheart, recaptured it in battles from 1189 to 1191 . Since the Crusaders were unable to regain Jerusalem at the time , Akko was given new responsibilities as the capital of the Kingdom of Jerusalem . In addition to the Hospitallers, the Teutonic , Lazarus and Templar Knights had religious houses in Akko. The Order of St. John, which had lost its seat in Jerusalem, expanded its regained commander in Akko in stages in order to also accommodate the central administration of the order and, from 1271, the Grand Master in representative rooms, which is why the commander in French sources from the 17th century also known as the palais du grand-maître (Grand Master's Palace). The predominantly French-speaking Johanniter called their main administration Grand Manoir (Great Manor House). The Johanniterkirche was also gothically renovated.

Grave slab for Petrus de Veteri Brivato from the oratory, 1959-1962

New town of Montmusard (left) and old town of Akkos (right), in it the Johanniterkommende (rectangular block with entry Hospitale ), easted plan by Marino Sanudo the Elder. Ä. (1260-1338)

According to a map by Paulinus de Puteoli (Paolino Veneto, 1270-1344) from the early 14th century, the Johanniterkommende consisted of three parts, the northern religious hospice (hospitale), the southern hospital (domus infirmorum) and the Johanniterkirche (ecclesie) in between. In the oratory of the Johanniterspital, located south of the Johanniterkirche, the grave slab for Grand Master Petrus de Veteri Brivato was found , which gives his date of death XV days before the calendar of October MCCXLII, i.e. September 17, 1242. The oratory probably served the order in Akko as Burial place. In 1263, Johanniter met in Akko for the general chapter and passed rules and statutes, including the Johanniterkirche with its fifth and three altars (main, Liebfrauen and Blasius altars), presumably each set up in one of the three apses .

The Christian crusader states and Little Armenia were in a constant, sometimes more or less hot, military conflict first with the Islamic empire of the Ayyubids, before the Mongol storm tied their forces, and then with the empire of the Islamic Mamluks (also Mamluks ). Parallel to these wars, internal conflicts arose, with the Johanniter on the side of the Genoese participating in the First Venetian-Genoese War (allegedly around the Acconic Church of Saint-Sabas; 1256-1270) in civil war-like disputes with Venetians , for their part in alliance with German orders and Knights Templar .

At the same time, Egyptian Mamluks under Sultan Baibars I conquered the eastern outposts of the Crusaders ( Nazareth and Tabor 1263, Caesareia Maritima 1265, Safed 1266, Antioch 1268, Crac des Chevaliers 1271) and launched two first attacks on Akko (1263 and 1267). Instead of defense, the Kingdom of Jerusalem was left with begging for peace, which Baibars granted for 10 years in 1268 in return for the surrender of large areas without a fight; the kingdom still comprised Akko with the surrounding area, ten villages up to the Deutschordensburg Montfort , Haifa with three villages and five villages in the hinterland of the castle Château Pèlerin in ʿAtlit . At the same time, Akkonian merchants themselves drove the downfall of the Kingdom of Jerusalem by handling the exports of the Italian armaments industry to the Egyptian Mamluk Empire.

In a letter to the Grand Prior of Saint-Gilles , Johanniter Grand Master Hugues de Revel (term of office 1258–1277, based in Akko from 1271) assumes that Akko will not be able to hold out in the event of another attack. In August 1290, a conflict between Italian Catholic Crusaders and Muslim Arab merchants in Akko escalated, with the former bringing down the latter. As a result, the Egyptian Sultan Qalāwūn from the Turkish-born Bahri dynasty of the Mamluks demanded the extradition of the perpetrators involved and compensation in the amount of 30,000 Venetian zecchins . Since Akko refused to do either, Qalāwūn decided to attack the city immediately, which prevented his sudden death in November 1290. His second eldest, Chalīl , followed him as sultan and set out in March 1291 to conquer the last remnants of the Crusader states in the Levant .

After 44 days of siege of Akko, Mamluks stormed the city on May 18, 1291 . After the city was taken, the Johanniterkommende, the Teutonic Order House and the Knights Templar fortress could hold out for a few more days. In the end, seven Knights of St. John and ten Knights Templar escaped across the sea, and orders of German and Lazarus had no survivors. Residents who had not fled were massacred many times, and surviving women and children were sold in harems or slavery .

From the ruin to the renovation

In 1291, Sultan Chalīl commissioned Emir ʿAlam al-Din Sanjar al-Shudschaʿi al-Mansuri (عَلَمُ الدِّينِ سَنْجَرُ الشُّجَاعِيُّ المَنْصُورِيُّ, DMG ʿAlam ad-Dīn Sanǧar aš-Šuǧāʿī al-Manṣūrī ) to grind down the churches and fortifications of Akko in order to erase Christian traces and to make it impossible for the Crusaders - after a possible reconquest - to use them again as a base. However, some of the massive buildings of the Johanniterkommende were preserved. Even after the Levant was conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1516/1517, Akko remained a field of ruins. Drawings by European travelers - Cornelis de Bruyn 1679, Étienne Gravier, Marquis d'Ortières (also d'Orcières) 1686 - which latter the mighty ruins of the coming - as palais du grand maître (grand master's palace) - and its church - as église S ^t  Jean (Johanniskirche) - labeled, clearly show the ruins of the Johanniterkirche and the Coming ones.

Only a few self-sufficient people, often Arab fishermen, settled down in the ruins and settled down. Acco's port was the only one in the Levant where cargo could be landed in any weather. The flourishing trade in Western Europe drove mainly French, but also Dutch merchants to the coasts of the Levant in search of business opportunities, the former enjoying some legal protection through the capitulations of the Ottoman Empire and a monopoly in Ottoman trade among Europeans.

Chan al-Ifranǧ: Built over with Terra Sancta School , towered over by St. Francis , 2015

European merchants also headed for the port of Accos. In 1691 there were already 13 French merchants living in Akko, who maintained trading posts in the former Venetian trading center near the port, which was renovated around 1700 in the midst of the rubble and is still used today in Arabic Chan al-Ifranǧ (خان الإفرنج'Frankish caravanserai') is called. The textile industry in France prospered, increasing its cotton imports ten-fold between 1700 and 1750, and although producers increased supply, demand grew faster, which is why the price of cotton doubled in the same period. In 1691, in search of cotton suppliers, Marseillais merchants traveled through the Galilean hinterland to Safed . The few free farmers, but above all the many dependent peasant land tenants of the state Miri-Land in the Ottoman Tımar system recognized that cotton production could be sold at rising prices beyond their own needs.

If tax farmer (ملتزم, DMG multazim ) came over the villages, mostly to rigorously collect the levy on Miri-Land, the often illiquid peasant tenants could only pay for it with the proceeds they obtained from quick sales of hectic and unripened cotton to European merchants at poor prices. The price, quantity and quality were unfavorable for producers and merchants, which is why French merchants established a futures market for cotton (later also for other futures goods such as olive oil and grain) by 1720 by paying producers the discounted sales proceeds before the harvest , which the tax collectors as comfortably as they could pay their dues, and only deliver the full yield when they had gathered the ripe harvest.

