Veni, veni, Emmanuel
Veni, veni, Emmanuel is an Advent song that goes back to a paraphrase of five of the seven O-antiphons . The original Latin text has been translated into various modern languages (German, English, ...).
text
At the beginning: Psalteriolum Cantionum Catholicarum
Even if it is often read that there was a strophic rhyme version of the antiphons as early as the 12th century, the earliest evidence for the text known today is the seventh edition of the hymn book Psalteriolum Cantionum Catholicarum by Johannes Heringsdorf , published in Cologne in 1710 came out. It was widely used in Jesuit schools and continued to appear in new editions well into the 19th century. The text combines five of the seven antiphons in a new order in which the seventh and last of the antiphon invocations (Emmanuel) is placed at the beginning, with the refrain Gaude, gaude! Emmanuel nascetur pro te, Israel! ("Rejoice, rejoice! Immanuel is born for you, Israel").
| Latin | translation |
|---|---|
|
Veni, veni Emmanuel ! |
Come on, Immanuel! |
|
Veni o Iesse virgula! |
Come, O scion of Jesse!
Lead yours out of |
|
Veni, veni o oriens ! |
Come, come, oh morning star! |
|
Veni clavis Davidica! |
Come key of david ! |
|
Veni, veni Adonai ! |
Come on, Lord! |
complement
At an as yet unknown date and by an unknown author, presumably in the course of Cecilianism , two stanzas were added after the remaining two invocations of the O-antiphons. The earliest evidence to date is Veni, o sapientia in Joseph Hermann Mohr's Cantiones sacrae from 1878.
| Latin | translation |
|---|---|
|
Veni, o Sapientia, |
Come, |
|
Veni, veni, Rex gentium, |
Come, come, King of Nations, |
German versions
| Cologne hymn book 1722 | CB Verspoell 1810 | H. Bone 1847 | “Gotteslob” (1975), No. 829 Anh. Archbishop Cologne |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Oh come, oh come, Immanuel! |
Oh come, oh come, Emanuel, |
Oh come, oh come, Emmanuel, |
Oh come, oh come, Immanuel, |
CB Verspoell
At the end of the 18th century and at the beginning of the 19th century, the translation and creation of new Catholic hymns into German flourished in the wake of the Enlightenment. During this time, various translations of Veni, veni Emmanuel into German were made, including by Hermann Ludwig Nadermann and Christoph Bernhard Verspoell . These are not so much textual translations, but rather transmissions in the spirit of the times. Verspoell's version with a melody created by him is still very popular in the diocese of Münster . During the time of National Socialism , singing the song because of "Israel" in the context of "in hard misery ..." became an act of confession that was noted in reports by the Gestapo . The song can be found in the Munster regional appendix of the Praise of God as no.754, in the 1975 edition under the number 902.
Heinrich Bone
Heinrich Bone took one of the German variants, which was much closer to the Latin text and preserved the sequence Emmanuel , Jesse's staff , sun , David's key , strong God , into his influential Cantate collection ! (1st edition 1847).
Independently of this, he created his own strophic version of all seven O-antiphons in their original order (without the refrain) beginning with Herr send whom you want to send . This version can be found in the appendix to the old praise of God (1975) of the Archdiocese of Cologne under No. 831.
Lord, send the one you want to send,
through whom you calm all sorrows,
who set us free with a strong hand
and lead us into the promised land!
O wisdom from the Supreme Mouth,
which you embrace of the universe
and direct everything with strength and advice,
come, teach us the path of your wisdom!
O Adonai, mighty God,
you gave Moses your commandment
on Sinai in the
glow of flames, stretch out your arm to set us free!
O root Jesse, steadfast,
a sign to all people and land,
prince and king bow to you,
come soon, come soon and buy us off!
O key of David, you scepter,
who
opens and closes everything freely,
lead us out of captivity,
save us from the imprisonment of death!
O sun of righteousness,
the glory of eternal light,
rise
, O sun, and shine down
into darkness and the grave of sin!
O King, the world waits for him,
you cornerstone, who unites and holds it,
come to man, O ruler mildly,
and save, O God, your image!
