Franciscan Church St. Johannis (Akkon)

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Franciscan Church of St. Johannis Baptistae
كنيسة القدّيس يُوحَنَّا الْمَعْمَدَان الفرنسيسكانِيَّةُ, DMG
Kanīsat al-Qiddīs Yūḥannā al-Maʿmadān al-faransīskāniyya
Ecclesia Sancti Ioannis Baptistae minorum
כְּנֵסִיַּת יוֹחָנָן הַמַּטְבִּיל הַקָּדוֹשׁ הַפְרַנְציסְקָנִית
Knessijjat Jōchanan ha-Maṭbīl ha-Qadōsh ha-frantsīsqanīt

St. Johannis Baptistae from the East, 2009
Basic data
Denomination Roman Catholic
after 1744–1764: Greek Catholic
place IsraelIsrael Acre (عَکّا, DMG ʿAkkā ;עַכּוֹ ʿAkkō ); Shāriʿ Ṣālaḥ wa-Baṣrī (شارع صالح وبصري, רְחוֹב צָאלַח וּבַצְרי), Israel
diocese Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem (from 1764)
after 1744–1759: Archdiocese of Tire
1759–1764: Eparchy of St. John in Acre, Haifa, Nazareth and all of Galilee
Patronage John the Baptist
Building history
Client Custody of the Holy Land
construction time 1737-1739
Building description
Profanation 1929-1950
1955-1979
1985-2000
Construction type cross-vaulted hall church
Function and title

Franciscan Church with Brother Simon Pietro

Coordinates 32 ° 55 '10 "  N , 35 ° 4' 2"  E Coordinates: 32 ° 55 '10 "  N , 35 ° 4' 2"  E
Israel's Haifa and North districts physically

Israel North relief location map.png

Akko St. Johannis
Akko
St. Johannis
Localization of Israel in Israel
Akko
Akko

The Franciscan Church of St. Johannis Baptistae ( Arabic كنيسة القدّيس يُوحَنَّا الْمَعْمَدَان الفرنسيسكانِيَّةُ, DMG Kanīsat al-Qiddīs Yūḥannā al-Maʿmadān al-faransīskāniyya ; Latin Ecclesia Sancti Ioannis Baptistae minorum ; Hebrew כְּנֵסִיַּת יוֹחָנָן הַמַּטְבִּיל הַקָּדוֹשׁ הַפְרַנְציסְקָנִית Knessijjat Jōchanan ha-Maṭbīl ha-Qadōsch ha-frantsīsqanīt ) in Akkon , northern district of Israel , is a Franciscan church from the 18th century on the structural structures of an older Crusader church that was destroyed in 1291. With its prominent location, the Johanniskirche is easy to see from the bay of Haifa and is probably the most famous church in the city.

The Franciscan Church of St. Johannis is today the Latin, d. H. in Levantine parish Roman Catholic parish church of Acre. The Franciscan Church of St. Johannis is not to be confused with the other church of the same order in the area, the monastery church of St. Francis in the Shāriʿ Faransīs al-Assīsī (شارع فرنسيس الأسيزي) with the destroyed St. Johanniterkirche , whose location is now occupied by the Old Seraglio .

location

The Franciscan Church of St. Johannis is located in Akkon in the southwest of the old town on the sea wall between the Pisan port in the east and the bastion Burǧ al-Sanǧaq (برج سنجق'Bannerturm') in the west, on which the lighthouse of the city stands. The church stands on vaults as high as the city wall itself, which protrude to the north from its course. The wall is the work of the Arab regional potentate Ẓāhir al-ʿUmar (1690–1775) and his successor, the Ottoman governor Ahmad 'al-Jazzār' Pasha (1722–1804). An entrance to the church branches off from the southern city wall at the top.

The alleys and streets around St. Johannis are now a few meters above medieval street level, because when the crusader ruins were re-opened in the 18th century, rubble and rubble from the once imposing upper floors, which were destroyed in 1291, were left in the alleys and contented with it To level a new, higher street level. Correspondingly, building remains were only used at this height or new buildings were built on preserved basement floors that still protruded at the higher level, as in the case of St. John's Church.

history

Akko is an ancient city on the Mediterranean , where the Via Maris trade route between Egypt and Mesopotamia changed from sea to caravan transport and vice versa. Several times destroyed and rebuilt and even more often fallen from one lord to another (Phoenicians, Ancient Egyptians, Alexander the Great, Romans, Byzantines, Egyptian Fatimids , Crusaders , Mamluks, to name just a few), Akko, like the entire Levant , has belonged to Akko since 1516 / 1517 to the Ottoman Empire . Even under the Ottomans, Akko remained a field of ruins. Acco's churches and fortifications were ordered by Emir ʿAlam al-Din Sanjar al-Schujaʿi al-Mansuri ( by order of his victorious conqueror Sultan Chalil in 1291عَلَمُ الدِّينِ سَنْجَرُ الشُّجَاعِيُّ المَنْصُورِيُّ, DMG ʿAlam ad-Dīn Sanǧar aš-Šuǧāʿī al-Manṣūrī ) was razed in order to erase Christian traces and to make it impossible for the crusaders - after a possible reconquest - to use it again as a base.