In 1729 the Hohe Pforte banned futures trading in agricultural products, but to no avail. In enforcement of the ban, the authorities arrested Saʿd al-Zaydānī, eldest brother of Ẓāhir al-ʿUmar (1690–1775) in June 1730 , because he had mediated the sale of the harvests of three villages on an appointment to French merchants, who were also successful for his release used. Ẓāhir al-ʿUmar, himself a successful merchant in the trade between Galilee and Damascus , recognized an opportunity and agreed in 1731 with the merchant Jūsuf al-Qassīs, who was based in Akko (يوسف القسيس) to sell their goods abroad.

Ẓāhir al-ʿUmar, whose Bedouin family, who immigrated to Galilee, had established themselves as merchants and tax farmers, took over the task of multasim (tax farmer) after the death of his father, whereby, from a commercial point of view, he relied on regular, continuous tax receipts instead of one-off maximum amounts that the Taxpayers ruined. His concept also included protecting land tenants from robbers.

Respected by merchants and valued peasant land tenants for their consideration and protection, Ẓāhir al-ʿUmar began to use negotiation and military skill in Galilee to build an order that offered protection against robbery and official exploitation and arbitrariness by establishing and enforcing general rules upon which they were based the residents could leave. Ẓāhir al-ʿUmar rose to become an autonomist regional potentate, conscientiously paying the Ottoman tax authorities the required taxes and avoiding open conflict with the seldom present Sublime Porte , but seeking their recognition.

Ẓāhir al-ʿUmar recognized Ako's potential and began in the 1740s to expand the ruins of Akko into his fortified residence and administrative center. In Ẓāhir al-ʿUmar's territory, protected from robbery, peasant producers were able to increase their production and, after tax and rent, kept more of their income for themselves than their equals in the territories of other masters. The re-fortified Akko was a hub for global trade, Ẓāhir al-ʿUmar's fortress and capital of his precarious regional rule.

Franciscan Church of St. Johannis on the southern city wall, 2008

The growing production in the primary sector with security from violence and neglect of arbitrariness, ultimately further strengthened by the promotion of labor migration , required and allowed more employees in secondary processing and services (trade, transport, administration, planning, law enforcement and security organs) due to growing tax revenues tertiary economic sector , with which the number of acre people rose from 400 around 1730 to 15,000 within a few years and then 25,000 around 1770.

Old Seraglio: Hof, 2013

The New Acre migrated from Aleppo , Damascus, the Greek islands , Malta and Nazareth. Most of them professed Christianity, especially the Greek Orthodoxy or the Greek-Catholic Union , whereby Christians formed the majority in the city from the middle of the 18th century. In and on the ruins of the Crusader city, New Acre built a new city in the 18th century. From 1737 to 1739 Friars Minor built a new Franciscan church in Akko, which they consecrated to John the Baptist in memory of the destroyed St. John's Church .

On the preserved crypt in the ruins of the nave of St. John's Church, Ẓāhir al-ʿUmar had his first seraglio (now called the Old Seraglio ) built around 1750 - its preserved western facade and partly including the northern facade . The Persian-born Arabic word serail (سراي or سرايا, DMG Sarāy, Sarāyā ) in Levantine parlance refers to buildings for representation, residential purposes and administration from the Ottoman period, because private rooms, including those for harem ladies, as well as administrative rooms, were often under one roof.

Turkish Ḥammām of the Pasha: Pillars and Other Spolia , 2010

Usable parts from the ruins of the splendid Johanniterkirche were stored in the oratory and some of them were later used as spoilers in the Turkish hammam . After this seraglio was completed, the administration moved from the citadel there.

After unsuccessful attempts to overthrow the independent Ẓāhir al-ʿUmar, who had risen from his own will and ability, the Sublime Porte finally submitted to the inevitable in 1768 and granted him the newly created rank of Sheikh of Akko and all of Galilee, reflecting the sphere of power he had achieved on his own initiative . Ẓāhir al-ʿUmar, who stood by a friend who had fallen out of favor with the Ottoman Sultan Abdülhamid I , was himself the target of Ottoman intervention in 1771, which ended in 1775 when he was shot while trying to escape. The Sublime Porte appointed Ahmad al-Jazzār Pasha as the new sheikh from 1777 with the title of Wālī of Sidon, when he took his seat in Acre in 1779.

Ahmad 'al-Jazzār' Pasha, who was nicknamed 'the butcher' ('al-Jazzār') for violence, lacked economic expertise, friendly and, as a Bosniak, family relationships within his sphere of influence, and the ability to use local and regional potentates who conflicted with his power to win through concessions and agreements. Instead, he relied on force to eliminate alleged and actual opponents and to deter potential adversaries. Therefore, Jazzār Pasha maintained a strong repression apparatus made up of expensive foreign, Bosnian mercenaries without ties to the local population.

Increasing expenditure required higher tax claims and revenues. B. should bring in a new government monopoly in the grain trade. The number of farmers fell, initially as a result of death from the bubonic plague in 1786, then through fleeing reprisals or tax enforcement. Acre and Galileans emigrated and more and more agricultural land was fallow. Jazzār's attempt to prevent French buyers from buying directly from farmers in 1790, with which they wanted to avoid export taxes, caused them to move on to Beirut.

Jazzār Pasha's successor, his adoptive son Suleyman Pasha 'al-ʿĀdil' (term of office 1805–1819), met in the morning at the second hour after sunrise with his Chancellor of the Exchequer ʿAli Pasha Agha 'al-Chazindār' and his financial vizier Chaim Farchi 'al-Muʿallim' (حاييم فرحي; 1760-1820), which he had taken over from Jazzār Pasha, in the seraglio to advise the affairs of government. Probably since the end of the 18th century the crypt of the St. John's Church under the Old Seraglio served as a postal expedition , which is why it is popularly known as al-Būsṭa (البوسطة 'Die Post') is called.

View eastwards over the ʿAbdullah Paschas house (in white) to the citadel, built around 1830 as a new seraglio , 2017

Suleyman Pasha and his son and successor ʿAbdullah Pasha ibn ʿAlī (terms of office 1820–1822 and again 1823–1832) were the last Wālīs of Sidon who officiated from Akko. By 1830, ʿAbdullah Pasha built a new seraglio. After the decline of Akko due to a failed economic policy, missed economic adjustment, epidemics, war and earthquake, Akko, as a small town with 2,000 inhabitants, bobbed around in a great setting. The official seat of regional administrations had also been lost to other cities.

In the focus of monument preservation after 1918

The British mandate expanded the education system and in 1921 set up a girls' school in the Old Seraglio with Arabic as the language of instruction. In 1942 the antiquities administration of Mandate Palestine began exploration winter to explore Acco's old town. It showed that the building stock of the old town was a unique structural combination of crusader buildings of the 12th / 13th centuries. Century with buildings from the Arab-Ottoman era (18th / 19th century), especially the city walls. As a result of this investigation, the British Mandate Government placed the old town of Acco under protection and issued a conservation statute.

