Mountain official

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As Berg officials to all designated in the mining salaried officials. In the narrower sense, mining officials are officials appointed by the state . You can either as members of a mining authority of a mountain office work or even a mining authority form. Mining officials are familiar with the exercise of the rights and obligations that the state has with regard to mining for all minerals covered by the Mining Act.

General

As a rule, the tasks and competencies as well as the hierarchical position and ranking of the mining officials were clearly regulated. But there were also times and areas in which their names and hierarchical position were not clearly regulated. For example, the highest mining official in the country was the mining captain , who was sometimes referred to as the chief miner . Basically, mountain officials were divided into two groups, mountain officials from the pen and mountain officials from leather . The mountain officials from Feder were people who had studied law (law). They only familiarized themselves with the practice of mining and metallurgy during their professional activity. They were mining officials entrusted with administrative tasks. The mountain officials from the pen included the tithe , the mountain clerk and the mountain clerk . The leather mining officials were mining officials working in the technical field. They were the top plant officials. They included the mountain jury , the mountain master and the Obermarkscheider . In the course of the 19th century, a third group of officials was added, the mine officials. These included the steers , the operations managers , the foremen, the mark separators and the shift supervisors . This group of civil servants were not state civil servants, but private civil servants, yet they were temporarily appointed and sworn in by the mining authority without the involvement of the mine owners. From the outside, mountain officials were recognizable by the badges on their uniforms , which were marked by other items of clothing such as B. the manhole hat , the lined knee brackets and the mountain leather decorated with braids or golden cords , as well as the specially decorated mountain crochet . In addition to certain rights, mountain officials also had to observe certain prohibitions. For example, mining officials were prohibited from acquiring mine property as part of their employment.

Training of the mountain officials

The training of the mountain officials took place in different ways. The training of the company officials mainly took place in the acquisition of practical mining skills and theoretical knowledge of mining. The mountain officials from the spring had already completed a law degree before starting their professional activity. There was also the training for private mine officials, which took place at the mountain schools. The practical skills of the later company officials were imparted to them in the professional practice in which they worked as a tuscher . Theoretical knowledge was learned at the mountain school. In the case of the private mine officials, there was already a separation between the future climbers and the senior mine officials such as the operator at the mountain school. Up until the first half of the 18th century, the focus in the training of company officials was on practical training, while theoretical training was limited to imparting knowledge of mechanics. However, in the course of the 18th century, the mine and smelter officials were given not only practical training but also scientific training. The graduates were given knowledge of arithmetic , geometry , trigonometry , mechanics and hydraulics . Other subjects, such as the history of mining, trial studies, mining studies , surveying and mining law , have been added over the years.

Remuneration / payment of the mountain officials

The salary of the mountain officials has been regulated differently over the years in the respective mountain districts . Up until the 18th century, the Harz mining industry was paid over the tithe. In addition, there was the fare for the upper mountain officials from the leather. In addition, the ground jury received by each Bohrhauer still a so-called Stuff money Ausschläger and woodworkers. In addition, there were revision fees for the mountain clerk. In the Kingdom of Hanover, mining officials were paid from the tithe-casse in the 19th century. From the second half of the 19th century, the group of mine officials was paid directly by the mine operators. In the first half of the 20th century, the salary ordinance came into force. The salary of the mountain officials was from now on made by the state from the general tax revenue.

Mountain officials through the ages

The names, titles and hierarchies of the mountain officials were regulated differently depending on the language used in the respective region, mountain order and time. As a result, it happened that some mining officials, despite having the same title, sometimes had a higher, sometimes a lower, hierarchical position than mining officials with the same title at other times.

From the beginning to the second half of the 18th century.

