Net neutrality

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Net neutrality describes the equal treatment of data when it is transmitted on the Internet and non-discriminatory access when using data networks. Network-neutral Internet service providers treat all data packets in the same way during transmission, regardless of the sender and recipient, the content of the packets and the application that generated these packets. The term was coined by the American lawyer and programmer Tim Wu through years of political activity since 2002.

Disambiguation

Net neutrality basically means the equal (neutral) transmission of data on the Internet. However, this neutrality can be achieved at different levels.

Complete neutrality would mean that all data are treated equally in every respect. In such an “egalitarian network”, no distinction is made between services or other criteria such as platform, sender or recipient or the like are taken into account.

Another, less strict interpretation of the concept of network neutrality only requires that the same services are treated equally. It would allow the traffic to be divided into different categories (e.g. phone calls , web pages or file transfers ). Different services also place different demands on the transmission quality ( Quality of Service ): Telephone calls, for example, only require a low data rate, but the packet delay should be as short as possible. File or video transfers, on the other hand, require a high data rate, but the delay can be high. Prioritization could then take place during the transmission between these categories, for example by giving priority to interactive services that require a low delay. Within a category, however, all data would have to be treated equally. Tariffs with a data volume limit can be compatible with network neutrality if the limit applies equally to all services.

Positions

There are two basic ways in which ISPs transporting large and ever-growing amounts of data in the Internet can handle: Either they raise permanently the capacity of their networks and transport all data equally, d. H. with the same quality ( best effort principle ) - then these networks remain “neutral”. Or they transport different data at different speeds and in different quality. The benchmark for this quality are mainly data rate (in everyday use often as bandwidth designated), delay (English delay ), jitter and packet loss .

Many operators of telecommunications networks reject network neutrality and want to transmit data on their networks with different quality guarantees. They claim that this form of network management is a more efficient way of preventing data congestion and, in the event of this, ensuring that important data continues to be transmitted with a guaranteed transmission quality. Due to the increasing volume of data, major investments in network expansion are necessary, which is why new pricing models for customers or fees from providers must be considered in order to finance them.

"(...) At least the research results to date indicate that net neutrality tends to lead to a slowdown in investments in fast Internet access."

- Jan Krämer, holder of the chair for Internet and telecommunications management at the University of Passau

Critics fear that companies could gain or expand a monopoly by paying ISPs to prioritize their content on transmission. This could mean that video clips from a particular platform are being transmitted at a faster speed than those of competitors. In the event of capacity bottlenecks, the users of this platform could then continue to use the service, whereas users of other services could temporarily only access them poorly or not at all. The critics include providers of content, services and applications offered over the Internet as well as consumer organizations and artists. They argue that the chance of innovations in content, services and applications offered over the Internet has so far been so great because all customers connected to the Internet have been able to develop such innovations. It was sufficient to offer this innovation on a computer accessible via the Internet ( server ). It was left to the rest of the people connected to the Internet to choose what they wanted from the range of innovations (innovation without permission) . The providers fear that precisely the innovations desired by the customers will not be successful if the operators of telecommunications networks can decide which offers reach the customers connected to the Internet in good quality. In addition, they point out that the operators could be tempted to intentionally transfer third-party content, services and applications poorly, so that customers can instead use the content, services and applications of their own operator.

Internet pioneers such as Tim Berners-Lee also emphasize the particular importance of free speech on the Internet and neutrality as a technical expression of independence from government censorship attempts .

Offers without complete net neutrality

  • Network operators could charge service providers for access to their customers. It would be technically possible to grant access exclusively, i.e. only to one service provider. The network operator could auction the access rights to the highest bidder service provider.

