Pinsk

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Pinsk | Pinsk
Пінск | Пинск
( Belarus. ) | ( Russian )
coat of arms
coat of arms
 flag
flag
State : BelarusBelarus Belarus
Woblasz : Flag of Brest Voblast, Belarus.svg Brest
Coordinates : 52 ° 7 '  N , 26 ° 6'  E Coordinates: 52 ° 7 '  N , 26 ° 6'  E
Area : 47.36  km²
 
Residents : 137,961 (Jan 1, 2018)
Population density : 2,913 inhabitants per km²
Time zone : Moscow time ( UTC + 3 )
Telephone code : (+375) 165
Postal code : BY - 225710
License plate : 1
 
Website :
Pinsk (Belarus)
Pinsk
Pinsk
View of Pinsk from a bridge over the Pina

Pinsk ( Belarusian Пінск ; Russian Пинск ; Polish Pińsk ) is a city in the southwest of the Republic of Belarus in the Breszkaja Woblasz with about 138,000 inhabitants (January 1, 2018), in the middle of the Pripyat Marshes , near the border with Ukraine . The city has a baroque old town that is well worth seeing.

The Dnieper-Bug Canal flows into the Pripyat near Pinsk .

coat of arms

Description : In red, a stretched golden bow with a silver-tipped golden arrow pointing to the left.

location

Pinsk lies on the two rivers Pina and Pripyat . The two rivers were connected by building canals at the end of the 18th century (still under Poland ), so that Pinsk had a direct connection to the world cities of Kiev , Koenigsberg and Gdansk by water (from the Baltic Sea to the Black Sea) . In the south, the river Pina delimits the small town from the marshland of the Polesia region, which begins on the other bank of the river .

history

Pinsk appears in the chronicles for the first time in 1097 as Pinesk in the possession of the Prince of Turow , and by 1174 at the latest it was the center of a separate principality of Pinsk . In 1319 it was conquered by Lithuania . In 1565 the Principality of Pinsk was transformed into the Powiat Pinsk in the Brześć Litewski Voivodeship .

From 1569 the city belonged to Poland-Lithuania . After the second partition of Poland , it came under the rule of the Russian Empire in 1793 as part of the Minsk Governorate . In 1920 Pinsk was annexed to Poland again and was under Soviet occupation in 1939/41 and German occupation in 1941/44 . After the end of the Second World War , Pinsk became part of the Belarusian SSR in 1945 and thus part of the Soviet Union. The city has been part of Belarus since its collapse .

Pinsk was an important center of Judaism until the Holocaust . In 1900, 77 percent of the population were Ashkenazi Jews. Pinsk was considered to be the city with the largest number of Jewish residents in the Russian Empire. It was here that Hasidism developed , a particularly strict mystical movement within Judaism. In the 1920s, some Jews relocated to the Black Sea , Vienna , Budapest, and the United States for economic reasons . In 1939, 27,000 of Pinsk's 30,000 residents were Jews.

In September 1939 the city was first occupied by Soviet troops . On July 4, 1941 , the German Wehrmacht captured Pinsk and shortly afterwards a Judenrat was set up . At the beginning of August, the 2nd SS Cavalry Regiment moved into the city under the command of Franz Magill . Between August 5 and 9, 1941, the men of the cavalry regiment near Posenitschi, around six kilometers outside the city, shot around 9,000 Jewish men. The Pinsk Jews who remained alive, actually only women and children, had to move to a ghetto on May 1, 1942 by order of the German occupation administration , in which up to 20,000 people lived in a confined space. The ghetto only existed for half a year. On October 29, 1942, following a corresponding order from Heinrich Himmler, the liquidation of the ghetto by the 2nd Battalion of Police Regiment 15 , the previous Police Battalion 306 , Police Rider Division 2 and a company of Police Regiment 11 . Around 10,000 Jews were murdered on that day alone. Between October 30 and November 1, 1942, the ghetto was again combed daily. According to the report of the captain of the Ordnungspolizei , Helmut Saur, who was entrusted with the management of this "action" , 15,000 Jews were rounded up in order to shoot them outside the city of Pinsk. Around 1200 other Jews, especially the sick and children, had already been killed in the ghetto. It is not entirely clear whether those killed on October 29 are included in the number of Jews rounded up or not. In the first case the number of victims would amount to around 16,200, in the other case to around 26,200. The bottom line is that the killings of 1941 and 1942 wiped out almost the entire Jewish population of Pinsk.

In the post-war period, the Soviet city administration had some of the buildings destroyed in the war demolished, including the Great Synagogue , built in 1640, and what was once the city's largest church. The Pinsk-born author Butrymowisz said in his memoirs about this place of worship : “There is also a large, really very large church on this square, the largest in the whole city. You have to put your head back to see where the church ends and where heaven begins. "

As a result of the Chernobyl nuclear disaster in 1986, large parts of Belarus were contaminated by radioactive fallout . The responsible ministry regularly publishes radiation levels for the region in order to warn people against the consumption of contaminated food. This also has an impact on the local market.

After Belarus separated from the Soviet Union, most of the farms and agricultural establishments remained in state hands.

The Belarusian Council of Ministers selected Pinsk as the City of Science in 2017 .

