Nikolai Alexandrovich Ladovsky
Nikolai Alexandrowitsch Ladowski ( Russian: Никола́й Алекса́ндрович Ладо́вский ; * 1881 in Kotelnja , Volyn , Ukraine ; † October 18, 1941 Moscow ) was a Russian architect and university professor . As a university professor at WChUTEMAS , founder of ASNOWA and the main representative of rationalism , he is considered one of the most important architects of modernism in Russia.
Life
Ladowski was born of the Jewish denomination. He later switched to the Evangelical Lutheran faith. He grew up without a family. He graduated from school in 1898. Because of this change of denomination it was possible to study in Moscow, which Jews were forbidden at the time. He worked on construction sites for 15 years and as a pilot for four years. At the age of 36 he received his diploma in architecture.
After graduating from school in 1898, Ladowski worked in the construction sector and has already won architectural competitions with three projects in Perm , Blagoveschensk and Ananjiw , which, however, were never realized. From 1907 he worked in St. Petersburg . He began studying architecture at the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture in 1914 and received his diploma in 1917. In 1918 after the October Revolution he worked in the architecture workshop of the Moscow City Soviet under the direction of the chief architect Ivan Scholtowski and the chief master Alexei Shtusev . Out of dissatisfaction with the direction of the architectural work, he opposed Scholtowski.
In 1919, Ladowski, together with other architects and a sculptor, founded the commission for dealing with the problems of the synthesis of painting, sculpture and architecture of the recently founded ISO (visual arts) department of the People's Commissariat for Education . Ladowski took part in discussions on the development of architecture and art, the general problem of design and the spatial aspects of architecture. He developed numerous projects in which he experimented with a dynamic approach. He clearly distanced himself from the nihilistic wing of the constructivists . In 1920 an exhibition of the work of the commissioners was held as the first public demonstration of innovative architectural directions. Ladowski's work made the strongest impression on the participants and visitors of the exhibition, so that the previously unknown Ladowski was now seen as the leader of the new architectural direction and an original opponent of the classicism led by Scholtowski .
From 1920 Ladowski taught as the central figure of the rationalists at the WChUTEMAS . He also propagated psychoanalytic methods. In 1923 he founded the Association of New Architects (ASNOWA) and became its chairman. The group's first major success was winning the 1924 competition for the construction of the International Red Stadium on Sparrow Hills . In 1925, Ladowski and El Lissitzky planned a residential complex in Iwanowo with apartment blocks that were connected to one another at an angle of 120 ° for cost reasons. Such a system with 12 segments was implemented in Moscow. In 1928 Ladowski founded the ARU, the association of architects and urbanists . The basis of creation was the principle of developing new free forms from the style elements of earlier epochs. In 1929 he developed the planning scheme The Development City, which takes into account the evolutionary growth of the city and the subsequent reconstruction, the so-called Ladowski Parabola . In contrast to the zone model , horseshoe-shaped residential complexes should be built along a radius from the center in order to avoid high-rise buildings in the center and a concentration of traffic. This concept was not accepted in the former Soviet Union , but was later taken up by Konstantinos A. Doxiadis . After all, Ladowski's town planning was an early forerunner of the much later general plan for the reconstruction of Moscow .
Despite the introduction of Socialist Classicism after 1932, the Moscow City Soviet commissioned Ladowski to head the 5th Planning Commission for the re-planning of the Moscow districts of Samoskvorechye and Jakimanka. Ladowski's plan was for a wide avenue with high blocks of flats instead of the narrow street network with the historic buildings. Because of the high costs and the later German-Soviet war , the plans were never realized.
1928–1931 Ladowski built a large residential complex in Moscow, which, however, was implemented with considerable changes to his plans. 1934–1935 he built the portal and the platform hall of the Dzerzhinskaya station (now Lubyanka) of the Moscow Metro . In 1935 he built the southern entrance hall of the Krasnye Vorota (Red Gates) metro station .
Ladowski died by suicide .
Buildings
Ladowski realized only two structures, another was modified according to his plans.
- 1928–31 apartment block on Tverskaya Street (major changes to its original plans)
- 1935 Krasnye Vorota metro station (portal only)
- 1934–35 Dzerzhinskaya metro station (today Lubyanka) (portal and platforms)
literature
- С. О. Хан-Магомедов: Николай Ладовский . SE Gordejew , Moscow 2011, ISBN 978-5-4330-0007-0 (Russian).
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b avant-garde and psychotechnology . Wallstein Verlag, ISBN 978-3-8353-2024-6 , pp. 52 .
- ↑ Selim O. Chan-Magamedow: Pioneers of Soviet Architecture . VEB Verlag der Kunst, Dresden 1983, p. 68 .
- ↑ Dankwart Guratzsch: The Russian Bauhaus was more modern than modernity (accessed on October 19, 2016).
- ↑ Dieter Wenk: Psychoanalysis and Architecture (accessed on October 19, 2016).
- ↑ Вигдария Хазанова: Советская архитектура первых лет Октября. 1917–1925 гг. Наука, Moscow 1970.
- ↑ Sergey Kavtaradze: 70 let moskovskomy metro (70 лет московскому метро (70 years of Moscow Metro)) . In: World Art Muzey (in Russian) . tape 14 , 2005, pp. 47-49 .
- ↑ А. И. Комеч, А. Ю. Броновицкая, Н. Н. Броновицкая: Архитектура Москвы 1910–1935 гг. Искусство - XXI век, Moscow 2012, ISBN 978-5-98051-101-2 , pp. 213 .
- ↑ Митурич М.П .: Воспоминания (accessed on October 19, 2016).
| personal data | |
|---|---|
| SURNAME | Ladowski, Nikolai Alexandrovich |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | Ладовский, Николай Александрович (Russian); Ladovsky, Nikolai Alexandrovich |
| BRIEF DESCRIPTION | Russian architect and university professor |
| DATE OF BIRTH | 1881 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Moscow |
| DATE OF DEATH | October 18, 1941 |
| Place of death | Moscow |