Block certain services and service classes

  • New technologies enable network operators to create market advantages for products with which they are present on the service market. A network operator who wants to operate an Internet telephony service, for example, could be tempted to keep other Internet telephony providers away from its customers or to discriminate with regard to transmission quality. For example, T-Mobile prevents the use of Skype on the iPhone and justifies this, among other things, with a possibly high network load. Network operators could also introduce volume limits in their end customer tariffs, which would reduce the connection speed when they are reached. In this case, own or privileged services could be excluded from throttling and volume counting.
  • In order to protect older own products, new ones are often restricted. Almost all German mobile network operators have contracts in which VoIP and / or instant messaging is prohibited, as these are in direct competition with telephony and SMS. T-Mobile blocks VoIP and video conferencing services if the customer has not signed a contract with a corresponding option.
  • In France, Bouygues (“Internet Illimité”) blocks the use of certain services (e.g. virtual private networks (VPN) , IMAP email services and all datagram (UDP) services) and refers to “unauthorized professional use”. Likewise, connections that transfer more than 10 MB of data are automatically disconnected.
  • Some Internet providers are starting to throttle file sharing in their networks or to prevent it entirely. In the simplest case, communication via a certain port is restricted or blocked; more advanced techniques examine the transmitted data stream and selectively interrupt the connection. In this way, an attempt is made to reduce the large amounts of data transferred via file sharing and thus to lower costs. For example, Kabel Deutschland restricts the use of file sharing. This is also supported by customers so that is not so with its Terms of Service have signed.
  • The cable network operator Unitymedia offered only forced routers in the tariffs for private customers from July 1, 2013 to July 31, 2016 . This prevented the operation of own hardware on the connection. In the cable router modem at Unitymedia and Kabel BW, the basically existing option to switch to pure bridge mode has been deactivated. In connection with the implementation of the IPv6 Dual-Stack Lite , the use of virtual private networks (VPN) is only possible to a limited extent or not at all.
  • The allocation of separate IP address groups by country ( geoblocking ) enables content providers to exclude individual countries as a whole from their own offers.
  • German UMTS Internet service providers use proxies and deep packet inspection to intervene in the application layer of their customers' data traffic.

Zero rating

Zero rating is the practice of a provider who does not count the data traffic of certain services such as Spotify against the included data volume as part of a tariff . Most of these are services that the provider operates itself or offers from a contractual partner of the provider. The Federal Network Agency commented in a report in mid-2013 that, from their point of view, there is a violation of network neutrality in such cases if traffic from normal providers is discriminated against when the data volume is exceeded. The Norwegian regulator NPT as well as the Austrian regulator RTR take this view. According to a study by the Finnish business consultancy Rewheel, there were 75 zero-rating offers in the EU in October 2014 that violated net neutrality. A similar study by the Austrian fundamental rights organization epicenter.works found 144 zero-rating offers within the EU and the EEA for 2018 .

Net neutrality and IP interconnection

In disputes between end customer providers and content providers (or their providers), conditions for the transfer of data between their autonomous systems have recently been a controversial topic. IP interconnection differs from the previous debate on network neutrality mainly in that it concerns a different section of the network. The point of contention is not the handling of data packets within the autonomous system of an end customer provider, but the type and conditions of the transfer of data into this system.

United States (USA)

A well-known case is the dispute between the online video provider Netflix and the US end customer provider Comcast over the conditions and quality of the data transfer.

At the heart of this dispute: Comcast customers access more Netflix content at certain times than before. Since the videos are streamed, packet losses and delays quickly become noticeable as picture interference. These problems can be resolved by changing the quality of the interconnection of the autonomous systems of Netflix (or its delivery providers) and Comcast, for example by setting up transfer points closer to the end customer and increasing the possible data throughput at the transfer points. There was a dispute between Comcast and Netflix who had to provide what consideration for this reconfiguration.

