Ivan Wladislawowitsch Scholtowski

Ivan Scholtowski

Iwan Wladislavowitsch Scholtowski ( Russian Иван Владиславович Жолтовский , scientific transliteration Ivan Vladislavovič Žoltovskij ; * November 15 ^July / November 27,  1867 ^greg. In Plotnitsa near Pinsk ; † July 16, 1959 in Moscow was a Russian classicist architect and architect of socialistism ) University professor of the academic wing of the WChUTEMAS (later WChUTEIN).

Life

Scholtowski came from an impoverished aristocratic Catholic family . In 1887 he entered the art school at the Imperial Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg . Because of his limited financial resources, he had to temporarily interrupt his studies and work as an architect's assistant. 1891-1892 he was involved in construction for the Dzankoy Feodosia Railway in the Crimea . With Stefan Petrowitsch Galensowski he participated unsuccessfully in the competitions for the grave monuments for Konstantin Andrejewitsch Thon in St. Petersburg and Samuel Hahnemann in Paris .

Ivan Scholtowski graduated from the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts in 1898. He defended his diploma project for a people's house with a dining room, theater and library in Antonín Tomíška's studio , whereupon he was awarded the title of architect-artist . He settled in Moscow and taught from December 1900 to the end of 1904 at the Moscow Stroganov Drawing School. In 1909 he was elected Academician of Architecture by the Academy of Arts. Together with Igor Emmanuilowitsch Grabar and Iwan Wassiljewitsch Rylski , he joined the jury for the competitions for facade design in Moscow. On his first trips to Italy , he studied in particular the works of Andrea Palladio , whose Quattro libri dell'architettura he later translated into Russian with the addition of a comment. For the Tarasow house he designed the facade according to the facade of Palladio's Palazzo Thiene in Vicenza with the proportions of the Doge's Palace in Venice . He studied proportions in architecture and art and dealt with the golden ratio .

After the October Revolution , Sholtovsky stayed in Moscow during the Russian Civil War . He taught at the higher artistic-technical workshops and concentrated on urban planning . His students included Ilya Alexandrowitsch Golossow , Panteleimon Alexandrowitsch Golossow , Nikolai Alexandrowitsch Ladowski , Nikolai Dschemsowitsch Kolli, and Konstantin Stepanowitsch Melnikow . With Alexei Viktorovich Shtusev , he planned a new Moscow with classicist buildings as the capital of the Soviet state from 1918 to 1923 , which expanded to the northwest with garden cities . Like other projects of the time, this was not implemented. 1923 Scholtowski developed a master plan for the All-Russian Agricultural Exhibition in Moscow, where he the engineering - Pavillon projected . In the same year he was assigned house no. 6 in Vosnesensky Lane , a mansion in which the poets Alexander Petrovich Sumarokov and Yevgeny Abramowitsch Baratynski had lived and now Scholtowski lived and worked until his death. Scholtowski carefully received the interior with grisaille painting on the ceilings and set up his studio there. When the Baratynski-Scholtowski-Kabinett became the reading room of the city archive after Scholtowski's death , the grisaille painting disappeared.

At the end of 1923 Scholtowski was seconded to Italy. Soon after, his academic degree was revoked from the Academy of the Arts. After his stay in Italy, he returned to Pinsk, now Poland , where he raised the bell tower of the Cathedral of the Assumption by two floors. In 1926 he returned to the USSR and in December 1926 again became an academic at the Academy of Arts.

In 1932 Scholtowski was honored as an Honored Artist of the RSFSR . During this time he planned and built the residential building on Mokhovaya Street, which Shchusev praised. In the competition for the Palace of the Soviets he shared the 1st prize with Boris Michailowitsch Iofan and Hector Hamilton , which was then revoked.

In 1940 Scholtovsky accepted a position at the Moscow Architecture Institute (MArchI) . During the German-Soviet War he stayed in Moscow, taught at MArchI and advised on repairing war damage. In 1945, Scholtowski's studio completed the controversial Lion House on the Patriarch Ponds as a residence for marshals of the Red Army . Scholtowski's instruction for a training project for his students for a country house for a Soviet marshal attracted criticism, so that the student projects had to be stopped and Scholkowski had to revise his text.

In contrast to many other architects of his time, Scholtowski remained true to the style he favored. From the beginning he was a representative of the traditionalist, classicist line of Russian architecture and thus developed into one of the main representatives of socialist classicism under the rule of Stalin. At a time when it was extremely difficult to get a travel permit, Scholtowski managed to visit Italy a total of 26 times to study the Renaissance architecture there. His numerous students called him the "Pope", an allusion to his authority in the Soviet architecture of the time, which was thus compared to the infallibility of the Pope.