Only a few self-sufficient people, often Arab fishermen, settled down in the ruins and settled down. Acco's port was the only one in the Levant where cargo could be landed in any weather. In the 17th century, the flourishing trade in Western Europe drove mainly French, but also Dutch merchants in search of business opportunities to the coasts of the Levant, with the former enjoying some legal protection from the surrender of the Ottoman Empire and a monopoly in Ottoman trade among Europeans.

Renewed presence of the Franciscans in Akko from 1620

Chan al-Ifranǧ: Built over with Terra Sancta School , towered over by St. Francis , 2015

European merchants also headed for the port of Accos. In 1691, 13 French merchants were already living in Akko. Already in 1620 - mediated by his Franciscan personal physician Eugène Roger  - Fachr ad-Dīn II. , At that time regional potentate as Emir of the Druze , allowed the Friars Minor to settle in Akko. Already in 1217 Elias of Cortona founded a Franciscan monastery in Akko, which existed until the city was destroyed in 1291 . In 1673 the brothers set up a chapel on the Chan al-Ifran,, from which today's monastery church of St. Francis emerged . Merchants maintained trading posts in this former Venetian trading courtyard near the port, damaged in 1291 , which was restored around 1700 amid the ruins and is still in Arabic Chan al-Ifranǧ (خان الإفرنج 'Frankish caravanserai') is called.

The textile industry in France prospered, increasing its cotton imports ten-fold between 1700 and 1750, and although producers increased supply, demand grew faster, which is why the price of cotton doubled in the same period. In 1691, in search of cotton suppliers, Marseille merchants traveled through the Galilean hinterland to Safed . The few free farmers, but above all the many dependent peasant land tenants of the state Miri-Land in the Ottoman Tımar system recognized that cotton production could be sold at rising prices beyond their own needs.

If tax farmer (ملتزم, DMG multazim ) came across the villages, mostly in order to rigorously collect the levy on Miri-Land, the often illiquid peasant tenants could only pay for it from the proceeds they obtained from quick sales of hectic and not fully ripened cotton to European merchants at poor prices . The price, quantity and quality were unfavorable for producers and merchants, which is why French merchants established a futures market for cotton (later also for other futures goods such as olive oil and grain) by 1720 by paying producers the discounted sales proceeds that were so convenient before the harvest could pay their dues and only deliver the full yield when they had gathered the ripe harvest.

In 1729 the Hohe Pforte banned futures trading in agricultural products, but to no avail. In enforcement of the ban, the authorities arrested Saʿd al-Zaydānī, eldest brother of Ẓāhir al-ʿUmar (1690–1775) in June 1730 , because he had mediated the sale of the harvests of three villages on an appointment to French merchants who were also successful for his release used. Ẓāhir al-ʿUmar, himself a successful merchant in the trade between Galilee and Damascus , recognized an opportunity and agreed in 1731 with the Melkite and merchant Jūssuf al-Qassīs, who lived in Akko (يوسف القسيس; first his advisor, from the 1740s his vizier ) to sell his goods abroad.

After the death of his father, Ẓāhir al-ʿUmar took over the task of multasim (tax farmer), whereby he was commercially thinking on regular continuous tax receipts instead of one-off maximum amounts that ruined the taxpayers. His concept also included protecting land tenants from robbers.

Respected by merchants and valued peasant land tenants for their consideration and protection, Ẓāhir al-ʿUmar began to use negotiation and military skill in Galilee to build an order that offered protection against robbery and official exploitation and arbitrariness by establishing and enforcing general rules upon which they were based the residents could leave. Ẓāhir al-ʿUmar rose to become an autonomist regional potentate, conscientiously paying the Ottoman tax authorities the required taxes and avoiding open conflict with the seldom present Sublime Porte , but seeking their recognition.

In Ẓāhir al-ʿUmar's territory, protected from robbery, peasant producers were able to increase their production and, after tax and rent, kept more of their income for themselves than their equals in the territories of other masters. The growing production in the primary sector under these favorable circumstances, ultimately strengthened by the promotion of labor migration , required and allowed more employees in the secondary manufacturing and services (trade, transport, administration, planning, law enforcement and security agencies) providing tertiary economic sector due to growing tax revenues , with which the number of Akkoner rose from 400 around 1730 to 15,000 within a few years and then to 25,000 around 1770.

Franciscan Church of St. Johannis on the southern city wall, 2008

From the construction of the church in the 18th century

The New Acre migrated from Aleppo , Damascus, the Greek islands , Malta and Nazareth . Most of them professed Christianity, especially the Greek Orthodoxy or the Greek-Catholic Union , whereby Christians formed the majority in the city from the middle of the 18th century.