The US telecommunications supervisory authority FCC took up the disputes over IP interconnection in its network neutrality rules published in 2015. The FCC did not regulate IP interconnection with explicit regulations, but announced that it would accept complaints and judge disputes if end customers had to accept deterioration in the quality of access due to economic disputes over interconnection conditions. However, according to the FCC, at present (2015) too little is known to be able to judge what the cause and who was to blame for these problems:

“First, the nature of Internet traffic, driven by massive consumption of video, has challenged traditional arrangements - placing more emphasis on the use of CDNs or even direct connections between content providers (like Netflix or Google) and last-mile broadband providers. Second, it is clear that consumers have been subject to degradation resulting from commercial disagreements, perhaps most notably in a series of disputes between Netflix and large last mile broadband providers. But, third, the causes of past disruption and - just as importantly - the potential for future degradation through interconnection disputes - are reflected in very different narratives in the record. While we have more than a decade's worth of experience with last-mile practices, we lack a similar depth of background in the Internet traffic exchange context. Thus, we find that the best approach is to watch, learn, and act as required, but not intervene now, especially not with prescriptive rules. This Order - for the first time - provides authority to consider claims involving interconnection, a process that is sure to bring greater understanding to the Commission. "

- FCC 15-24, page 10 f.

Researchers from the USA and Italy have developed and tested measuring methods in order to be able to measure the actual changes in the IP interconnection independently of statements by the parties to the dispute.

During the eight years in office of US President Obama , the FCC followed a course of strict net neutrality. The new FCC chairman Ajit Pai , appointed by the Trump administration, wants to impose fewer requirements on the operators of telecommunications networks.

Switzerland

In a similar dispute over the interconnection conditions, the Swiss Federal Supreme Court has to decide. In the case that has been running since 2012, the end customer provider Swisscom demanded other services from the company Init7 - also an end customer provider - for transferring data to the Swisscom network. Init7 applied to the court and to the responsible regulator Bakom to oblige Swisscom to restore peering. After an interim ruling by the regulator, Swisscom restored the peering, and the Federal Administrative Court confirmed this ruling.

Political discussion

Net neutrality is to be anchored in draft laws. So far, all bills such as the Global Online Freedom Act , which should anchor network-neutral data transmission, have been rejected in the USA .

The EU Commission assumes that sufficient competition between network operators will largely guarantee network neutrality. It wants to strengthen competition by obliging network operators to inform their customers about the quality of the Internet access offered. If this quality information changes, customers can terminate their contract. If necessary, national regulatory authorities can prescribe a minimum quality for Internet access. If this is not enough, the national regulators can oblige the network operators to be network neutral based on the framework directive amended in November 2009.

On November 10, 2014, US President Barack Obama publicly spoke out in favor of net neutrality. On December 4, 2014, the German Chancellor Angela Merkel publicly opposed net neutrality and demanded privileges for certain services, such as driverless cars or telemedicine .

[outdated]

Chile

Chile was the first country in the world to guarantee net neutrality by law (ley N ° 20453).

As of June 1, 2014, the Chilean telecommunications authority has zero-rating services, i. H. Offers where the content provider pays for the data transfer of his services and are therefore free of charge for the customer are prohibited. Providers of zero rating services are, for example, Google, Facebook or Wikipedia. On the one hand, this decision is criticized because free-rating options from Google or Facebook can serve as an opportunity to give poorer sections of the population and older, less Internet-savvy citizens the chance to discover the Internet without having to pay for it. On the other hand, there is a risk that the leading position of dominant providers will be further cemented by such offers.

European Union

On September 11, 2013, the EU Commission presented a proposal for an EU regulation on the internal telecommunications market, which also contains rules on network neutrality. Various sides have criticized the Commission's proposal. In a resolution of November 29, 2013 , the German Federal Council came to the conclusion that "the proposed regulation is not suitable to ensure that citizens have equal and unrestricted participation in the open Internet as a central medium of our information society." In the decision, the Federal Council ruled that the regulations proposed by the EU Commission were "obviously a move away from the open Internet" and expressed "concerns about the fundamental distinction between Internet access services and special services".