From 1948, Prof. Jehoschuʿa Prawer (יְהוֹשֻׁעַ פְּרָאווֶר; 1917–1990), pioneer of crusader research, a program of explorations to discover the legacies of crusaders, Catholic Levantines Latin rite (so-called Franks;الفرنجة, DMG al-Faranǧa ) and Pullanen to expose and research. Then, on behalf of the Israeli Authority for Nature and Gardens, from 1958 to 1963 an excavation campaign in the area of ​​the Grand Manoir was undertaken , initially uncovering halls 1 to 3 of the north wing, a diagonal passage through the pillar hall in the east wing and the presumed refectory in the south wing .

While the Arabic-language school in the Old Seraglio, which has meanwhile been converted to co- education by the Israeli Ministry of Education, was still in operation, the Nature and Gardens Authority , headed by Ze'ev Goldmann , excavated the crypt from 1959 to 1962 and uncovered six parallel halls in it, allowing the open arcades a courtyard to the south and smaller windows to the north facing the former commercial street, now below street level.

Alex Kesten (אַלֶכְּס קֶשְׁטֶן; 1912–1994) created a systematic directory of the buildings in the old town by 1962, which records the astonishing interlocking of the buildings from the times of the Crusaders and the Arab-Ottoman era, they are sometimes next to, sometimes inside or one above the other. A conservation plan was adopted for the old town based on the Kesten directory and gradually implemented, which ultimately led to UNESCO declaring the old seraglio and crypt with the entire old town of Acco a World Heritage Site in 2001 .

Todays use

Today the remains of the church are divided into two separately accessible areas, the crypt and the old seraglio.

Crypt: capitals of columns in the nave, recovered from its floor, photo 2014

Old seraglio

→ Main article : Ancient Seraglio (Acre)

Crypt as part of the knight's halls

→ Main article : Knight's Halls (Akkon)

The crypt of the former Johanniterkirche in the southern part of the former Kommende is part of the exhibition area of ​​the Ritterhallen, which is otherwise in the remains of the Grand Manoir . Because of its former use as a postal expedition , the crypt is also commonly known as al-Būsṭa (البوسطة'Die Post'). The crypt and the knight's hall are connected by a 60-meter-long corridor below the current street level of Rechov Portzej ha-Mivtzar . In the crypt, finds from the nave above are shown, which Miriam Avischar and Eliezer Stern dug in the soil of the Altes Serail between 1992 and 1999. In the other knight's halls, a permanent museum exhibition on the history of the Coming and the Crusader period in Akko is shown today. The preserved parts of the nave of St. Johannis, the west facade and parts of the north facade, are structurally incorporated into the Old Seraglio .

Johanniterkirche: Crypt under the Old Seraglio, 2016

Johanniterkirche: crypt with exhibited Corinthian capital from the upper part of the church, 2016

Description of the crypt and other church remains

The Johanniterkirche was built on the north side of a four-sided complex with an inner courtyard, which the Crusaders left to the Johannitern as a commander after taking the city in 1104. Goldmann suspects that the crypt (قبو الكنيسة; מַרְתֵּף הַכְּנֵסִיָּה) of the Johanniterkirche, six parallel vaulted halls under today's Old Seraglio, goes back to the north wing of an Arab-Fatimid caravanserai of the 10th or 11th century, because several features of the building, like a horseshoe arch in the southern part of the east wall in the last of the halls, suggest that. The two western halls are older, the four eastern, 5.5 meters high, more recent. As is typical of a caravanserai, the six halls of the crypt used to open with large arches to the former inner courtyard (in the south).

In the “Vue de Saint-Jean d'Acre” from 1686, the light falling through the windows in the north wall of the crypt shimmers through these deep yokes to the open arcades in front. The classification of this substructure as former crypt of St. John Church is well established after on behalf of the Israeli Antiquities Authority Hana'a Abu-'Uqsa (هناء أبو عقصة, DMG Hanā'a Abū-ʿUqṣa ) and Eliezer Stern examined the crypt and the old seraglio in detail between 1995 and 2003.

Johanniterkirche: Hewn stones with sticks attached to the walled main entrance in the west wall of the Old Seraglio, 2010

In addition to the crypt, which was preserved after the Mamluk destruction of Accos and later overbuilding in Ottoman times, there are other remains of the actual church. At the end of the 1950s, Goldmann found the western main entrance to the church, now walled up, in front of which he suspected two flights of stairs that led from medieval street level four meters up to the level of the main nave. The cornice , now partly below the current street level, which encircled the entire church on the outside, is interrupted in the area of ​​the former main entrance, where pilasters on the outer masonry flank the now walled portal on the left and right.

Mausoleum of al-Nasir Muhammad: Under the three-pass the portal with set columns in the garment and above it Gothic archivolts, 2017

Between 2004 and 2010, Abu-ʿUqṣa and Stern excavated the floor of the old seraglio in three places, under which they found the church floor in a buffering layer of rubble, the traces of the choir screens in the eastern seraglio wing in the area in front of the former triapsidial choir, which has not been preserved itself having. The three apses that closed off the nave to the east, as can be seen in the "Vue de Saint-Jean d'Acre" through the destroyed south and main aisle, gave way to the western wing of the riwaq around the Jazzar Pasha mosque .

The old church floor consists of slabs of marble of three different colors, covered with shards of stained church windows . In addition, the excavators found the middle of the nave, now a part under the main courtyard and the other part in the south wing of the Old Seraglio, in the rubble layer three fallen marble columns and colorful capitals of marble, one with a cross of St. John in orange on a black background. In the west wing of the Old Seraglio, in the area of ​​the former narthex , they discovered an omitted round depression in the middle of the floor slabs, where the fifth had probably been .

At the former main western entrance to the church, the excavators discovered the gray marble doorstep. This 2.7 meter long threshold at the walled main entrance of St. Johannis, which leaves gaps of 35 cm at both ends up to the wall, fits in perfectly with the Gothic church portal with its vestments and columns set in it, which Sandjar al-Shujaʿi took as booty Akko to Cairo , where it was built between 1296 and 1303. The church portal now serves as the gateway from an-Nasir Muhammad's mausoleum to the madrasse of his name . Therefore Vardit Shotten-Hallel (וַרְדִּית שׁוֹטֶּן-הַלֵּל) that this church portal comes from the Johanniterkirche rather than - as others suspect - from the Holy Cross Cathedral (Jim Antoniou), St. Andrew's or St. George's Church (Alexander Papadopoulos).

The west facade of the Johanniterkirche rises above the now walled-up entrance to a height of 13 meters above the current street level and continues around the northwest corner with part of the north church facade, now integrated into the north wall on the west wing of the Old Seraglio. The west facade is on Rechov Ritschard Lev-Ari , the remains of the north facade on Rechov Portzej ha-Mivtzar . In the openings of these façade parts, which can also be seen as three-pass windows in the “Vue de Saint-Jean d'Acre” , there are now younger windows, but the tracery is missing today , fragments of which were discovered when the church floor was excavated. Unlike in France, where Gothic tracery is usually an integral part of the rest of the masonry, tracery used in crusader structures predominated, which can easily be removed in the course of destruction or re-use, as happened with the church portal, which was moved to Cairo with vestments and archivolts. The fragments found allow the tracery to be reconstructed as a three-pass arch, as Shotten-Hallel showed in 2010, as was the one above the portal moved to Cairo.