The Franciscan Church appears in the inventory of the Minor Brothers of Akkos, which they compiled in 1737 at the request of the Custos of the Holy Land . According to Bernhard Dichter, it is not clear whether the year 1737 is the year of construction , even if this year is written in a stone relief that was on the north wall until the renovation of the church in the 1990s. The square relief shows the numbers 1, 7, 3 and 7 in the corners of the stone, while its center is adorned with the Christian coat of arms of Jerusalem . The relief stone is now in the custody of the Jerusalem Museum of the Studium Biblicum Franciscanum Center . Thomas Philipp, on the other hand, thinks that the Friars Minor are the builders of the Franciscan Church in Akko and that 1737 is the year of construction.

It is also unclear why the church belonged to the inventory of the Franciscans in 1737, although the Melkites used it in the 1760s, as Giovanni Mariti (1736–1806) reported from his own experience when he was in Akko, where Ẓāhir al-ʿUmar him also received in his citadel . Cedric Norman Johns deals extensively with this problem in an earlier draft, to which he and Naʿīm Makhouly refer in the 2nd edition of their travel guide. Mariti and Victor Guérin note in their travel reports that the patronage was originally Our Lady . When this changed is not known. In the meantime, however, the church has been consecrated to John the Baptist in memory of the St. Johannis Church , which was destroyed in 1291 .

In and on the ruins of the Crusader city, New Acre built a new city in the 18th century. Ẓāhir al-ʿUmar recognized Ako's potential and began in the 1740s to expand the ruins of Akko into his fortified residence and administrative center. The re-fortified Akko became a hub for global trade, Ẓāhir al-ʿUmar's fortress and capital of his precarious regional rulership. Probably towards the end of the 1740s, the Minor Brothers handed over the St. John's Church to the Melkites, who were newly united with Rome and formed the largest religious community in Akko. Ibrāhīm al-Ṣabbāġ (around 1715–1775), from 1757 personal physician and from 1761 also vizier Ẓāhir al-ʿUmars, financed from 1760 the construction of the Melkite St. Andrew's Church , which was completed in 1764.

In 1760, Brother Dominici, the guardian of the monastery, pleaded for the establishment of another Latin church in Akko in addition to the existing Franciscan church in the monastery in order to make church attendance easier for Latin women. Gaudenzio Governanti suspects that the relief lay in the fact that the location of the Johanniskirche is in the then predominantly Christian quarter, but the Franziskuskirche at the monastery, which one could only get through the then predominantly Muslim quarter with its Sūq , which the churchgoers did not like. In the year 1178 of the Hijra (Gregorian 1764/1765) the Franciscans acquired rooms north of the Johanniskirche, whereby they expanded the church property there, as the purchase contract shows.

After unsuccessful attempts to overthrow the independent Ẓāhir al-ʿUmar, who had risen from his own will and ability, the Sublime Porte finally submitted to the inevitable in 1768 and granted him the newly created rank of Sheikh of Akko and all of Galilee, reflecting the sphere of power he had achieved on his own initiative . Ẓāhir al-ʿUmar, who stood by a friend who had fallen out of favor with the Ottoman Sultan Abdülhamid I , was himself the target of Ottoman intervention in 1771, which ended in 1775 when he was shot while trying to escape. The Sublime Porte appointed Ahmad al-Jazzār Pasha as the new sheikh from 1777 with the title of Wālī of Sidon, when he took his seat in Acre in 1779.

Ahmad 'al-Jazzār' Pasha, who was nicknamed 'the butcher' ('al-Jazzār') for violence, lacked economic expertise, friendly and, as a Bosniak, family relationships within his sphere of influence, and the ability to use local and regional potentates who conflicted with his power to win through concessions and agreements. Instead, he relied on force to eliminate alleged and actual opponents and to deter potential adversaries. For this reason, Jazzār Pasha maintained a strong repression apparatus made up of expensive foreign, including Bosnian mercenaries without ties to the local population.

Increasing expenditure required higher tax claims and revenues. B. should bring in a new government monopoly in the grain trade. The number of farmers fell, initially as a result of death from the bubonic plague in 1786 , and finally partly as a result of fleeing reprisals or tax enforcement. Acre and Galileans emigrated and more and more agricultural land was fallow. Jazzār's attempt to prevent French buyers from buying directly from farmers in 1790, with which they wanted to avoid export taxes, caused them to move on to Beirut.

Jazzār Pasha's successor, his adoptive son Suleyman Pasha 'al-ʿĀdil' (term of office 1805-1819) and his son and successor, ʿAbdullah Pasha ibn ʿAlī (terms of office 1820-1822 and again 1823-1832), did not reverse the trend. In 1811 the Latins sought permission to renovate the church, which Suleyman Pascha (1760s – 1819) gave them on the intercession of his vizier Ḥāyīm Farḥī 'al-Muʿallim' (حاييم فرحي; 1760–1820) allowed. The church was then repaired and painted white on the outside.