The EU Parliament approved the Commission's proposal on April 3, 2014 with significant changes. The changes relate, among other things, to the delimitation of Internet access and special services. The text adopted by the EU Parliament differs from the Commission's proposal in these points, for example:

  • It clearly defines net neutrality as the "principle according to which all Internet traffic is treated equally without discrimination, restriction or impairment and regardless of sender, recipient, type, content, device, service or application" (Article 2, number 12 a)
  • It clearly defines that an "Internet access service" is offered on a network-neutral basis. The text defines the Internet access service as a "publicly available electronic communication service which, regardless of the network technology and the terminal device used, offers a connection to the Internet and thus connections between almost all termination points of the Internet in accordance with the principle of net neutrality" (Article 2, Paragraph 2, number 14).
  • The EP text sets out clear conditions for exceptions to net neutrality, the so-called special services. Such a special service is permitted if it is “optimized for special content, applications or other services or a combination of these offers, is provided via logically separate capacities and with strict access control, offers functions that require continuously improved quality features, and as a substitute for Internet access services is neither marketed nor can be used ”(Article 2, paragraph 2, numbers 15).

The regulation concerns the EU Council of Ministers for Transport, Telecommunications and Energy. In accordance with the ordinary legislative procedure, the approval of the Council, the European Parliament and the Commission is required for the adoption of the regulation . On March 4, 2015, the member states gave the Latvian Presidency of the Council the mandate to negotiate with the European Parliament on rules to guarantee access to an open internet. The Commission is also involved in such negotiations as part of the so-called informal trialogue . According to media reports, in the trialogue negotiations it proposed a compromise without a definition of net neutrality. The informal trialogue resulted in a compromise text on June 30, 2015, which was then adopted by the Council and Parliament through the formal procedure. The regulation was passed in the European Parliament on October 27, 2015.

Since the adopted compromise proposal left many questions unanswered, including the definition of so-called "special services", the umbrella organization of the European regulatory authorities BEREC was commissioned to draw up guidelines for the application of the regulation by August 30, 2016. This should be done in 3 steps:

  • A first proposal from BEREC should be available by June 5, 2016 .
  • A public consultation process on these should take place by July 18, 2016.
  • By 30 August 2016, the 1st proposal should be revised based on the results of the consultation.

Netzpolitik.org leaked its first proposal on June 3rd . In the course of this, initial criticism of the guidelines was voiced, among other things, the definitions according to Netzpolitik.org are still not clear enough and topics such as zero rating are not or not adequately dealt with. Because of this leak and the beginning of the consultation, a demonstration in Vienna in front of the RTR was arranged at short notice, to which "hundreds" came.

Even in the run-up to the consultation process, several NGOs from the individual EU countries active in network policy came together to make the consultation process as simple as possible and, at the same time, to obtain the greatest possible variety of arguments. To do this, they started the savetheinternet.eu campaign. Numerous individuals from the Internet community such as Tim Berners-Lee , Barbara van Schewick and Lawrence Lessig also joined this through individual calls. By July 18, 2016, 510,370 individual comments on the net neutrality guidelines at BEREC had been received in this way , of which BEREC only received around 480,000 comments.

In the implementation guidelines published by BEREC on August 30, 2016, these largely followed criticism from savetheinternet.eu . A clause was inserted that refers to data protection and freedom of expression, the term "special service" is specified and zero rating is still allowed, but the data speed must not be higher than that of other services, only the data consumption of individual services may also differ from other services will be charged.

Germany

In Germany, net neutrality is not explicitly or firmly prescribed by law, the term is not clearly defined. In Section 41a of the Telecommunications Act (TKG) , the federal government was authorized to issue a statutory ordinance that stipulates the principles of non-discriminatory data transmission and access to content and applications. This was to prevent a network operator from arbitrarily degrading a service or from unjustifiably hindering or slowing down data traffic. Furthermore, the Federal Network Agency is enabled to set the minimum requirements for the quality of service .