Shotten-Hallel translated the perspective “Vue de Saint-Jean d'Acre” published by Étienne Gravier, Marquis d'Ortières , in 1686, but probably drawn by his engineer Plantier, in the format 12 by 156 centimeters, the precision of which is much praised from computer technology into rectified elevations and floor plans and compared the dimensions determined in this way with measurement data from the construction survey of existing buildings in the old town of Acco. The comparison showed that the dimensions of the Grand Manoir calculated from Plantier's Panorama only differ by two to three centimeters from the measurements taken in situ, which means that Plantier's Panorama does indeed have the quality of photographic images. With this method Shotten-Hallel determined from Plantier's drawing the dimensions of other parts of the Johanniterkirche that were still preserved at the time, but have now disappeared, and made reconstructive drawings of the Johanniterkirche based on the building findings of the crypt, the spolia finds and older drawings of the ruins.

Center: Crypt under the Old Seraglio (partly red-covered three-wing building), left of it Turkish Bazaar (long gray roof), right of both Jazzār mosques surrounded by the Riwaq , above citadel with arcaded courtyard, 2016

To the south of the four eastern halls of the crypt there is a free-standing, multiple-overmoulded building, covered by two pointed barrel vaults placed one above the other , the upper one largely not preserved, which is why a groin vault was built over it in Ottoman times. This building resembles Islamic places of prayer or mosques, as they are typical in the middle of the caravanserai area, and was probably adopted by the Johannites as an oratory . The western part of the Turkish Bazaar from the end of the 18th century, which Alex Kesten excavated in 1960/1961, breaks through the square of the former Johanniter Hospital. Eliezer Stern identified a large hall south of the bazaar, which was partly destroyed by it, as formerly belonging to the Johanniter Hospital, but further excavations in the area of ​​the hospital have been inactive since the early 1990s.

See also

• Old Seraglio (Akkon)
• Knight's Halls (Akkon)
• Citadel (acre)

literature

• Adrian Boas, Crusader archeology: The material culture of the Latin East , London and New York: Routledge, ² 2017, ISBN 978-1-138-90025-7
• Joseph Daoust, Le couvent des Hospitaliers à Acre: les forteresses des croisés , Paris: Bayard, 1974, (= Bible et Terre Sainte; vol. 160)
• Bernhard Poet (בֶּרְנְהַרְד דִּיכְטֶר; 1911–1991) with Salman cotton (זַלְמָן בַּאוּמְווֹל; Arr.), Alex Carmel (arr.) And Ejal Jakob Eisler (אֱיָל יַעֲקֹב אַיְזְלֶר; Edit .), עַכּוֹ - אֲתָרִים מִיָּמֵי הַתּוּרְכִּים /عكا: مواقع من العهد التركي(Additional title: Akko, buildings from the Turkish period / Akko, sites from the Turkish period ), University of Haifa /הַמָּכוֹן עַל שֵׁם גּוֹטְלִיבּ שׁוּמַכֶר לְחֵקֶר פְּעִילוּת הָעֹולָם הַנּוֹצְרִי בְּאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל בַּמֵּאָה הַ -19 (Gottlieb Schumacher Institute for Research into the Christian Contribution to the Reconstruction of Palestine in the 19th Century; Ed.), Haifa: הַמָּכוֹן עַל שֵׁם גּוֹטְלִיבּ שׁוּמַכֶר לְחֵקֶר פְּעִילוּת הָעֹולָם הַנּוֹצְרִי בְּאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל בַּמֵּאָה הַ -19, 2000.
• Ze'ev Goldmann , "The buildings of the Order of St. John in Akkon", in: The Order of St. John - The Order of Malta: The knightly order of St. John of the Hospital in Jerusalem - His tasks, his history , Adam Wienand (ed.) With Carl Wolfgang Graf von Ballestrem and Christoph Freiherr von Imhoff, Cologne: Wienand, 1977, pp. 108–115.
• Ze'ev Goldmann, "Le couvent des Hospitaliers à Saint-Jean d'Acre", in: Bible et Terre Sainte , vol. 160 (April 1974), pp. 8-18.
• Ze'ev Goldmann, “The Hospice of the Knights of St. John in Akko”, in: Archeological Discoveries in the Holy Land , Archeological Institute of America (compiled), New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1967, p 199-206.
• Hans Kühner, Israel: a travel guide through three thousand years , David Harris (photos), Olten and Freiburg im Breisgau: Walter, 1975, ISBN 3-530-49171-3
• Andrew Petersen, A Gazetteer of Buildings in Muslim Palestine , Council for British Research in the Levant (Ed.), (= British Academy monographs in archeology; No. 12), Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001, ISBN 978-0-19 -727011-0 .
• Thomas Philipp, Acre: the rise and fall of a Palestinian city, 1730-1831 , New York and Chichester: Columbia University Press, 2001, (= History and society of the modern Middle East series; Vol. 6), ISBN 0-231 -12327-2
• Abraham Rabinovich, Akko - St. Jean d'Acre , Herzliya:פַּלְפוֹט, 1980, (= Palphot's pictorial Guide & Souvenir).
• Vardit Shotten-Hallel (וַרְדִּית שׁוֹטֶּן-הַלֵּל), “Reconstructing the Hospitaller Church of St. John, Acre, with the help of Gravier d'Ortières's drawing of 1685-1687”, in: Crusades , Vol. 9 (2010), pp. 185-198.
• Eliezer Star (אֱלִיעֶזֶר שְׁטֶרְן), “La commanderie de l'Ordre des Hospitaliers à Acre”, in: Bulletin Monumental , vol. 164 (No. 1, 2006 entitled 'L'architecture en Terre Sainte au temps de Saint Louis'), p. 53 -60.
• Eliezer Star, "מֶרְכַּז הַמִּסְדָּר הָהוֹסְפִּיטַלֶרִי בְּעַכֹּוֹ”, In: קַדְמוֹנִיּוּת: כְּתָב-עֵת לְעַתִּיקוֹת אֶרֶץ-יִשְׂרָאֵל וְאֲרָצוֹת הַמִּקְרָא , Vol. לג (No. 1, 2000), pp. 4–12.
• Thomas Veser, "Holy Cross Church under the Harem" , in: Neue Zürcher Zeitung , December 24, 2003
• Adam Wienand, "Die Johanniter und die Kreuzzüge", in: Der Johanniter-Orden - The Malteser-Orden: The knightly order of St. John of the hospital in Jerusalem - His tasks, his story , Adam Wienand (ed.) With Carl Wolfgang Graf von Ballestrem and Christoph Freiherr von Imhoff, Cologne: Wienand, 1977, pp. 32–108.