Finally, Abdullah Pasha made the situation worse by directing displeasure against Lageimmi , that is, against Christians and Jews. Abdullah Pasha and his predecessor were the last Wālīs of Sidon to officiate from Akko. After the decline of Akko due to a failed economic policy, missed economic adjustment, epidemics, war and earthquake, Akko, as a small town with 2,000 inhabitants, bobbed around in a great setting. The official seat of regional administrations had also been lost to other cities. From the 1880s, however, Akko also benefited from Arab immigration to the Holy Land, which attracted economic and charitable commitment from the West, and from the population growth due to the birth surplus.

Francis Church from Schāri' Faransīs al-Assisi , 2012

In the 20th century

The British mandate replaced the discriminatory Millet system and ensured freedom of all creeds and religious practice. In 1929, when Arab Muslims, in continuation of anti-Jewish pogroms in Hebron , Jerusalem and Safed , incited by Islamic dignitaries, hunted Jews in Acco's old town, many Catholics left the insecure old town, because occasionally Muslims also slew Christians, and the Franciscans closed the few frequented St. John's Church as a place of prayer. The congregation moved to the St. Francis Church in the Franciscan monastery from the 18th century in the immediate vicinity of the northern Chan al-Ifranǧ .

In 1942 the antiquities administration of Mandate Palestine began exploration winter to explore Acco's old town. It showed that the building stock of the old town was a unique structural combination of crusader buildings of the 12th / 13th centuries. Century with buildings from the Arab-Ottoman era (18th / 19th century). As a result of this investigation, the British Mandate Government placed the old town of Acco under protection and issued a conservation statute.

St. Johannis: lantern and bell tower with bell, 2016

As part of the plans to revitalize the old town, the Kostodie des Holy Land began to renovate the Franciscan Church in 1947, but work was suspended from November during the Palestinian Civil War . Finally, in May 1948, Israeli projectiles damaged the exposed building in the war for Israel's independence , before the ZaHa "L took the city on May 17, 1948. While Jewish Akkoner all fled the city from anti-Semitic violence in the course of the Arab uprising from 1936 to 1939 During the war for Israel's independence, half of the non-Jewish Acre people fled or were expelled. At the same time, Akko became the first refuge and then the new home of many Arab-Muslim internally displaced persons from other places, who with 46,000 people made up almost a third of Israeli Arabs nationwide in 1949.

The damaged church was converted into refugee accommodation. From 1949 many of the Jewish acre who had fled from 1936 returned to their hometown. Arab Jewish refugees from the Maghreb and the Arabian Peninsula found acceptance in Acco's new new town in the following years. Israel Public Works Department (מַחְלֶקֶת עֲבוֹדוֹת צִבּוּרִיּוֹת Machleqet ʿAvōdōt Zibbūrijjōt ;מָ.עָ.צ MaʿAZ or MaʿAtZ ) repaired the war damage to St. Johannis and, after the former refugees housed in it had moved to other homes, the church reopened on April 4, 1950, but was converted into a community center and scout meeting in 1955.

St. Johannis: vault of the third yoke with altar and image of Jesus Christ on the cross, 2018

Alex Kesten (אַלֶכְּס קֶשְׁטֶן; 1912–1994) compiled a systematic directory of the buildings in the old town by 1962, which records the astonishing interlocking of the buildings from the times of the Crusaders and the Arab-Ottoman era, they are sometimes next to, sometimes inside or on top of each other. A maintenance plan for the old town was adopted and gradually implemented on the basis of the Ktest directory. In a new attempt to revive, the Johanniskirche was renovated again in 1978 and reopened its doors as a place of prayer. The following year she received a bell again. After 1985, however, the church was closed due to neighborly disputes and vandalism and the community moved back to the Franciscan church in the monastery. After the building had been orphaned for a long time, Accon Latins and Franciscans began to restore the St. John's Church from 1994. The church was completely renovated on April 8, 2000 and was consecrated again and serves the Latin community of around 180 to 200 souls. In the following year, UNESCO declared the St. John's Church as part of the old town of Accos with it as a World Heritage Site .

St. Johannis: Vault of the third yoke with an opening in the apex, 2018

Building specification

The current church includes structures of a crusader church from the 12th century, which is probably the medieval St. Andrew's Church in Accos . The excavation of the medieval crypt, which was sought by Brother Quirico Calella, who moved to Lebanon in 2017, remains a desideratum.

St. Johannis, eastern wall pillar: Icon of the Scha'ul Paulos of Tarsos, 2018

As the floor plan shows, the building is a single - nave cross-vaulted hall church with three bays . The church is not east, but north . Since the wall pillars between the second and third yoke - counted from the south - move far into the church interior, the church interior is divided into a two-bay southern and a smaller single-bay northern room, to which a small niche under a protruding blind arch connects to the north . In the niche is the altar table under an altarpiece with a semi-sculptural depiction of Jesus crucified of Nazareth.