The paragraph was inserted by Art. 1 of the law amending telecommunications regulations . It did not yet exist in the original version of the Amending Act and was only added after being dealt with in the Committee on Economics and Technology . The amendment law was initially passed in the Bundestag on October 27, 2011 after the Bundesrat's requests for changes and lengthy negotiations in the mediation committee , it was then passed in a revised version on February 9, 2012 around noon without discussion and came into force on May 10, 2012. The media coverage had mainly dealt with the new regulation of the costs for telephone queues at hotlines , which was also made by the amending law.

The Federal Network Agency used a measurement campaign to investigate the current state of net neutrality and, since March 22, 2013, has also been asking for the help of Internet users by using software on a website. A similar approach when examining the speed of broadband connections showed on April 11, 2013 that the information provided by network operators was often below the values ​​actually achieved.

Economics Minister Philipp Rösler announced in mid-June 2013 in response to Deutsche Telekom's plans to throttle connections above a certain data volume, but excluding their own services and the services of contractual partners, that he wanted to introduce a regulation into the federal cabinet that would To ensure net neutrality in Germany. According to this ordinance, internet access providers should route data through their networks regardless of their origin.

Before that, due to Telekom's throttling plans, a petition was submitted to the Bundestag in April 2013 to oblige internet providers to be net neutral, which called for net neutrality to be anchored in law. Within four days, more than 50,000 supporters joined the call, and it found 76,530 supporters in total. As a result, the Petitions Committee of the German Bundestag dealt with the matter in a public meeting on June 24, 2013. In this, both the opposition and the federal government agreed to ensure net neutrality. Central questions were whether this should be clarified in a law or an ordinance and whether the current draft of the BMWi of an ordinance was formulated too vaguely and could prevent violations of network neutrality - as in the case of Telekom. A short time later, the Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology published a “draft of a net neutrality ordinance according to Section 41a (1) TKG”, in which the points of criticism were to be taken into account.

By Art. 1 of the Third Act amending the Telecommunications Act was established in July 2017, the § 41a canceled TKG again, since Regulation (EU) 2015/2120 already defines the corresponding regulations across Europe.

In the coalition agreement of the federal government in 2013 , the section on network neutrality also requires search engines to be neutral .

On August 1, 2016, the law on the selection and connection of telecommunications terminals came into force in Germany. This law makes a contribution to network neutrality, as network operators can no longer enforce their configuration thanks to an information obligation in order to prioritize or discriminate services, in particular by means of a so-called router compulsion .

Netherlands

In the Netherlands, on June 23, 2011, net neutrality in mobile communications became a legal requirement. Network providers were thus forbidden to block certain services such as VoIP in their networks under threat of heavy fines . On May 8, 2012, the Dutch Parliament passed a law on general net neutrality also in the fixed network, thus setting a precedent in the European Union. This stipulates that network providers may not block or discriminate any data traffic in their networks. As an exception to net neutrality, the law defines four cases:

  • Data congestion, whereby the same types of data traffic must be treated equally
  • to implement a legal regulation or a court order
  • to maintain the integrity and security of the network and the services of the provider concerned
  • to restrict the transmission of unauthorized communication to an end user, provided the end user has given his prior consent

This regulation has not changed the fact that some mobile operators in the Netherlands do not count the traffic of certain services against volume quotas. For example, data traffic from the music service Spotify is free for customers of the provider Hi, which is part of the KPN Group. The supervisory authority ACM sees no violation of net neutrality in these tariff practices. In May 2014, the Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs put a specification of the regulation up for discussion, which is intended to classify such service bundles as a violation of net neutrality.

Slovenia

In December 2012, the Slovenian Parliament passed a law to protect net neutrality based on the Dutch model. What is remarkable about the law passed is the prohibition it contains for network providers to link their products together with Internet services. Slovenia is thus responding to the debate about managed services. In contrast to Dutch law, a restriction of net neutrality is only possible on the basis of a court order; statutory exceptions are no longer possible.