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b} Abraham Rabinovich, Akko - St. Jean d'Acre , Herzliah:פַּלְפוֹט, 1980, (= Palphot's pictorial Guide & Souvenir), p. 11.
2. ↑ Denys Pringle, “The Churches of Crusader Acre: Destruction and Detection”, in: Archeology and the Crusades , Peter Edbury and Sophia Kalopissi-Verti (eds.), Athens: Pierides Foundation, 2006, pp. 111-132, here p 111. ISBN 9963-9071-2-1 .
3. ↑ ^{a b} Avraham Lewensohn, travel guide Israel with maps and city maps [Israel Tour Guide, 1979; dt.], Miriam Magal (ex.), Tel Aviv-Yapho: Tourguide, 1982, p. 45.
4. ↑ Andrew Petersen, A Gazetteer of Buildings in Muslim Palestine , Council for British Research in the Levant (Ed.), (= British Academy monographs in archeology; No. 12), Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001, p. 68. ISBN 978-0-19-727011-0 .
5. ^ ^{A b c d e} Ze'ev Goldmann, “The Hospice of the Knights of St. John in Akko”, in: Archeological Discoveries in the Holy Land , Archeological Institute of America (compiled), New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1967, pp. 199-206, here p. 200.
6. ↑ Thomas Philipp, Acre: the rise and fall of a Palestinian city, 1730-1831 , New York and Chichester: Columbia University Press, 2001, (= History and society of the modern Middle East series; Vol. 6), p. 171 . ISBN 0-231-12327-2 .
7. ↑ ^{a b c d e f} Jack Bocar, “La Commanderie de l'Ordre des Hospitaliers à Acre” , in: L'Orient Latin: La Terre Sainte à l'époque Romane - L'Orient au Temps des Francs , accessed on 25 February 2019.
8. ^ Ze'ev Goldmann, "The Hospice of the Knights of St. John in Akko", in: Archeological Discoveries in the Holy Land , Archeological Institute of America (compiled), New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1967, Pp. 199–206, here p. 199.
9. ^ Hans Kühner, Israel: a travel guide through three thousand years , David Harris (photos), Olten and Freiburg im Breisgau: Walter, 1975, p. 250. ISBN 3-530-49171-3 .
10. ^ Israel , Theodor Friedrich Meysels (1899–1963) et al., (= Nagels Encyclopedia Travel Guide. German Series), verb. Ed., Revised. by SFG Nathan, Geneva: Nagel, ² 1967, p. 218.
11. ↑ Peter Milger, The Crusades: War in the Name of God , Munich: Bertelsmann, 1988, p. 162. ISBN 3-570-07356-4 .
12. ↑ Benjamin Ben-Jōnā from Tudela, Itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela [מַסָּעוֹת שֶׁל רַבִּי בִּנְיָמִין (Massaʿōt schel Rabbī Binjamīn) , after 1170; Engl.], Marcus Nathan Adler (ed., transl. and commentator), London: Frowde, 1907, p. 21. No ISBN.
13. ↑ Denys Pringle, The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem. A Corpus : 4 vol. S, Cambridge, Engl .: Cambridge University Press, 2009, vol. 4 'The Cities of Acre and Tire with Addenda and Corrigenda to Volumes I-III', p. 83. ISBN 978-0-521-10983-3 .
14. ^ ^{A b c} Ze'ev Goldmann, “The Hospice of the Knights of St. John in Akko”, in: Archeological Discoveries in the Holy Land , Archeological Institute of America (compiled), New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co. , 1967, pp. 199-206, here p. 202.
15. ↑ ^{a b c d e f} Ze'ev Goldmann, "The buildings of the Order of St. John in Akkon", in: The Order of St. John - The Order of Malta: The Knightly Order of St. John of the Hospital in Jerusalem - Its tasks, its history , Adam Wienand (eds.) With Carl Wolfgang Graf von Ballestrem and Christoph Freiherr von Imhoff, Cologne: Wienand, 1977, pp. 108–115, here p. 109.
16. ↑ ^{a b c d e} Thomas Veser, "Heiligkreuzkirche under the Harem" , in: Neue Zürcher Zeitung , December 24, 2003, accessed on February 22, 2019.
17. ↑ Bartosz Radojewski, The Historical Documentation of the Water Cisterns under the Jazzar Pasha Mosque in Acre , Akko: International Conservation Center, 2010, p. 9.
18. ↑ ^{a b c d} Eliezer Stern, “La commanderie de l'Ordre des Hospitaliers à Acre”, in: Bulletin Monumental , Vol. 164 (No. 1, 2006 with the title 'L'architecture en Terre Sainte au temps de Saint Louis '), Pp. 53–60, here p. 59.
19. ↑ ^{a b} Erhard Gorys, The Holy Land: Historical and religious sites of Judaism, Christianity and Islam in the 10,000 year old cultural land between the Mediterranean, Red Sea and Jordan , Cologne: DuMont, ² 1984, (= DuMont art travel guide), P. 368. ISBN 3-7701-1474-4 .
20. ↑ Jack Bocar, “Quartier Templiers emplacement des structures” , in: L'Orient Latin: La Terre Sainte à l'époque Romane - L'Orient au Temps des Francs , accessed on February 25, 2019.
21. ↑ ^{a b c d} “Hospitaller Fortress” , on: The Secrets of the Above and the Underground City of Akko , accessed on February 26, 2019.
22. ^ Hans Kühner, Israel: a travel guide through three thousand years , David Harris (photos), Olten and Freiburg im Breisgau: Walter, 1975, p. 251. ISBN 3-530-49171-3 .
23. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h} Eliezer Stern, “La commanderie de l'Ordre des Hospitaliers à Acre”, in: Bulletin Monumental , Vol. 164 (No. 1, 2006 with the title 'L'architecture en Terre Sainte au temps de Saint Louis'), pp. 53–60, here p. 54.
24. ↑ ^{a b c} Eliezer Stern, "La commanderie de l'Ordre des Hospitaliers à Acre", in: Bulletin Monumental , Vol. 164 (No. 1, 2006 with the title 'L'architecture en Terre Sainte au temps de Saint Louis' ), Pp. 53–60, here p. 53.
25. ^ Ze'ev Goldmann, "The Hospice of the Knights of St. John in Akko", in: Archeological Discoveries in the Holy Land , Archeological Institute of America (compiled), New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1967, Pp. 199–206, here p. 202.
26. ^ Ze'ev Goldmann, "The Hospice of the Knights of St. John in Akko", in: Archeological Discoveries in the Holy Land , Archeological Institute of America (compiled), New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1967, Pp. 199-206, here p. 204seq.
27. ^ Ze'ev Goldmann, "The Hospice of the Knights of St. John in Akko", in: Archeological Discoveries in the Holy Land , Archeological Institute of America (compiled), New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1967, Pp. 199–206, here p. 201.