The church has three entrances, one from the southern city wall and two to the third yoke, one from the west and one from the east, where stairs from the lower level of the northern lane Shariʿ Ṣālaḥ wa- Baṣrī (شارع صالح وبصري, DMG Šāriʿ Ṣālaḥ wa-Baṣrī ,רְחוֹב צָאלַח וּבַצְרי Rechōv Zālach ū-Vazrī ) bring up. The cross vault in the third yoke has a round opening at the top, above which a red- domed lantern rises, through which light falls during the day. Outside in the middle of the east wall there is a brick bell tower with unclad sound openings.

St. Johannis, southern wall: Icon of the beheading of St. John the Baptist, 2018

Furnishing

Base of the church: Signet of the custody over a door, 2017

In the altar niche hangs a wooden altarpiece with a semi-sculptural representation of the crucified Jesus of Nazareth . There is also a depiction of the Scha'ul Paulos of Tarsos on the wall pillar between the second and third yoke. In keeping with the patronage , there are icons with depictions of the baptism of Jesus by John the Baptist and the beheading of the latter . In 1979 the church received a new bell. The wooden pews are from the beginning of the 21st century. With a stone relief of their signet on the facade, the Custody of the Holy Land shows that the church is one of their property.

See also

literature

  • Adrian Boas, Crusader archeology: The material culture of the Latin East , London and New York: Routledge, 2 2017, ISBN 978-1-138-90025-7
  • Bernhard Poet (בֶּרְנְהַרְד דִּיכְטֶר; 1911–1991) with Salman cotton (זַלְמָן בַּאוּמְווֹל; Arr.), Alex Carmel (arr.) And Ejal Jakob Eisler (אֱיָל יַעֲקֹב אַיְזְלֶר; Edit .), עַכּוֹ - אֲתָרִים מִיָּמֵי הַתּוּרְכִּים /عكا: مواقع من العهد التركي(Additional title: Akko, buildings from the Turkish period / Akko, sites from the Turkish period ), University of Haifa /הַמָּכוֹן עַל שֵׁם גּוֹטְלִיבּ שׁוּמַכֶר לְחֵקֶר פְּעִילוּת הָעֹולָם הַנּוֹצְרִי בְּאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל בַּמֵּאָה הַ -19 (Gottlieb Schumacher Institute for Research into the Christian Contribution to the Reconstruction of Palestine in the 19th Century; Ed.), Haifa: הַמָּכוֹן עַל שֵׁם גּוֹטְלִיבּ שׁוּמַכֶר לְחֵקֶר פְּעִילוּת הָעֹולָם הַנּוֹצְרִי בְּאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל בַּמֵּאָה הַ -19, 2000.
  • Jaʿel Fuhrmann [-Naʿaman] (יָעֵל פוּרְמַן-נַעֲמָן) and Adi Kitov (עֲדִי כּיטוֹב ʿAdī Kīṭōv ) on behalf of the Department of Monument Preservation of the Israeli Antiquities Authority (ed.), Nomination of the Old City of Acre for the World Heritage List , (= WHC Nomination Documentation; No. 1042), Paris: UNESCO, 2001.
  • Ze'ev Goldmann , "The buildings of the Order of St. John in Akkon", in: The Order of St. John - The Order of Malta: The knightly order of St. John of the Hospital in Jerusalem - His tasks, his history , Adam Wienand (ed.) With Carl Wolfgang Graf von Ballestrem and Christoph Freiherr von Imhoff, Cologne: Wienand, 1977, pp. 108–115.
  • Ze'ev Goldmann, "Le couvent des Hospitaliers à Saint-Jean d'Acre", in: Bible et Terre Sainte , vol. 160 (April 1974), pp. 8-18.
  • Ze'ev Goldmann, “The Hospice of the Knights of St. John in Akko”, in: Archeological Discoveries in the Holy Land , Archeological Institute of America (compiled), New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1967, p 199-206.
  • Gaudenzio Governanti, I Francescani in Acri , Jerusalem: Franciscan Printing Press, 1958, p. 76.
  • Cedric Norman Johns and Naʿīm Makhouly (نعيم مخولي), Guide to Acre , Palestine - Department of Antiquities for Palestine (Ed.), 2., revised. Ed., Jerusalem: Government Printing Press, 1946.
  • Hans Kühner, Israel: a travel guide through three thousand years , David Harris (photos), Olten and Freiburg im Breisgau: Walter, 1975, ISBN 3-530-49171-3