Norway

An industry agreement on net neutrality was concluded in Norway in 2009.

Switzerland

In Switzerland, National Councilor Balthasar Glättli submitted a motion on December 14, 2012 to legally establish net neutrality. In February 2013, the Federal Council requested Parliament to reject it. This was justified with the impending partial revision of the Telecommunications Act , for which the Federal Council also intends to make proposals on the subject of net neutrality. The motion was accepted by the National Council on June 17, 2014 with a large majority and transferred to the Council of States. The motion to legally stipulate net neutrality in the Telecommunications Act was rejected in the Council of States on March 16, 2015. So the business is done.

From October 2013 to October 2014, various stakeholders and experts participated in the preparation of a report on net neutrality under the direction of the Federal Office of Communication . The major Internet providers such as Swisscom , UPC Switzerland and Sunrise Communications have vigorously opposed a statutory stipulation of network neutrality. Consumer organizations, civil society groups, but also Swiss television , on the other hand, have campaigned for net neutrality to be anchored in the Telecommunications Act.

On November 7th, 2014, the major Internet providers pushed ahead with a code of conduct. In it they promise to create “clarity on the subject of net neutrality”, to jointly stand up for “an open Internet” and also to set up an arbitration board. On the same day, the Code of Conduct was sharply criticized by the Swiss Digital Society , the Foundation for Consumer Protection and National Councilor Balthasar Glättli.

On September 6, 2017, the Federal Council passed the dispatch on the partial revision of the Telecommunications Act (LTC). In the corresponding draft law, the telecommunications service providers are only subject to transparency obligations with regard to the processing of the information they transmit (network neutrality) and the quality of their services. However, net neutrality is no longer stipulated. As a result, the Swiss Digital Society in particular prepared its own draft law with more extensive obligations for the competent commission. In the course of the parliamentary deliberations, obligations of conduct that come very close to those of the European Union were subsequently provided against the will of the government. This change in the law was passed by parliament at the end of March 2019. In addition to the principle of net neutrality, it provides for an exception provision for so-called special services. In addition, the code of conduct was also included in the final version of the Telecommunications Act.

United States

The US regulatory authority for telecommunications, the Federal Communications Commission , passed new rules on net neutrality on February 26, 2015. These rules will come into effect 60 days after publication in the Federal Register ; before publication, the dissenting votes of two commissioners must be included and commented on in the final text. Key provisions of the FCC's three-to-two decision:

  • No web bans on legitimate content, applications, services, or harmless devices.
  • No speed brakes (throttling) for "legal Internet traffic" based on legitimate content, applications, services or harmless devices.
  • No preference for legal Internet traffic over other legal Internet traffic in exchange for benefits of any kind. Broadband providers are also not allowed to give preference to their own content and services.
  • Prohibition against broadband internet service providers from “unreasonable” interferences or disadvantages in the selection and use of legal content, applications, services or devices by consumers
  • No unreasonable discrimination against legal offers of content, applications, services and devices from other providers

Since their introduction, net neutrality rules in the USA have prevented cable companies as Internet access providers from fighting streaming television in its childhood days. They resulted in lower prices and better television. For example, Netflix and Amazon have been nominated for hundreds of Emmys and Golden Globe Awards . In addition, net neutrality rules revitalized American television and restored America's undisputed global leadership position as a result of waves of successful Internet start-ups. Net neutrality is one of the most effective economic policies of the 21st century, according to the American lawyer and programmer Tim Wu, who coined the term net neutrality.

The publication The West Side Story spoke out against the abolition of net neutrality, because this is crucial for maintaining uniform competitive conditions. Loss of net neutrality would mean that major telephone companies like Verizon , Comcast , and AT&T could charge fees from companies like Netflix and YouTube, which rely on their customers to get streaming video without interference. Abolishing network neutrality also means restricting competition and consumer choice while prices rise at the same time. And without net neutrality, established firms would dominate small start-ups that were responsible for the innovation seen in the first decades of the Internet.