O God with us, Immanuel,
you prince of the house of Israel,
O yearning of all peoples,
come, bring us to your peace!
In the Swiss Catholic Hymn of 1998, No. 304 is a modern revision of Bone's seven-stanza poetry with the beginning “God, send us down your son”, which the editors combined with the refrain “Be happy, be happy”. Likewise in the new Praise to God (2013) under No. 222 with the beginning “Lord, send us down your Son”.
Lord, send the one you want to send,
through which you calm all misery,
which will soon tear all our ties
and lead to the promised land.
O wisdom from the Supreme Mouth,
which you embrace of the universe
and direct everything with strength and advice,
come, teach us the path of your wisdom!
O Adonai, mighty God,
who
gave your command to Moses on the mountain in the
rain, stretch out your arm to set us free!
O root of Jesse, steadfast,
a sign to all people and land,
prince and king bow to you great.
Come soon, come soon and buy us out!
O key of David, you scepter,
who opens and closes everything freely,
come, lead us out of the imprisonment of death,
which brings all your people into darkness.
O sun of righteousness,
the glory of eternal light,
rise, O sun, and shine down
in darkness and shadow grave.
O king, shepherd in the League of Nations,
you cornerstone in the world,
come to man, O ruler mildly,
and save, O God, your image!
O God with us, Emmanuel,
Prince of the House of Israel,
O desire of all peoples,
come, bring us to your peace!
Otmar Schulz
Otmar Schulz created his own version in 1975 with the beginning O komm, o komm, du Morgenstern , which only reveals motivic echoes of the Latin original. It was included in the Evangelical Hymnal (EG 19).
English versions
In 1851, John Mason Neale took over the five-stanza Latin version, which he had probably gotten through Daniel's Thesaurus Hymnologicus , into his collection Hymni ecclesiae . In the same year he published a first English translation in Mediæval hymns and sequences with the beginning Draw nigh, draw nigh, Emmanuel . He revised this for The Hymnal Noted ; In 1861 another revision appeared in the hymns Ancient and Modern , now with the beginning O come, o come Emmanuel . Thomas Alexander Lacey (1853–1931) created a new version for The English Hymnal in 1906 , which was received only to a limited extent.
| JM Neale 1851 | Hymns ancient and modern 1861 | TA Lacey 1906 |
|---|---|---|
|
Draw nigh, draw nigh, Emmanuel, |
O COME, O come, Emmanuel, |
O come, O come, Emmanuel! |
In the early 20th century, the five-stanza version was supplemented by two stanzas with the missing invocations after the O-antiphons ( wisdom and desire of nations ). In particular, the version by Henry Sloane Coffin, published in 1916, is still used today, albeit sometimes with changes:
O come, Thou Wisdom from on high,
And order all things, far and nigh;
To us the path of knowledge show,
and cause us in her ways to go.
O come, Desire of nations, bind
All peoples in one heart and mind;
Bid envy, strife and quarrels cease;
Fill the whole world with heaven's peace.
In 1940 the seven-stanza version appeared for the first time in an official hymnal, the hymnal of the Episcopal Church of the United States of America . In the English language hymnbooks currently in use there are a wide variety of four- to eight-stanza variants. The version in the 1982 Hymnal of the Episcopal Church is typical : there are eight stanzas with Emmanuel as the first and last stanza. Six lines of this version come from the original English version by Neale, nine from the version of the hymns Ancient & Modern , eleven (including the two supplementary stanzas ) from the 1940 hymnal , and two lines at the beginning of the fourth stanza ( O come, thou Branch of Jesse's tree, free them from Satan's tyranny ) have been revised for this issue.
Melodies
With the scheme 88 88 88 88 the song can be sung to different melodies. Verspoell's version has its own, which is still sung in the diocese of Münster to this day, while Bone's is mostly sung to a melody from JBC Schmidts': Collection of Church Chants for Catholic High Schools (Düsseldorf 1836), which is also included in the diocesan hymn books and regional editions who found praise of God. This melody found its way across the Atlantic via Johann Baptist Singenberger and is still used today in Catholic parishes and communities in the USA. In the Gotteslob appendix of the Archdiocese of Cologne, under no. 829, there is a melody by CF Ackens (Aachen, 1841).