  • Andrew Petersen, A Gazetteer of Buildings in Muslim Palestine , Council for British Research in the Levant (Ed.), (= British Academy monographs in archeology; No. 12), Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001, ISBN 978-0-19 -727011-0 .
  • Thomas Philipp, Acre: the rise and fall of a Palestinian city, 1730-1831 , New York and Chichester: Columbia University Press, 2001, (= History and society of the modern Middle East series; Vol. 6), ISBN 0-231 -12327-2
  • Abraham Rabinovich, Akko - St. Jean d'Acre , Herzliya:פַּלְפוֹט, 1980, (= Palphot's pictorial Guide & Souvenir).
  • Vardit Shotten-Hallel (וַרְדִּית שׁוֹטֶּן-הַלֵּל), “Reconstructing the Hospitaller Church of St. John, Acre, with the help of Gravier d'Ortières's drawing of 1685–1687”, in: Crusades , Vol. 9 (2010), pp. 185-198.
  • Eliezer Star (אֱלִיעֶזֶר שְׁטֶרְן), “La commanderie de l'Ordre des Hospitaliers à Acre”, in: Bulletin Monumental , Vol. 164 (No. 1, 2006 entitled “L'architecture en Terre Sainte au temps de Saint Louis”), p. 53 -60.
  • Eliezer Star, "מֶרְכַּז הַמִּסְדָּר הָהוֹסְפִּיטַלֶרי בְּעַכּוֹ”, In: קַדְמוֹנִיּוּת: כְּתָב-עֵת לְעַתִּיקוֹת אֶרֶץ-יִשְׂרָאֵל וְאֲרָצוֹת הַמִּקְרָא , Vol. לג (No. 1, 2000), pp. 4–12.
  • Thomas Veser, "Holy Cross Church under the Harem" , in: Neue Zürcher Zeitung , December 24, 2003
  • Adam Wienand, "Die Johanniter und die Kreuzzüge", in: Der Johanniter-Orden - The Malteser-Orden: The knightly order of St. John of the hospital in Jerusalem - His tasks, his story , Adam Wienand (ed.) With Carl Wolfgang Graf von Ballestrem and Christoph Freiherr von Imhoff, Cologne: Wienand, 1977, pp. 32–108.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Detlef Löhr, Christians today in the Holy Land: A travel guide , Erlangen: Verlag der Evangelisch-Lutherischen Mission, 1971, p. 20. ISBN 3-87214-029-9 .
  2. ↑ a b c "Johanniskirche (Franziskaner)" , on: The secrets of the aboveground and underground city of Akko , accessed on August 20, 2019.
  3. ↑ a b “Acre” , on: Custodia Terrae Sanctae: Franciscans serving the Holy Land , accessed on August 20, 2019.
  4. ↑ a b c d e Bernhard Dichter with Salman cotton (arrangement), Alex Carmel ( arrangement ) and Ejal Jakob Eisler ( arrangement ), עַכּוֹ - אֲתָרִים מִיָּמֵי הַתּוּרְכִּים /عكا: مواقع من العهد التركي(Additional title: Akko, buildings from the Turkish period / Akko, sites from the Turkish period ), University of Haifa /הַמָּכוֹן עַל שֵׁם גּוֹטְלִיבּ שׁוּמַכֶר לְחֵקֶר פְּעִילוּת הָעֹולָם הַנּוֹצְרִי בְּאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל בַּמֵּאָה הַ -19 (Gottlieb Schumacher Institute for Research into the Christian Contribution to the Reconstruction of Palestine in the 19th Century; Ed.), Haifa: הַמָּכוֹן עַל שֵׁם גּוֹטְלִיבּ שׁוּמַכֶר לְחֵקֶר פְּעִילוּת הָעֹולָם הַנּוֹצְרִי בְּאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל בַּמֵּאָה הַ -19, 2000, p. 157.
  5. ↑ a b c d Jaʿel Fuhrmann [-Naʿaman] and Adi Kitov on behalf of the Department of Monument Preservation of the Israeli Antiquities Authority (ed.), Nomination of the Old City of Acre for the World Heritage List , (= WHC Nomination Documentation; No. 1042 ), Paris: UNESCO, 2001, No. 31 'Saint John's Church' of the Monument Appendix.
  6. ^ A b c d Ze'ev Goldmann, “The Hospice of the Knights of St. John in Akko”, in: Archeological Discoveries in the Holy Land , Archeological Institute of America (compiled), New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co ., 1967, pp. 199-206, here p. 200.
  7. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao Thomas Philipp, Acre: the rise and fall of a Palestinian city, 1730–1831 , New York and Chichester: Columbia University Press, 2001, (= History and society of the modern Middle East series; Vol. 6), page number as indicated after the footnote number. ISBN 0-231-12327-2 .