Attractions

  • Baroque ensemble of the Cathedral of the Assumption with an imposing bell tower and Franciscan monastery, in the old city center on the banks of the Pina River
  • Mateusz Butrymowicz Palace , since the 1990s a. a. with the municipal registry office in it,
  • eh. Polish boys' grammar school, still recognizable by its original inscription
  • Palace of Culture, in front of which there is a monument in honor of Lenin ,
  • Orthodox church , consecrated in autumn 2017
  • Palace of the Patriarch of the Pinsk Elders
  • City park, in which preserved trenches, tanks and barbed wire remind of the fighting of the Second World War, as well as a war memorial

sons and daughters of the town

Born in Pinsk

Connected to Pinsk

Twin town

Pinsk became a twin town of the German city ​​of Altena (Westphalia) after the Chernobyl disaster .

Others

The composer Richard Mohaupt created the opera in three acts Die Wirtin von Pinsk in 1936/1937 , text by Kurt Naue based on Carlo Goldoni's La locandiera . Karl Böhm conducted the world premiere of the work on February 10, 1938 at the Dresden Semperoper .

literature

  • Werner Müller (Ed.): Torn from the fire. The story of Pyotr Ruwinowitsch Rabzewitsch from Pińsk. Dittrich, Cologne 2001, ISBN 3-920862-30-9 .
  • Torsten Schäfer: "In any case, I also took part in the shooting". The NSG proceedings against Johann Josef Kuhr and other former members of Police Battalion 306, Police Rider Department 2 and the SD Office of Pinsk at the Frankfurt am Main Regional Court 1962–1973. A text analytical case study on the history of mentality. LIT-Verlag, Münster 2007, ISBN 978-3-8258-0604-0 . (At the same time dissertation at TU Darmstadt 2006.)
  • LG Braunschweig, April 20, 1964 . In: Justice and Nazi crimes . Collection of German convictions for Nazi homicidal crimes 1945–1966, Vol. XX, edited by Irene Sagel-Grande, HH Fuchs, CF Rüter . Amsterdam: University Press, 1979, No. 570, pp. 23–105 Subject matter of the proceedings: mass shooting of thousands of Jews in the Pripet region, including at least 4,500 Jews from the Pinsk ghetto
  • Diana Siebert: Techniques of rule in the swamp and their ranges. Landscape interventions and social engineering in Polesia from 1914 to 1941. Harrassowitz Verlag, Wiesbaden, 2019. ISBN 978-3-447-11229-1 .
  • Pinsk , in: Guy Miron (Ed.): The Yad Vashem encyclopedia of the ghettos during the Holocaust . Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 2009 ISBN 978-965-308-345-5 , pp. 588-591

Web links

Commons : Pinsk  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Численность населения на 1 января 2018 г. и среднегодовая численность населения за 2017 год по Республике Беларусь в разрезе областей, районов, городов, поселков городского типа (Russian)
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k Stefan May: Where Lenin still greets from the seats . In: Berliner Zeitung , 14./15. October 2017, p. B2.
  3. ↑ Cf. Martin Cüppers : Wegbereiter der Shoah. The Waffen-SS, the Reichsführer SS command staff and the extermination of the Jews 1939–1945 (publications by the Ludwigsburg Research Center of the University of Stuttgart, vol. 4). 2nd, unaltered edition, Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 2011, ISBN 978-3-89678-758-3 , pp. 154-161.
  4. ↑ It should be noted that the "population figures" of the ghettos fluctuated strongly, as almost permanently residents were singled out and murdered or " evacuated " to other places in order to be murdered there after appropriate work. In return, the ghettos received constant influx (partly forced, partly voluntary, because the Jews often did not know where else to go) of whole contingents of "new" Jews who ultimately shared the fate of their predecessors. Therefore, the total number of those murdered in this case is also higher than the stated total number of the ghetto population.
  5. ↑ See Christian Gerlach: Calculated Morde. The German economic and destruction policy in Belarus 1941 to 1944. , Hamburger Edition, 2nd edition, Hamburg 2012, ISBN 978-3-930908-63-9 , pp. 720f., Where it is noted that the interpretation inherent in the source but the makes a higher number of victims appear more plausible. The author also mentions that one of those involved in the mass executions boasted of having shot his 2,000th Jew in this context.
  6. ^ Because of these crimes, criminal proceedings took place at the Frankfurt am Main Regional Court from 1962 to 1973 . See: PR Magocsi: Historical Atlas of Central Europe. University of Washington Press, Seattle 2002, p. 109; Torsten Schäfer: "In any case, I also took part in the shooting". The NSG proceedings against Johann Josef Kuhr and other former members of Police Battalion 306, Police Rider Department 2 and the SD Office of Pinsk at the Frankfurt am Main Regional Court 1962–1973 (= dissertation series of the Evangelisches Studienwerk e.V. Villigst, Volume 11), LIT-Verlag, Hamburg 2007, p. 14ff.
  7. ↑ Указ № 481 от 23 декабря 2016 г .: Об объявлении 2017 года Годом науки (German: Decision No. 481 of December 23, 2016: On the proclamation of 2017 as the Year of Science ) , accessed on October 31, 2017.
  8. ↑ Saints on the Pina River (Belarusian / English) , accessed on October 31, 2017.
  9. ↑ Mateusz's Butrimovich Palace (English / Belarusian) , accessed on October 31, 2017.
  10. ↑ a b Sights of Pinsk
  11. ↑ In memory of the war (Belarusian / English) , accessed on October 31, 2017.
  12. ↑ Mateusz Butrymowicz , sejm-wielki.pl (Polish)
  13. ↑ Altena.de: Twin towns and sponsorships
  14. ↑ http://www.universaledition.com/Die-Wirtin-von-Pinsk-Richard-Mohaupt/verbindisten-und-werke/verbindungen/485/werk/2083