Nevertheless, Scholtowski was exposed to criticism from the Communist Party . He was accused of his traditionalism and his closeness to everything modern in architecture. At the end of the 1940s there was a real campaign against him by the Soviet press, which at the time was extremely dangerous. Despite all this, Scholtowski continued to receive orders from organs of the state apparatus (such as the NKVD and the Soviet Foreign Ministry), as well as from party functionaries.

In 1948 Scholkowski was again exposed to severe criticism and he lost his chair at MArchI. In February 1949 a round table called him a formalist and banned him from practicing his profession. In 1950, however, he received the Stalin Prize Second Class for the previously criticized building. 1950–1955 Scholtowski's studio carried out the reconstruction and renovation of the main building of the Moscow hippodrome , which had been built by Ivan Timofejewitsch Baryutin and Semyon Fyodorowitsch Kulagin . 1952–1954 Scholtowski's studio participated with 6 projects in the first all-union competition for prefabricated buildings . In 1957 the Pobeda cinema was built in Moscow's Abelmanovskaya Ulitsa.

Scholtowski was married twice and remained childless. He was buried in the Novodevichy Cemetery. The grave monument was created by Pyotr Ivanovich Skokan , G. Michailowskaja and Nikolai Petrowitsch Sukojan after Scholtowski's unrealized project for the grave of Antonina Wassiljewna Neschdanowas . Scholtowski's widow, the pianist Olga Arenskaja, had to leave the apartment within 48 hours. Scholtowski's art collection has not been preserved.

Construction projects (selection)

1902 - House of the Equestrian Society ( Moscow )

1909–1910 - Tarasov House (Moscow)

1928 - Government building in Makhachkala ( Dagestan )

1932 - Competition design for the Palace of the Soviets (Moscow)

1934 - House on Mokhovaya Street (Moscow)

1936 - House of the Central Executive Committee ( Sochi )

1949 - Reconstruction of the Moscow Racecourse

Works

• 

  House Tarasov in Moscow. General view (1909-10)

• 

  Extension of the MOGES-1 power plant (1927, the 3rd floor is a blind facade)

• 

  House on Mokhovaya Street in Moscow (1934)

• 

  Lion House at the Patriarch Ponds (1945)

• 

  Moslkauer Hippodrom (1950–1955)

• 

  Kino Pobeda (1957)

literature

• Alexei Tarkhanov, Sergei Kavtaradze: Architecture of the Stalin Era . Rizzoli, New York City 1992, ISBN 0-8478-1473-4 . :
• Dmitri Khmelnitsky: Ivan Scholtowski. Architect of Soviet Palladianism. DOM publishers, Berlin 2015, ISBN 978-3-86922-283-7

Web links

Commons : Iwan Scholtowski  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

• Article Iwan Wladislawowitsch Scholtowski in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia (BSE) , 3rd edition 1969–1978 (Russian)http: //vorlage_gse.test/1%3D040782~2a%3D~2b%3DIwan%20Wladislawowitsch%20Scholtowski
• Literature by and about Iwan Wladislawowitsch Scholtowski in the bibliographic database WorldCat

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b c d} Шурыгина О. С .: Новые данные о И. В. Жолтовском (к 150-летию со дня рождения архитектора) . In: Архитектурное наследство . No. 167 , 2017, p. 170-186 .
2. ↑ Особняк Тарасова в Москве (accessed April 5, 2019).
3. ↑ ЗОЛОТОЙ ЗАПАС ЗОДЧЕСТВА (accessed April 5, 2019).
4. ↑ Хан-Магомедов С. О .: Иван Жолтовский . С. Э. Гордеев, Moscow 2010, ISBN 978-5-91566-036-5 .
5. ↑ Dmitrij Khmelnitsky : Загадки Жолтовского . In: Monumentalita & Modernita . St. Petersburg 2011 ( [1] accessed April 5, 2019).
6. ↑ CHRISTOPHER GRAY: For the Car, and Far From Pedestrian . In: The New York Times . September 9, 2010 ( [2] accessed April 5, 2019).
7. ↑ ^{a b} Dmitrij Khmelnitsky: Сталин и архитектура . 2004 ( [3] accessed April 5, 2019).
8. ↑ Геннадий Зосимов: Архитектор Жолтовский . In: Люди и судьбы. ХХ век . 2005 ( [4] accessed April 5, 2019).