Former Chairman of the Federal Communications Commission Tom Wheeler and US Senators Ron Wyden and Al Franken of the Democratic Party spoke out against the lifting of net neutrality in an opinion piece for the Washington Post on April 26, 2017. “Net neutrality means that cable network operators cannot reserve the fastest internet speeds for the largest companies and that everyone else stays on the slow lane. It ensures that the website of a local pizza shop in rural Oregon or Minnesota loads as fast as the website for Pizza Hut or Domino's . Or why a social network built in a garage is just as available to the same people as Instagram or Twitter . ”The Senators and Wheeler went on to argue that net neutrality is good for consumers, small businesses and rural America. In addition, net neutrality creates jobs, especially in small businesses. Net neutrality also means that small businesses can compete with the largest, most profitable companies. YouTube, for example, was able to compete with Google, because Internet service providers treated the content of the video platform in the same way as that of Google and there could be no unfair advantage by paying fees to Internet service providers. “Small and medium-sized companies shouldn't have to outbid massive conglomerates in order to get their products in front of the consumers. If net neutrality is gutted, only the largest conglomerates will be able to pay for the fastest internet speed. ”Because“ Of course, access to high-speed internet in rural areas not only supports jobs and businesses, but also affects things like education and healthcare. ”

With the assumption of office of Donald Trump 2017, the website was White House cleared on net neutrality; the new FCC chairman Ajit Pai is a vehement opponent of net neutrality. Ajit Pai announced in a speech on February 26, 2017 that it would soften net neutrality in the USA and possibly abolish it. He wanted to "revise a mistake" and promote a "free and open Internet". The bug relates to Internet providers being classified as utility under Title II of the Communications Act 2015. This gave the FCC the right to impose certain rules on the providers, i.e. to regulate them and to prohibit them from certain business practices. As FCC chairman, Pai wants to repeal the legal basis for net neutrality in the USA by reversing the classification of Internet services as telecommunications services instead of information services (“Title II” of the Communications Act) from 2015.

Prior to the vote, which was scheduled for December 14, 2017, the FCC received more than 23 million submissions from citizens, although the FCC's online comment system was often down. On December 11, 2017, 21 Internet pioneers and entrepreneurs wrote an open letter to the American Congress, demanding that the plan to abolish net neutrality be abandoned. They stated that the authority had not dealt with its 43-page statement of July 17, 2017, which had been supported by 200 other Internet pioneers and technicians, but on the contrary, the order to be decided on exactly those technical gaps in understanding and Thinking errors supported, which were described in the report.

In the vote on December 14, 2017, the FCC spoke out against net neutrality with a 3-2 vote.