Bone's refrainless version, Lord, send down us your son is connected to a melody from the Andernach hymn book (Cologne 1608) in Praise of God , but it can also be sung to the melody of the hymn Conditor alme siderum (Kempten around 1000).
In the United States, O come, o come, Emmanuel has been sung to the St. Petersburg melody by Dmitri Stepanowitsch Bortnjanski (known in Germany for I pray to the power of love and the great tattoo ) in some Lutheran hymn books . Another melody found in some hymn books is attributed to Charles Gounod .
Most powerful, however, was the melody that Thomas Helmore added to the song in the 1851 Hymnal Noted . He provided them with the note "from a French Missal in the National Library in Lisbon ". However, this source has not yet been proven. For decades, therefore, there was speculation that Helmore might have composed the melody himself, until the British canoness and hymnologist Mary Berry found a manuscript from the 15th century in the French national library in 1966 that contained this melody. It is a processional with chants for burial put together by Franciscan nuns . The melody used by Helmore is used there for a series of two-part tropes to the Responsorium Libera me from the Requiem .
But there is no evidence that this melody was ever sung to Veni, veni, Emmanuel before Helmore . Nevertheless, there are several modern movements that combine the melody with the Latin text, such as by Zoltán Kodály and Jan-Åke Hillerud (* 1939).
In the Catholic Hymnal of Switzerland (KG 304) and in the hymn book of the Evangelical Reformed Churches of German-speaking Switzerland (RG 362), both from 1998, Bones Gott send us your son is connected with the refrain Freu dich , to also include this version to be able to sing the French melody. One difficulty that no German version of the text could solve is the iambic declamation of the English “rejoíce!” (As does the French accentuation of the Latin “gaudé!”), Which the German call “freú dich!” Does not comply with.
In 1991, composer James Macmillan wrote a concerto for percussion and orchestra on the theme, which premiered during the 1992 Proms in London.
In the current light music
The band Theocracy converted the song of their piece O Come Emmanuel (2007) into a metal version.
In 2008 the singers Enya and Loreena McKennitt released their own interpretations of the song on their albums And Winter Came ... and A Midwinter Night's Dream, respectively .
The German Medieval - Electro - Band Heimatærde interprets the song in an electro version with Latin lyrics (2009).
The rock group U2 used the melody of the song in their song White as Snow from the album No Line on the Horizon (2009).
The also American metalcore band August Burns Red wrote an instrumental version of the song in 2012.
The American punk rock band Bad Religion recorded a punk rock version of the song for their EP Christmas Songs (2013).
In 2015, a version in English and Hebrew was released by New Zealand singer Anna Hawkins .
literature
- Ulrich Gabriel Heil: God, send your son down to us . In: Ansgar Franz, Dominik Fugger, Martina Haag (eds.): Hymn in the church year: fifty new and old songs for Christian festivals (= Mainz hymnological studies. Vol. 8). Francke, Tübingen / Basel 2002, ISBN 3-7720-2918-3 , pp. 87-96.
- Hugh Keyte, Andrew Parrott: The New Oxford Book of Carols. Oxford University Press, Oxford / New York 1992, ISBN 0-19-353322-7 , p. 42.
- Franz Karl Praßl : 19 - Oh come, oh come you Morgenstern . In: Gerhard Hahn , Jürgen Henkys (Hrsg.): Liederkunde zum Evangelisches Gesangbuch . No. 11 . Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2005, ISBN 3-525-50334-2 , pp. 3–7 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
Web links
- Text in different versions and notes on the history of transmission at hymnsandcarolsofchristmas.com (English)
Individual evidence
- ^ Joseph Mohr: Cantiones Sacrae. A Collection of Hymns and Devotional Chants . Pustet, Regensburg 1878, No. 36, p. 82 ( digitized version ); see also: Preces Latini , accessed December 14, 2009
- ↑ after: Praise to God. (1975) Regensburg edition, No. 808
- ↑ after: Praise to God. (1975) Münster edition, No. 902
- ↑ to: Cantata! Catholic hymn book. Second edition 1851 ( digitized in the Google book search), No. 8
- ↑ later (according to the Catholic hymn and prayer book for the Diocese of Fulda , 8th edition Fulda 1967, no. 111): “and plead full of longing to you”.