28. ↑ ^{a b c d e} Ze'ev Goldmann, "The buildings of the Order of St. John in Akkon", in: The Order of St. John - The Order of Malta: The knightly order of St. John of the Hospital in Jerusalem - His tasks, his story , Adam Wienand (ed.) With Carl Wolfgang Graf von Ballestrem and Christoph Freiherr von Imhoff, Cologne: Wienand, 1977, pp. 108–115, here p. 110.
29. ^ ^{A b} Thomas Philipp, Acre: the rise and fall of a Palestinian city, 1730–1831 , New York and Chichester: Columbia University Press, 2001, (= History and society of the modern Middle East series; Vol. 6), p 27. ISBN 0-231-12327-2 .
30. ↑ Ze'ev Goldmann, "The Buildings of the Order of St. John in Akkon", in: The Order of St. John - The Order of Malta: The Knightly Order of St. John of the Hospital in Jerusalem - His tasks, his history , Adam Wienand (ed.) with Carl Wolfgang Graf von Ballestrem and Christoph Freiherr von Imhoff, Cologne: Wienand, 1977, pp. 108–115, here p. 115.
31. ^ Edwin James King, The Rule, Statutes and Customs of the Hospitallers, 1099-1310 , London: Methuen, 1934, p. 67.
32. ^ ^{A b c d e} Vardit Shotten-Hallel, “Reconstructing the Hospitaller Church of St. John, Acre, with the help of Gravier d'Ortières's drawing of 1685-1687”, in: Crusades , Vol. 9 (2010), p 185–198, here p. 195.
33. ↑ Hans Kühner, Israel: a travel guide through three thousand years , David Harris (photos), Olten and Freiburg im Breisgau: Walter, 1975, p. 253seq. ISBN 3-530-49171-3 .
34. ↑ Adam Wienand, "Die Johanniter und die Kreuzzüge", in: Der Johanniter-Orden - Der Malteser-Orden: The knightly order of St. John from the hospital in Jerusalem - His tasks, his story , Adam Wienand (ed.) With Carl Wolfgang Graf von Ballestrem and Christoph Freiherr von Imhoff, Cologne: Wienand, 1977, pp. 32–108, here p. 88.
35. ↑ Adam Wienand, "Die Johanniter und die Kreuzzüge", in: Der Johanniter-Orden - Der Malteser-Orden: The knightly order of St. John from the hospital in Jerusalem - His tasks, his history , Adam Wienand (ed.) With Carl Wolfgang Graf von Ballestrem and Christoph Freiherr von Imhoff, Cologne: Wienand, 1977, pp. 32–108, here p. 89.
36. ↑ Adam Wienand, "Die Johanniter und die Kreuzzüge", in: Der Johanniter-Orden - Der Malteser-Orden: The knightly order of St. John from the hospital in Jerusalem - His tasks, his history , Adam Wienand (ed.) With Carl Wolfgang Graf von Ballestrem and Christoph Freiherr von Imhoff, Cologne: Wienand, 1977, pp. 32–108, here p. 99.
37. ^ ^{A b} Hans Kühner, Israel: a travel guide through three thousand years , David Harris (photos), Olten and Freiburg im Breisgau: Walter, 1975, p. 254. ISBN 3-530-49171-3 .
38. ↑ Adam Wienand, "Die Johanniter und die Kreuzzüge", in: Der Johanniter-Orden - Der Malteser-Orden: The knightly order of St. John from the hospital in Jerusalem - His tasks, his history , Adam Wienand (ed.) With Carl Wolfgang Graf von Ballestrem and Christoph Freiherr von Imhoff, Cologne: Wienand, 1977, pp. 32–108, here p. 94.
39. ↑ Adam Wienand, "Die Johanniter und die Kreuzzüge", in: Der Johanniter-Orden - Der Malteser-Orden: The knightly order of St. John from the hospital in Jerusalem - His tasks, his history , Adam Wienand (ed.) With Carl Wolfgang Graf von Ballestrem and Christoph Freiherr von Imhoff, Cologne: Wienand, 1977, pp. 32–108, here p. 105.
40. ↑ Adam Wienand, "Die Johanniter und die Kreuzzüge", in: Der Johanniter-Orden - Der Malteser-Orden: The knightly order of St. John from the hospital in Jerusalem - His tasks, his history , Adam Wienand (ed.) With Carl Wolfgang Graf von Ballestrem and Christoph Freiherr von Imhoff, Cologne: Wienand, 1977, pp. 32–108, here p. 106.
41. ^ Hans Kühner, Israel: a travel guide through three thousand years , David Harris (photos), Olten and Freiburg im Breisgau: Walter, 1975, p. 255. ISBN 3-530-49171-3 .
42. ↑ Bernhard Dichter with Salman cotton (arrangement), Alex Carmel ( arrangement ) and Ejal Jakob Eisler ( arrangement ), עַכּוֹ - אֲתָרִים מִיָּמֵי הַתּוּרְכִּים /عكا: مواقع من العهد التركي(Additional title: Akko, buildings from the Turkish period / Akko, sites from the Turkish period ), University of Haifa /הַמָּכוֹן עַל שֵׁם גּוֹטְלִיבּ שׁוּמַכֶר לְחֵקֶר פְּעִילוּת הָעֹולָם הַנּוֹצְרִי בְּאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל בַּמֵּאָה הַ -19 (Gottlieb Schumacher Institute for Research into the Christian Contribution to the Reconstruction of Palestine in the 19th Century; Ed.), Haifa: הַמָּכוֹן עַל שֵׁם גּוֹטְלִיבּ שׁוּמַכֶר לְחֵקֶר פְּעִילוּת הָעֹולָם הַנּוֹצְרִי בְּאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל בַּמֵּאָה הַ -19, 2000, p. 52.
43. ↑ ^{a b} Israel , Theodor Friedrich Meysels (1899–1963) et al., (= Nagels Encyclopedia Travel Guide. German Series), verb. Ed., Revised. by SFG Nathan, Geneva: Nagel, ² 1967, p. 219.
44. ↑ ^{a b c} Cf. Étienne Gravier's “Vue de Saint-Jean d'Acre” , on: {BnF Gallica , accessed on March 29, 2019.
45. ^ Ze'ev Goldmann, "The Hospice of the Knights of St. John in Akko", in: Archeological Discoveries in the Holy Land , Archeological Institute of America (compiled), New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1967, Pp. 199–206, here p. 205.
46. ↑ Thomas Philipp, Acre: the rise and fall of a Palestinian city, 1730-1831 , New York and Chichester: Columbia University Press, 2001, (= History and society of the modern Middle East series; Vol. 6), p. 94 . ISBN 0-231-12327-2 .
47. ↑ Thomas Philipp, Acre: the rise and fall of a Palestinian city, 1730-1831 , New York and Chichester: Columbia University Press, 2001, (= History and society of the modern Middle East series; Vol. 6), p. 96 . ISBN 0-231-12327-2 .
48. ↑ Franke (إفرنجي, DMG Ifranǧī ) is a synonym for Europeans in Levantine Arabic .
49. ↑ Thomas Philipp, Acre: the rise and fall of a Palestinian city, 1730-1831 , New York and Chichester: Columbia University Press, 2001, (= History and society of the modern Middle East series; Vol. 6), p. 172 . ISBN 0-231-12327-2 .