Until the 12th century mining law was purely customary law, mining regulations that regulated the handling of mining and mining as such did not yet exist. Although there was already a form of mountain jurisdiction through the mountain jury, it was not until the beginning of the 13th century that the first mining law of Trento was written down as a law. In 1212 a miner was first mentioned as the chief manager of a mine in Admont Abbey. In 1249 the Iglauer Bergrecht was enacted, which formed the basis for later mountain regulations . The Freiberg mining law regulates the function of the miner, who was also the top lender. In the Kuttenberger Bergordnung is royal Urburer as the highest mountain and official Bergrichter called. The functions of the mountain judge and the mountain master cannot always be clearly distinguished from one another. Georgius Agricola mentions the mining captain , the jury, the mountain clerk, the counter-clerk, the mine manager and the pit climber as additional mining officials and their functions . The task of the entire civil service consisted essentially of awarding and measuring the length fields , collecting taxes and administrative tasks such as keeping mountain books . In addition, there was the task of judging matters related to mining law. In the Saxon mining industry, the principle of direction was introduced in the 15th century , whereby the technical and economic management of the entire mining industry lay with the mining officials. The mountain officials, all of whom were dependent on the government, only acted according to the orders of the manorial chamber. For problems of the unions , whether technical or administrative nature, were trades no support from the mining officials. The trades had to pay additional fines where necessary and received a profit payment under certain conditions . In the 17th century, the tasks of the mining officials developed into a complex state tax and control system for the mining industry. The trades were now also used to finance newly established state authorities in the form of a quarterly payment . Due to the constant newer state taxes, the trades went over to operate overexploitation in their pits , which in turn led to z. B. in 1737 a renovated form of the Cleve-Märkische Bergordnung was issued.

Late 18th century to mid 19th century

In 1792 the mining authority was restructured in parts of Prussia with the establishment of the Westphalian Mining Authority. In 1794 the general land law came into force, whereby the principle of direction was introduced in all of Prussia as well as in Saxony. The consequence of this over-regulated mining was that it required a large number of mining officials. There were now over 60 different upper ranks of mountain officials. These were also referred to as mountain officers. In addition, there were more than 40 lower official ranks, which were divided into three classes and referred to as NCOs. This was partly due to the fact that there were control officers who controlled the work of the other officers, such as B. the driver who also checked the mountain jury. In order to be able to discipline the mine officials and miners , an instruction came into force in the middle of the first half of the 19th century, according to which the district officials could punish the mine officials and the miners. In 1839 an instruction for the royal district officials of the coal districts of Prussia came into force. This instruction regulates the entire business area of ​​the district officials, the management and budget of the mine, the prevention and regulation of damage caused by water and of basic damage , the management of the miners' union and the mountain police. There were now regular general inspections by the mining authorities in the entire mining area in order to check the results of the previous year. All of these regulations were ultimately a state tutelage of the mine owners by the mining officials. This prevented company management by the mine owners, which prevented further expansion of the mining industry.

Second half of the 19th century to the 21st century

In the second half of the 19th century there were several legislative changes affecting the regulation of mining. For the first instance of the mining authority, the Revierbeamten with the title Bergmeister (formerly also Berggeschworner ), Bergrat , for the second instance the Oberbergämter, whose director was the mining captain, whose members were Oberbergräte bez. Secret mountain councils were in charge. With the elimination of the authority to direct and the introduction of the inspection principle , the tasks and competencies of the mining officials were reduced. In particular, the mining officials no longer had to take part in the operational and asset management of the mines. From now on, the mining officials only had to deal with matters relating to the mountain police, such as the safety and health of the miners, the safety of the mine workings and the protection of the surface. Due to the changes in the law and the resulting reorganization of the mining bureaucracy, a large number of mining officials were no longer required in the mining authorities. Wherever possible and necessary, they were then entrusted with the management of the mines. The Steiger went from civil servant to private servant. Despite the ongoing reorganization of the mining authorities and the dismantling of mining officials, the chief smelter was still appointed state officials in the 1880s. Up until the first half of the 20th century, many titles were also awarded to the higher mountain officials, thus creating an office hierarchy divided into five classes. This was not changed until 1919 through a regulation according to which titles could only be awarded if they designated an office or a profession. For the mine officials (private officials), the change in the law meant that they now had to conclude a contract with the mine owners without the involvement of the mining authority, which was left to the free agreement. This left the mine officials at the discretion of the mine owners. Towards the end of the 19th century there were two big miners' strike, as a result of which the Steiger founded their own professional organization, the Steigerverband, at the beginning of the 20th century. In the course of the 20th century, private civil servants became technical employees.