- ↑ later: " Step out with David's key / and close the gate of heaven."
- ↑ later: "save us from all driving and hardship!"
- ↑ Lukas Speckmann: "Oh come, oh come Emanuel": "Evergreen" in the diocese. In: Website of the Diocese of Münster. December 21, 2004, archived from the original on October 17, 2013 ; accessed on November 13, 2018 .
- ^ Joachim Kuropka: Münster in the National Socialist period. In: Franz-Josef Jakobi (Ed.): History of the City of Münster , Volume 2. Münster 1993, p. 328.
- ↑ Comparison of God's praise new / old (with own part Münster). (pdf, 138 kB) Diocese of Münster, September 4, 2013, p. 11 , archived from the original on December 13, 2014 ; accessed on November 13, 2018 .
- ↑ See Prassl (Lit.)
- ^ Raymond F. Glover: The Hymnal 1982 companion , Volume 1. Church Publishing, Inc., 1995, ISBN 0-89869-143-5 , p. 56
- ↑ John Mason Neale: Hymni ecclesiae: e breviariis quibusdam et missalibus gallicanis, germanis, hispanis, lusitanis desumpti. Oxford: JH Parker 1851 ( digitized in the Google book search), p. 57
- ^ Hymns ancient and modern: for use in the services of the church. London 1861 ( digitized version of 1867 edition in Google Book Search)
- ^ The English Hymnal. Oxford 1906 ( digitized in the Google book search), no. 8. It is noteworthy that the original text here is correct as 18th cent. referred to as.
- ↑ Quoted from hymnsandcarolsofchristmas
- ^ After Raymond F. Glove: The Hymnal 1982 Companion. Volume 3 A, 2nd Edition, New York: Church Publishing, Inc., 1995, ISBN 0-89869-143-5 , p. 105.
- ↑ Not like Prassl (lit.), p. 5 writes Christoph von Schmid!
- ↑ It is also occasionally attributed to Singenberger, see here .
- ↑ from 1632 also with the revised text Creator alme siderum , cf. GL 116 / EG 3 with German text underlay God, holy creator of all stars by Thomas Müntzer
- ↑ Hymns and Carols of Christmas with a reference to O. Hardwig (Ed.): The Wartburg Hymnal. Chicago: Wartburg Publishing House, 1918, No. 78 and Andreas Bersagel (Ed.): The Concordia Hymnal. Minneapolis: Augsburg Publishing House, 1932, no.118
- ↑ Hymns and Carols of Christmas with reference to Hymnal and Liturgies of the Moravian Church. Bethlehem, PA: Provincial Synod, 1920, No. 106, see also ChoralWiki
- ↑ O Come, O Come, Emmanuel. . The Cyber Hymnal; accessed on December 13, 2014.
- ^ Thomas Helmore: Hymnal Noted , Volumes 1 and 2. London, New York: Novello 1851; P. 213 in Google Book search
- ↑ Bone Jesu dulcis cunctis (PDF; 338 kB), p. 17, accessed on December 13, 2009.
- ↑ See in detail Heil (Lit.)
- ↑ And Winter Came (2008) in LyricWiki
- ↑ A Midwinter Night's Dream in LyricWiki.
- ↑ Sean O'Hagan: White As Snow: U2's most intimate song . Reviewed in The Guardian on February 13, 2009.
- ↑ August Burns Red: Sleddin 'Hill: Tracklist. MerchNOW, accessed June 30, 2017 .
- ↑ Bad Religion: Christmas Songs: Trackinglist . October 29, 2013; accessed on December 13, 2014.
- ↑ O Come, O Come, Emanuel. In: youtube. http://www.annahawkinsmusic.com/store , November 30, 2015, accessed January 2, 2020 .