See also

literature

Web links

Commons : Net neutrality  - collection of images, videos and audio files
Wiktionary: Net neutrality  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ http://www.im.uni-karlsruhe.de/Upload/Publications/336c39b3-7a62-4159-bb1a-483f39dd5b24.pdf ( Memento from October 29, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
  2. ↑ Tim Wu was working at a software company in Silicon Valley that was developing a program that could block certain websites or slow down access. When he learned that this software was being offered not only to US Internet providers but also to the Chinese government, Wu got out. See interview with Democracy Now on February 27, 2015
  3. ↑ a b “A Historic Decision”: Tim Wu, Father of Net Neutrality, Praises FCC Vote to Preserve Open Internet . Democracy Now !. February 27, 2015. Archived from the original on March 1, 2015. Retrieved on April 28, 2017: “Back then, Tim Wu was working for a software company in Silicon Valley that developed a program that can block certain websites or slow down access. When he learned that this software was being offered not only to US Internet providers but also to the Chinese government, Wu got out. "
  4. ↑ a b What kind of net neutrality do you mean? In: Spiegel Online ; Retrieved May 30, 2012
  5. ↑ British providers demand broadband tolls from the BBC . Heise online . Retrieved August 5, 2010.
  6. ↑ Interview on net neutrality in the USA with Prof. Krämer. In: Jetzt.de , December 14, 2017
  7. ^ Rock the Net
  8. ↑ Study: How does net neutrality promote innovation? Retrieved August 29, 2013 .
  9. ↑ Tim Wu: Network Neutrality, Broadband Discrimination. In: papers.ssrn.com
  10. ↑ Barbara van Schewick Internet Architecture and Innovation in the Google Book Search
  11. ^ Tim Berners-Lee : Long Live the Web: A Call for Continued Open Standards and Neutrality . In: Scientific American , November 22, 2010
  12. ↑ OpenNet Initiative
  13. ↑ On equality and toll booths in the network. In: Heise.de. December 3, 2009, accessed August 5, 2010 .
  14. ↑ T-Online will block Skype on the iPhone. In: Pcpraxis.de. Retrieved August 5, 2010 .
  15. ↑ Daniel Schraeder: Quite expensive: Cell phone tariffs that WhatsApp & Co. allow. In: techstage. Heise Zeitschriften, December 7, 2012, accessed on March 19, 2014 .
  16. ↑ Ekkehard Kern: The pitfalls of smartphone contracts. In: welt.de. Axel Springer SE, April 8, 2013, accessed on March 19, 2014 .
  17. ↑ Alexis Bezverkhyy: Bouygues Télécom filtre malhonnêtement son réseau 3G et inspecte vos données. (No longer available online.) In: grapsus.net. April 19, 2011, archived from the original on July 22, 2011 ; Retrieved July 6, 2011 .
  18. ↑ Have fun with Kabel Deutschland. In: netzpolitik.org. March 13, 2008, accessed August 5, 2010 .
  19. ↑ Kabel Deutschland throttles file sharing for existing customers. In: heise.de. July 26, 2012, accessed July 31, 2012 .
  20. ^ Dusan Zivadinovic: Forced router for internet access. In: heise nets. July 15, 2014, accessed October 25, 2014 .
  21. ↑ KabelBW Technicolor free internet doesn't matter to us. Retrieved October 25, 2014 .
  22. ↑ Redemption of the UnityMedia Technicolor tc7200. Retrieved October 25, 2014 .
  23. ↑ Dusan Zivadinovic: Kabel-BW also tacitly grants public IPv4 addresses. In: heise nets. Retrieved October 25, 2014 .
  24. ↑ Felix Disselhoff: Hulu in Europe: country ban ineffective. In: Netzwertig.com. June 25, 2008, accessed August 5, 2010 .
  25. ↑ Internet via UMTS: This is how German providers falsify web content . In: zdnet.de , October 14, 2009.
  26. ↑ Report of the Federal Network Agency from June 14, 2013 on the tariff change of Deutsche Telekom AG for Internet access from May 2, 2013 hrsg = Federal Network Agency. (PDF) June 14, 2013, accessed May 26, 2015 .
  27. ^ Frode Sørensen: Net neutrality and charging models. NKOM, November 18, 2014, accessed on May 26, 2015 .
  28. ^ Philipp Sandner: Current developments in net neutrality. (PDF) RTR, July 4, 2014, accessed on May 26, 2015 .
  29. ↑ List of 75 zero-rated, potentially anti-competitive mobile applications / services, violating net neutrality, in EU28. Rewheel / Digital Fuel Monitor, October 1, 2014, accessed May 26, 2015 .
  30. ↑ Thomas Lohninger, Benedikt Gollatz, Cornelia Hoffmann, Erwin Ernst Steinhammer, Ludger Benedikt Deffaa, Ali Al-Awadi, Andreas Czák: Report: The Net Neutrality Situation in the EU . Ed .: epicenter.works. 1st edition. Vienna January 29, 2019 (English, epicenter.works ).
  31. ^ The inside story of how Netflix came to pay Comcast for internet traffic. In: qz.com. Retrieved May 31, 2015 .
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