Mining officials in other countries

In Norway several assessors were active as mining officials who were subordinate to a chief miner. There was also a senior mining clerk to support the administration of operational matters and legal responsibility. In Austria, the mining captain and the officers of the mining administration work as mining officials, and there are also several inspection officials who work together to supervise the safety of the mining operations. In Sweden, the Bergkollegium (Bergcollegium) was responsible as the highest administrative and judicial authority to which the twelve Swedish mining offices were subordinate. The mountain college consisted of the president, the vice-president, several mountain councilors and assessors, a secretary, a chamberlain and several notaries and lawyers' offices. Obersteiger and Steiger were active as minor mountain officials. In Upper Silesia, the royal central administration in Zabrze was responsible for the mining inspections of the royal coal works, the heads of which were royal mine, smelter or salt works (mountain councilors). In Hungary the mine managers were elected by the trade unions and presented to the mountain courts for obligation. The mining authorities only act at the suggestion of the unions; they only receive a list of the persons and costs of the individual mines from the unions every year.

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b c Heinrich Veith: German mountain dictionary with evidence. Published by Wilhelm Gottlieb Korn, Breslau 1871.
  2. ^ Johann Samuel Schröter: Mineral and mining dictionary on frames, words and things from mineralogy and mining science . First volume, by Barrentrapp and Wenner, Frankfurt am Main 1789.
  3. Explanation of all made-up words and idioms in the mines and smelting works in alphabetical order in two parts. With a short preface, new edition, in Commission by CG Fleckeisen, Helmstedt 1802.
  4. a b c d e f g h i Barbara Dorothea Michels: Specialist civil servants and civil society, the mining and smelting association . Dissertation at the Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum 2012, pp. 28–47.
  5. a b c d e Georg Schreiber: Mining in history, ethos and sacred culture. Springer Fachmedien GmbH, Wiesbaden 1962, ISBN 978-3-663-00242-0 , pp. 496, 523-535.
  6. L. Würkert, W. Haan (Ed.): The city and state school. A collection of all school sciences for teachers and students based on the best sources and resources for middle and higher classes, Verlag von Otto Wigand, Leipzig 1837, pp. 305–308.
  7. a b c d e f g W. Lehzen: Hanover's state budget. First part, The revenue, Hahn'sche Hofbuchhandlung, Hanover 1853, pp. 106–110.
  8. The always ready miner from the pen. That is: a Brieff book set up according to mining style, Gerlachische Buchhandlung, Dresden 1730, pp. 19–35.
  9. a b c d Wilfried Ließmann: Historical mining in the Harz. 3rd edition, Springer Verlag, Berlin and Heidelberg 2010, ISBN 978-3-540-31327-4 , pp. 34, 35.
  10. a b c d W. Rothert: The leading officials of the mining town Clausthal from the oldest time to the present. Festschrift for the 31st annual meeting of the Harz Association for Antiquity and History, Grosse'sche Buchhandlung, Clausthal 1898, pp. 5–13.
  11. a b c I. Römer: The Prussian mountain schools. Eduard Trewendt publisher, Breslau 1864, pp. 6-8.
  12. ^ A b c d e f g Walter Gantenberg, Rolf Köhling, Wilhelm Spieker: Coal and steel determined their lives . Mining in the south of Wattenscheider, 1st edition, Klartext-Verlag, Essen 2000, ISBN 3-88474-281-7 , pp. 25-30.
  13. a b c d e The instructing miner. A fake reading and picture book for children and adults, teachers and laypeople, but especially for young people who want to get a clear idea of ​​the work - festivities and customs of the miner - the mining constitution and its batches - the fossil deposits etc., publisher by Robert Friese, Leipzig 1850, pp. 77-101.
  14. ^ A b Hermann Brassert (Hrsg.): Journal for mining law. Sixteenth year, with Adolph Warens, Bonn 1875, pp. 470–485.
  15. ^ A b c d e Karl August Tolle: The situation of the miners and ironworkers in the Oberharze. Taking into account the historical development of the entire miners' conditions, Puttkammer & Mühlbrecht Buchhandlung für Staats- und Rechtswwissenschaft, Berlin 1892, pp. 49–53.
  16. a b H. Banniza, F. Klockmann, A. Lengemann, A, Sympher (Ed.): The mining and smelting system of the Upper Harz. On the occasion of the VI. General German Miners' Day in Hanover, published by Ferdinand Enke, Stuttgart 1895, pp. 315–322.
  17. ^ A b Johann Carl Freiesleben: Miner's remarks on the most remarkable part of the Harz Mountains. The remarks on the Harz First Part, Schäferische Buchhandlung, Leipzig 1795, pp. 377-380.
  18. ^ R. Willecke, G. Turner: Grundriß des Bergrechts . 2nd revised and expanded edition, Springer-Verlag Berlin-Heidelberg-New York, Berlin 1970, pp. 11–18, 145–149.
  19. a b c Adolf Arndt, Kuno Frankenstein (ed.): Handbook and textbook of political science in independent volumes. First Department of Economics XI. Volume, Mining and Mining Policy , Verlag von CL Hirschfeld, Leipzig 1894, pp. 27–38, 78–82.
  20. ^ Georg Agricola: Twelve books on mining and metallurgy. In the VDI-Verlag GmbH commission, Berlin 1928, pp. 72-78.
  21. Karl Heinz Bader, Karl Röttger, Manfred Prante: 250 years of coal mining in the Brandenburg region. A contribution to the history of mining, the mining administration and the city of Bochum. Study publisher Dr. N. Brockmeyer, Bochum 1987, ISBN 3-88339-590-0 , pp. 30-84, 118, 119.
  22. Instructions in which cases and how the mine officials and miners are to be punished by the royal district officials. Printed by GD Bädeler, Essen 1824, pp. 2–8.
  23. Instruction for the royal district officials of the coal district. Printed by GD Bädeler, Essen 1839, pp. 1–4.
  24. ^ A b Association for Mining Interests in the Upper Mining District Dortmund (ed.): Economic development of the Lower Rhine-Westphalian hard coal mining in the second half of the 19th century. First part, Springer Verlag, Berlin / Heidelberg 1904, pp. 29–43.
  25. a b Meyer's Grosses Konversations-Lexikon. 6th edition. Volume 2, Bibliographisches Institut, Leipzig / Vienna 1905, p. 670.
  26. ^ A b Helmuth Trischler: Steiger in German mining - On the social history of technical employees 1815-1945. Beck, Munich 1986, ISBN 3-406-32995-0 , pp. 13-20, 47, 72, 76, 93, 127, 129, 176, 257, 324, 336.
  27. Otto Hue: The miners. Historical representation of miners' conditions from the oldest to the most recent, published by JHW Dietz Nachf., Stuttgart 1913, pp. 664–666.
  28. K. k. Agriculture Ministry (ed.): The mine inspections in Austria. Reports of the kk mining authorities on their activities in 1902 with the handling of the mountain police and supervision of the miners' conditions, eleventh year, printing and publishing house of the imperial-royal court and state printing office, Vienna 1906, pp. 1-14.