  8. ↑ Jack Bocar, "La Commanderie de l'Ordre des Hospitaliers à Acre" , in: L'Orient Latin: La Terre Sainte à l'époque Romane - L'Orient au Temps des Francs , accessed on February 25, 2019.
  9. ^ Ze'ev Goldmann, "The Hospice of the Knights of St. John in Akko", in: Archeological Discoveries in the Holy Land , Archeological Institute of America (compiled), New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1967, Pp. 199–206, here p. 199.
  10. ^ Hans Kühner, Israel: a travel guide through three thousand years , David Harris (photos), Olten and Freiburg im Breisgau: Walter, 1975, p. 250. ISBN 3-530-49171-3 .
  11. ↑ a b Israel , Theodor Friedrich Meysels (1899–1963) et al., (= Nagels Encyclopedia Travel Guide. German Series), verb. Ed., Revised. by SFG Nathan, Geneva: Nagel, 2 1967, p. 219.
  12. ↑ Vardit Shotten-Hallel, "Reconstructing the Hospitaller Church of St. John, Acre, with the help of Gravier d'Ortières's drawing of 1685-1687", in: Crusades , Vol. 9 (2010), pp 185-198, here p. 195.
  13. ↑ a b c Thomas Veser, "Heiligkreuzkirche under the Harem" , in: Neue Zürcher Zeitung , December 24, 2003, accessed on February 22, 2019.
  14. ↑ a b "Franziskuskirche" , on: The secrets of the unearthly and the subterranean city of Akko , accessed on August 20, 2019.
  15. ^ A b Jack Bocar, "Églises et Monastères" , in: L'Orient Latin: La Terre Sainte à l'époque Romane - L'Orient au Temps des Francs , accessed on August 21, 2019.
  16. ↑ Franke (إفرنجي, DMG Ifranǧī ) is a synonym for Europeans in Levantine Arabic .
  17. ↑ a b Bernhard Dichter with Salman Cotton (arrangement), Alex Carmel ( arrangement ) and Ejal Jakob Eisler ( arrangement ), עַכּוֹ - אֲתָרִים מִיָּמֵי הַתּוּרְכִּים /عكا: مواقع من العهد التركي(Additional title: Akko, buildings from the Turkish period / Akko, sites from the Turkish period ), University of Haifa /הַמָּכוֹן עַל שֵׁם גּוֹטְלִיבּ שׁוּמַכֶר לְחֵקֶר פְּעִילוּת הָעֹולָם הַנּוֹצְרִי בְּאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל בַּמֵּאָה הַ -19 (Gottlieb Schumacher Institute for Research into the Christian Contribution to the Reconstruction of Palestine in the 19th Century; Ed.), Haifa: הַמָּכוֹן עַל שֵׁם גּוֹטְלִיבּ שׁוּמַכֶר לְחֵקֶר פְּעִילוּת הָעֹולָם הַנּוֹצְרִי בְּאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל בַּמֵּאָה הַ -19, 2000, p. 156.
  18. ^ Giovanni Mariti, Journey from Jerusalem through Syria: Translated from the Italian , Johann Christoph Maier (ex.), Strasbourg in Alsace: Verlag der Akademischen Buchhandlung, 1789, p. 76.
  19. ↑ Cedric Norman Johns and Naʿīm Makhouly, Guide to Acre , Palestine - Department of Antiquities for Palestine (Eds.), 2., revised. Ed., Jerusalem: Government Printing Press, 1946.
  20. ^ Giovanni Mariti, Journey from Jerusalem through Syria: Translated from the Italian , Johann Christoph Maier (ex.), Strasbourg in Alsace: Verlag der Akademischen Buchhandlung, 1789, p. 77.
  21. ↑ Victor Guérin, La Terre Sainte, son histoire, ses sites, ses monuments : 2 vols., Paris: Plon & Cie., 1882–1884, vol. 2, p. 151.
  22. ↑ Eliezer Stern, "La commanderie de l'Ordre des Hospitaliers à Acre", in: Bulletin Monumental , Vol. 164 (No. 1, 2006 entitled 'L'architecture en Terre Sainte au temps de Saint Louis'), p . 53–60, here p. 53.
  23. ↑ Leonardo Lemmens, Acta S. Congregationis de Fide pro Terra Sancta : 2 vols., Quaracchi presso Firenze: Collegio di S. Bonaventura, 1921 and 1922, Vol. II '1721-1847' (1922), p. 187.
  24. ^ Gaudenzio Governanti, I Francescani in Acri , Jerusalem: Franciscan Printing Press, 1958, p. 65, footnote 107.
  25. ↑ Avraham Lewensohn, Travel Guide Israel with road maps and city maps [Israel Tourguide, 1979; dt.], Miriam Magal (ex.), Tel Aviv-Yapho: Tourguide, 1982, p. 45.
  26. ↑ a b Ibrāhīm bin Ḥannā al-ʿAwra (إبراهيم بن حنا العودة), تاريخ ولاية سليمان باشا العادل: يشتمل على تاريخ فلسطين ولبنان ومدنه وبلاد العلويين والشم, Sidon: مطبعة دير المخلص, 1936, p. 179.