50. ^ Thomas Philipp, Acre: the rise and fall of a Palestinian city, 1730-1831 , New York and Chichester: Columbia University Press, 2001, (= History and society of the modern Middle East series; Vol. 6), p. 104 . ISBN 0-231-12327-2 .
51. ↑ Thomas Philipp, Acre: the rise and fall of a Palestinian city, 1730-1831 , New York and Chichester: Columbia University Press, 2001, (= History and society of the modern Middle East series; Vol. 6), p. 97 . ISBN 0-231-12327-2 .
52. ↑ ^{a b c} Thomas Philipp, Acre: the rise and fall of a Palestinian city, 1730–1831 , New York and Chichester: Columbia University Press, 2001, (= History and society of the modern Middle East series; Vol. 6), P. 99. ISBN 0-231-12327-2 .
53. ↑ Thomas Philipp, Acre: the rise and fall of a Palestinian city, 1730-1831 , New York and Chichester: Columbia University Press, 2001, (= History and society of the modern Middle East series; Vol. 6), p. 100 . ISBN 0-231-12327-2 .
54. ↑ Thomas Philipp, Acre: the rise and fall of a Palestinian city, 1730-1831 , New York and Chichester: Columbia University Press, 2001, (= History and society of the modern Middle East series; Vol. 6), p. 119 . ISBN 0-231-12327-2 .
55. ^ ^{A b} Thomas Philipp, Acre: the rise and fall of a Palestinian city, 1730–1831 , New York and Chichester: Columbia University Press, 2001, (= History and society of the modern Middle East series; Vol. 6), p 35. ISBN 0-231-12327-2 .
56. ↑ Thomas Philipp, Acre: the rise and fall of a Palestinian city, 1730-1831 , New York and Chichester: Columbia University Press, 2001, (= History and society of the modern Middle East series; Vol. 6), p. 33 . ISBN 0-231-12327-2 .
57. ^ Thomas Philipp, Acre: the rise and fall of a Palestinian city, 1730-1831 , New York and Chichester: Columbia University Press, 2001, (= History and society of the modern Middle East series; Vol. 6), p. 155 . ISBN 0-231-12327-2 .
58. ↑ Thomas Philipp, Acre: the rise and fall of a Palestinian city, 1730-1831 , New York and Chichester: Columbia University Press, 2001, (= History and society of the modern Middle East series; Vol. 6), p. 46 . ISBN 0-231-12327-2 .
59. ↑ Thomas Philipp, Acre: the rise and fall of a Palestinian city, 1730-1831 , New York and Chichester: Columbia University Press, 2001, (= History and society of the modern Middle East series; Vol. 6), p. 38seq . ISBN 0-231-12327-2 .
60. ↑ Thomas Philipp, Acre: the rise and fall of a Palestinian city, 1730-1831 , New York and Chichester: Columbia University Press, 2001, (= History and society of the modern Middle East series; Vol. 6), p. 117 . ISBN 0-231-12327-2 .
61. ↑ Thomas Philipp, Acre: the rise and fall of a Palestinian city, 1730-1831 , New York and Chichester: Columbia University Press, 2001, (= History and society of the modern Middle East series; Vol. 6), p. 16 . ISBN 0-231-12327-2 .
62. ↑ Thomas Philipp, Acre: the rise and fall of a Palestinian city, 1730-1831 , New York and Chichester: Columbia University Press, 2001, (= History and society of the modern Middle East series; Vol. 6), p. 22 . ISBN 0-231-12327-2 .
63. ↑ Thomas Philipp, Acre: the rise and fall of a Palestinian city, 1730-1831 , New York and Chichester: Columbia University Press, 2001, (= History and society of the modern Middle East series; Vol. 6), p. 23 . ISBN 0-231-12327-2 .
64. ↑ Thomas Philipp, Acre: the rise and fall of a Palestinian city, 1730-1831 , New York and Chichester: Columbia University Press, 2001, (= History and society of the modern Middle East series; Vol. 6), p. 177 . ISBN 0-231-12327-2 .
65. ↑ ^{a b} "Museum of Heroism" , on: The Secrets of the Unearthly and Underground City of Akko , accessed on February 24, 2019.
66. ↑ There are various examples of this in the former Ottoman Empire, for example the government building in Beirut is called the Grand Sérail (السراي الكبير'Great Seraglio'), similar to al-Sarāyā al-Hamrā (السرايا الحمراء'Red Seraglio') in Tripoli, Ak Saray (White Seraglio) in Ankara, Grand Sérail in Aleppo, or Topkapı Sarayı ( Cannon Gate Seraglio) in Istanbul.
67. ^ Ze'ev Goldmann, "The Hospice of the Knights of St. John in Akko", in: Archeological Discoveries in the Holy Land , Archeological Institute of America (compiled), New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1967, Pp. 199–206, here p. 204.
68. ↑ Thomas Philipp, Acre: the rise and fall of a Palestinian city, 1730-1831 , New York and Chichester: Columbia University Press, 2001, (= History and society of the modern Middle East series; Vol. 6), p. 36 . ISBN 0-231-12327-2 .
69. ↑ Thomas Philipp, Acre: the rise and fall of a Palestinian city, 1730-1831 , New York and Chichester: Columbia University Press, 2001, (= History and society of the modern Middle East series; Vol. 6), p. 44seq . ISBN 0-231-12327-2 .
70. ↑ Thomas Philipp, Acre: the rise and fall of a Palestinian city, 1730-1831 , New York and Chichester: Columbia University Press, 2001, (= History and society of the modern Middle East series; Vol. 6), p. 111 . ISBN 0-231-12327-2 .
71. ↑ Thomas Philipp, Acre: the rise and fall of a Palestinian city, 1730-1831 , New York and Chichester: Columbia University Press, 2001, (= History and society of the modern Middle East series; Vol. 6), p. 180 . ISBN 0-231-12327-2 .
72. ↑ Thomas Philipp, Acre: the rise and fall of a Palestinian city, 1730-1831 , New York and Chichester: Columbia University Press, 2001, (= History and society of the modern Middle East series; Vol. 6), p. 50 . ISBN 0-231-12327-2 .
73. ↑ Thomas Philipp, Acre: the rise and fall of a Palestinian city, 1730-1831 , New York and Chichester: Columbia University Press, 2001, (= History and society of the modern Middle East series; Vol. 6), p. 121seq . ISBN 0-231-12327-2 .
74. ↑ Thomas Philipp, Acre: the rise and fall of a Palestinian city, 1730-1831 , New York and Chichester: Columbia University Press, 2001, (= History and society of the modern Middle East series; Vol. 6), p. 74 . ISBN 0-231-12327-2 .
75. ↑ Thomas Philipp, Acre: the rise and fall of a Palestinian city, 1730-1831 , New York and Chichester: Columbia University Press, 2001, (= History and society of the modern Middle East series; Vol. 6), p. 159 . ISBN 0-231-12327-2 .