Remarks

  1. The Markscheider, with the exception of the District Markscheider (Oberbergamtsmarkscheider) employed by the Oberbergamtsmarkscheider, were not civil servants in individual states (Prussia, etc.), but, like surveyors , tradespeople to whom the provisions of the trade regulations were applied. (Source: Meyers Grosses Konversations-Lexikon. 6th edition. Volume 2, Bibliographisches Institut, Leipzig / Vienna 1905.)
  2. The officers (senior mountain officials) included the chief miner, the tithe, the mountain clerk, the mountain counter clerk, the mountain syndicus, the Obermarkscheider, the Münzwardein , the driver, the mountain jury and senior jury , the mountain master and the representatives of the respective offices, as well as other auditors . (Source: Wilfried Ließmann: Historischer Bergbau im Harz. 3rd edition, Springer Verlag, Berlin and Heidelberg 2010.)
  3. The lower mountain officials included the upper climber, the Fahrsteiger and all sub-officials from the group of climbers such as the Pochsteiger, the Stollensteiger, the Gaipelsteiger, the art climbers and lower climbers such as the Kunstuntersteiger, the vice-climbers, the Grabensteiger and others. (Source: Wilfried Ließmann: Historischer Bergbau im Harz. 3rd edition, Springer Verlag, Berlin and Heidelberg 2010.)
  4. ^ The fifth grade councils formed the lowest rank. They included mining assessors, mining inspectors and mining district officials. The fourth rank was formed by the senior ministers of the senior ministries. The third level was an intermediate level, on which the representatives of the miners were. In addition, the presenter councils of the mining department of the Ministry of Commerce (secret mountain councils) as well as the chairmen of the mining directorates and the directors of the Upper and Lower Harz mines and smelting works were at this rank. Rank 2 was formed by the Berghauptleuten and the Oberberggrat (lecturing councils). In the top tier were the real privy councilors and the chief miner. (Source: Barbara Dorothea Michels: Fachbeamtentum and civil socialization, the mining and smelting association . Bochum 2012.)