  27. ↑ Tom Segev , One Palestine, Complete: Jews and Arabs Under the British Mandate [ יְמֵי הַכַּלָּנִיּוֹת - אֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל בְּתְקוּפַת הַמַּנְדָּט , Jerusalem:כֶּתֶר, 1999; Engl.], Haim Watzman (ex.), New York: Henry Holt & Co., 2000, p. 407. ISBN 0-8050-6587-3 .
  28. ↑ “Jerusalem quiet, but Assaults continue in other Parts of Palestine”, in: Jewish Daily Bulletin , August 29, 1929, Vol. VI, No. 1453, pp. 1 and 7seq., Here p. 7 .
  29. ↑ Walther Hess , Judenmassaker , report to the Foreign Office, Jerusalem: typescript, August 27, 1929, printed in The Battle for Palestine: Reports of the German Consuls General in Jerusalem , Rolf Steininger (ed.), Munich: Olzog, 2007, p. 71seq ., here p. 72. ISBN 978-3-7892-6813-7 .
  30. ↑ This stands on the remains of a medieval Clarisse monastery.
  31. ↑ a b c d e Eliezer Stern, “La commanderie de l'Ordre des Hospitaliers à Acre”, in: Bulletin Monumental , Vol. 164 (No. 1, 2006 with the title “L'architecture en Terre Sainte au temps de Saint Louis »), pp. 53–60, here p. 54.
  32. ^ Gaudenzio Governanti, I Francescani in Acri , Jerusalem: Franciscan Printing Press, 1958, p. 76.
  33. ↑ Avraham Lewensohn, Travel Guide Israel with road maps and city maps [Israel Tourguide, 1979; Ger.], Miriam Magal (ex.), Tel Aviv-Yapho: Tourguide, 1982, p. 48.
  34. ↑ a b Carta’s Official Guide to Israel and complete Gazetteer to all Sites in the Holy Land , Jerusalem:הוֹצָאַת כַּרְטָא and מִשְׂרַד הַבִּטָּחוֹן - הָהוֹצָאָה לְאוֹר, 2 1986, p. 69. ISBN 965-220-089-1 .
  35. ↑ Karin Lucke, Israel with Gaza Strip, Golan Heights and West Bank , Nuremberg: BW-Verlag, 1994, (= Edition Erde Travel Guide), p. 204. ISBN 3-8214-6533-6 .
  36. ↑ Areej Sabbagh-Khoury (أريج صباغ-خوري), “The Internally Displaced Palestinians in Israel”, in: The Palestinians in Israel: Readings in History, Politics and Society , Nadim Rouhana (نديم روحانا) and Areej Sabbagh-Khoury (ed.), Haifa: Mada al-Carmel Arab Center for Applied Social Research, 2011, pp. 26–46, here p. 40. ISBN 965-7308-18-6 .
  37. ↑ a b Abraham Rabinovich, Akko - St. Jean d'Acre , Herzliah:פַּלְפוֹט, 1980, (= Palphot's pictorial Guide & Souvenir), p. 27.
  38. ↑ Areej Sabbagh-Khoury (أريج صباغ-خوري), “The Internally Displaced Palestinians in Israel”, in: The Palestinians in Israel: Readings in History, Politics and Society , Nadim Rouhana (نديم روحانا) and Areej Sabbagh-Khoury (eds.), Haifa: Mada al-Carmel Arab Center for Applied Social Research, 2011, pp. 26–46, here p. 31. ISBN 965-7308-18-6 .
  39. ↑ Christoph von Imhoff, Israel - the second generation , Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlagsanstalt, 1964, (= Politische Bücherei; No. 5/6), p. 114.
  40. ↑ a b c Beatrice Guarrera, “Where everything began: Acre 800 years after the Franciscans' arrival” (May 22, 2017) , on: Terra Sancta blog , accessed on August 26, 2019.
  41. ↑ Erhard Gorys, Das Heilige Land: Historical and religious sites of Judaism, Christianity and Islam in the 10,000 year old cultural land between the Mediterranean, Red Sea and Jordan , Cologne: DuMont, 2 1984, (= DuMont art travel guide), p. 370. ISBN 3-7701-1474-4 .
  42. ↑ Jaʿel Fuhrmann [-Naʿaman] (יָעֵל פוּרְמַן-נַעֲמָן) and Adi Kitov (עֲדִי כּיטוֹב ʿAdī Kīṭōv ) on behalf of the Department of Monument Preservation of the Israel Antiquities Authority (ed.), Nomination of the Old City of Acre for the World Heritage List , (= WHC Nomination Documentation; No. 1042), Paris: UNESCO, 2001, section 'Acre (Israel) No. 1042 ', p. 3
  43. ↑ a b Jack Bocar, “Quartier Templiers emplacement des structures” , in: L'Orient Latin: La Terre Sainte à l'époque Romane - L'Orient au Temps des Francs , accessed on August 21, 2019.

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