76. ^ ^{A b} Thomas Philipp, Acre: the rise and fall of a Palestinian city, 1730–1831 , New York and Chichester: Columbia University Press, 2001, (= History and society of the modern Middle East series; Vol. 6), p 121. ISBN 0-231-12327-2 .
77. ^ Thomas Philipp, Acre: the rise and fall of a Palestinian city, 1730-1831 , New York and Chichester: Columbia University Press, 2001, (= History and society of the modern Middle East series; Vol. 6), p. 113 . ISBN 0-231-12327-2 .
78. ^ Thomas Philipp, Acre: the rise and fall of a Palestinian city, 1730-1831 , New York and Chichester: Columbia University Press, 2001, (= History and society of the modern Middle East series; Vol. 6), p. 114 . ISBN 0-231-12327-2 .
79. ^ Thomas Philipp, Acre: the rise and fall of a Palestinian city, 1730-1831 , New York and Chichester: Columbia University Press, 2001, (= History and society of the modern Middle East series; Vol. 6), p. 165 . ISBN 0-231-12327-2 .
80. ↑ Bartosz Radojewski, The Historical Documentation of the Water Cisterns under the Jazzar Pasha Mosque in Acre , Akko: International Conservation Center, 2010, p. 6.
81. ↑ ^{a b c} “Acre's Old Saray: Acre, Israel” , in Archnet , accessed February 26, 2019.
82. ^ "The House of` Abdu'lláh Páshá " , in: Bahá'í World , Vol. 18 (1979-1983), pp. 77-80, here p. 77, accessed on February 27, 2019.
83. ^ Thomas Philipp, Acre: the rise and fall of a Palestinian city, 1730-1831 , New York and Chichester: Columbia University Press, 2001, (= History and society of the modern Middle East series; Vol. 6), p. 185 . ISBN 0-231-12327-2 .
84. ↑ ^{a b c d e f} Vardit Shotten-Hallel, “Reconstructing the Hospitaller Church of St. John, Acre, with the help of Gravier d'Ortières's drawing of 1685-1687”, in: Crusades , Vol. 9 (2010), Pp. 185–198, here p. 185.
85. ↑ Ze'ev Goldmann, "The Buildings of the Order of St. John in Akkon", in: The Order of St. John - The Order of Malta: The Knightly Order of St. John of the Hospital in Jerusalem - His tasks, his history , Adam Wienand (ed.) with Carl Wolfgang Graf von Ballestrem and Christoph Freiherr von Imhoff, Cologne: Wienand, 1977, pp. 108–115, here p. 109seq.
86. ↑ ^{a b c} Vardit Shotten-Hallel, "Reconstructing the Hospitaller Church of St. John, Acre, with the help of Gravier d'Ortières's drawing of 1685-1687", in: Crusades , Vol. 9 (2010), p 185 –198, here p. 192.
87. ^ Adrian Boas, Crusader Archeology: The Material Culture of the Latin East , London and New York: Routledge, ² 2017, p. 39. ISBN 978-1-138-90025-7 . Goldmann, on the other hand, still suspected that the St. John's Church could have stood on the site of the Jazzār mosque, cf. Ze'ev Goldmann, “The Hospice of the Knights of St. John in Akko”, in: Archeological Discoveries in the Holy Land , Archeological Institute of America (compiled), New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1967, p 199-206, here p. 204.
88. ↑ “The Seraglio” , on: The Secrets of the Aboveground and Underground City of Akko , accessed on February 22, 2019.
89. ↑ Bernhard Dichter with Salman cotton (arrangement), Alex Carmel ( arrangement ) and Ejal Jakob Eisler ( arrangement ), עַכּוֹ - אֲתָרִים מִיָּמֵי הַתּוּרְכִּים /عكا: مواقع من العهد التركي(Additional title: Akko, buildings from the Turkish period / Akko, sites from the Turkish period ), University of Haifa /הַמָּכוֹן עַל שֵׁם גּוֹטְלִיבּ שׁוּמַכֶר לְחֵקֶר פְּעִילוּת הָעֹולָם הַנּוֹצְרִי בְּאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל בַּמֵּאָה הַ -19 (Gottlieb Schumacher Institute for Research into the Christian Contribution to the Reconstruction of Palestine in the 19th Century; Ed.), Haifa: הַמָּכוֹן עַל שֵׁם גּוֹטְלִיבּ שׁוּמַכֶר לְחֵקֶר פְּעִילוּת הָעֹולָם הַנּוֹצְרִי בְּאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל בַּמֵּאָה הַ -19, 2000, pp. 216-219.
90. ↑ ^{a b c} Vardit Shotten-Hallel, "Reconstructing the Hospitaller Church of St. John, Acre, with the help of Gravier d'Ortières's drawing of 1685-1687", in: Crusades , Vol. 9 (2010), p 185 –198, here p. 193.
91. ↑ Vardit Shotten-Hallel, "Reconstructing the Hospitaller Church of St. John, Acre, with the help of Gravier d'Ortières's drawing of 1685-1687", in: Crusades , Vol. 9 (2010), pp 185-198, here p. 198.
92. ↑ Michael Meinecke , The Mamluk architecture in Egypt and Syria (648/1250 to 923/1517) : 2 vols., Glückstadt: Augustin, 1992, (= treatises of the German Archaeological Institute, Cairo. Islamic series; vol. 5, p. 1), Part 1 'Genesis, development and effects of the Mamluk architecture', p. 49. ISBN 3-87030-071-X .
93. ↑ In fact, an-Nasir Muhammad never allowed himself to be buried in it for fear that his grave would be desecrated after his death, although he had his mother Bint Sukbay and his son Anuk buried in it.
94. ↑ Vardit Shotten-Hallel, "Reconstructing the Hospitaller Church of St. John, Acre, with the help of Gravier d'Ortières's drawing of 1685-1687", in: Crusades , Vol. 9 (2010), pp 185-198, here p. 194.
95. ↑ ^{a b} Vardit Shotten-Hallel, “Reconstructing the Hospitaller Church of St. John, Acre, with the help of Gravier d'Ortières's drawing of 1685-1687”, in: Crusades , Vol. 9 (2010), pp. 185– 198, here p. 189.
96. ↑ Cf. Vardit Shotten-Hallel (וַרְדִּית שׁוֹטֶּן-הַלֵּל), “Reconstructing the Hospitaller Church of St. John, Acre, with the help of Gravier d'Ortières's drawing of 1685-1687”, in: Crusades , Vol. 9 (2010), pp. 185-198.
97. ↑ Cf. Nomination of the Old City of Acre for the World Heritage List , Yaʿel Forman and Adi Kitov on behalf of the Monument Preservation Department of the Israel Antiquities Authority (ed.), (= WHC Nomination Documentation; No. 1042), Paris: UNESCO, 2001, No. 14 'Turkish Bazaar' of the Monument Appendix.
98. ^ Adrian Boas, Crusader archeology: The material culture of the Latin East , London and New York: Routledge, ² 2017, p. 40. ISBN 978-1-138-90025-7 .

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