oven
A furnace (from Middle High German oven / oven ) is a device for the controlled generation of heat , mostly by burning firewood or fossil fuels such as gas , oil or coal .
Furnaces exist in different designs and for different applications, from simple domed hearths for baking and heating to the large blast furnaces for producing steel of the industrial age .
production
There are different types of ovens depending on the application:
- Furnaces for heat generation (see the lower section on heating and room furnaces ) - a furnace mainly emits its heat directly to the environment; heating systems are called boilers
- Furnaces for power generation ( thermal power plant )
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Thermoprocessing systems : This is one of the most important uses of ovens, alongside heat and power generation. In 1995, 38% of German industrial energy consumption was caused by thermal processing systems.
- Melting furnace, for melting the raw metal from ore :
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Blast furnaces for the extraction of pig iron
- Rennofen , for melting iron ore or lawn iron stone (historical)
- Crucible furnace for decarburization of iron to steel (historical)
- Cupola furnace for the production of cast iron from pig iron and scrap.
- Arc furnace electric furnace for melting steel
- Induction furnace electric furnace to heat or melt metals
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Blast furnaces for the extraction of pig iron
- Glass fusing furnace
- Lime kilns for the production of quicklime from limestone.
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Kiln for firing and glazing of bricks , ceramic and pottery
- Brick Oven is a used for brick burning stove, which was formerly often lined with limestone.
- Cooking stove - in the kitchen one speaks of the oven as a stove, see also chapter Cooking
- Oven for baking bread , cakes and other pastries as well as for heating meals in bakeries , restaurants and households . In households, the oven is usually combined with gas burners or electric hotplates in one device. A preparation in the oven can be indicated by adding au four ( French in the oven).
- Melting furnace, for melting the raw metal from ore :
Industrial furnaces include processes such as melting , tempering , hardening , tempering , drying and deforming workpieces made of metal , clay, glass and plastic , manufacturing metals (melting processes and powder metallurgy ), manufacturing or treating substances for chemical, paint, wood -, electronics, vehicle and food industries, but also recycling , soil treatment, waste incineration . Alongside the USA and Japan, Germany is the most important manufacturer of industrial furnaces (there are around 270 manufacturers of industrial furnaces in Germany).
Oven (left) in a Roman inn near Ahrweiler
Stove (No. 15) in a room in the Roman villa in Bad Neuenahr-Ahrweiler
Muffle furnace for mineral determination in the mill laboratory
Heat
Room stoves serve as a heat source for rooms, the designs range from simple wood stoves to fireplace or tiled stoves .
After air supply
A distinction is made here between room air-dependent and room air- independent air supply. A room air-dependent fireplace z. B. a ( open fireplace ) draws the oxygen required for combustion from the interior: Operation depends on the air in the room. In contrast, a room air is un -dependent furnace with air or oxygen supplied from the outside. The abbreviation for room air independent is RLU. The terms can be found in Germany in the Firing Ordinance ( FeuVO ).
In older buildings, the shell of the house is made relatively leaky, so that there is enough fresh air for combustion through leaks in the windows. With the airtight construction used today, this fresh air supply is no longer automatically guaranteed. That is why there are room air-independent ovens and firing systems to which the combustion air is fed via pipes or shafts.
According to building material
- In the woodcutter oven (also known as a Finnish oven, Swedish oven or Siberian oven), a log is provided with a central hole and side air slots. The furnace is burned up in an upright position.
- The tiled stove made of specially shaped ceramic plates or (in the early modern times) more or less bowl-shaped tiles
- The clay oven made of clay
According to the type of heat emission
- A radiant furnace ( basic furnace ) heats its surroundings through the heat that penetrates outside.
- A hot air oven emits a stream of warm air to the environment. This also includes fan heaters .
Cook
- Anagama are horizontal, single-chamber ovens from ancient East Asia.
- The Brasero is a mobile stove based on charcoal or charcoal that is still used for cooking in South America, for example in Paraguay.
maintenance
- In order to guarantee the safety of a stove, the guild of stove builders SHK recommends a stove check every two to four years.
- In order to ensure optimal combustion, it is advisable to have a furnace checked every year before the start of winter. This ensures that you can heat efficiently over the winter months.
Construction and operating forms
According to the technique
- Slow-burning stove
- Rotary hearth furnace
- Rotary kiln
- Continuous furnace (also belt furnace, roller hearth furnace or tunnel furnace)
- Pusher furnace
- Pull-through furnace
- Chute furnace
- Shuttle furnace
- Rear loading furnace
- Walking beam furnace
- Lifting hearth furnace
- Chamber furnace
- Fireplace
- Cannon furnace
- Dome furnace
- Muffle furnace
- Paternoster furnace
- Retort furnace
- Ring furnace
- Screw furnace
- Armchair stove
- Pusher furnace
- Deep oven
- Table stove
- Drum furnace
- Time-burning furnace
- Circulating furnace
According to energy source
- Stove for solid fuels (logs, wood chips, wood pellets, wood sawdust, lignite briquettes, hard coal, paper fiber briquettes )
- Furnaces for liquid fuels such as oil , gasoline or kerosene
- Furnace for burning gases such as natural gas or butane
- The solar oven uses the energy of the sun by water and food in the focal point of a mirror is heated.
- Electric furnaces , like furnaces for ceramic goods, can be heated by means of current-carrying resistors (heating elements) or, in the case of electric furnaces for steel production, by means of an electric arc and current flow through steel scrap or steel melt .
According to purpose
history
Furnaces have been documented in Central Europe since the Neolithic ceramic band culture . Kilns for firing ceramics have existed at least since the urn field culture .
- Iron oven , formerly used to heat irons in the tailor's shop
- Cannon furnace
- Pocket stove as a portable heat source
- Tent stove , for heating a tent.
Already in Goethe's time there was a shortage of firewood and competitions organized by sovereigns in which fuel-saving stoves were to be invented. The wood gasifier (stove) is a more recent development with the best efficiency or the best energy utilization of domestic wood heating. A wood gasifier with regulated secondary air is able to burn its fuel very cleanly and completely.
Orders from Count Palatine Karl IV. From 1772 also served to prevent a fire in connection with domestic fireplaces. According to the simultaneous building regulations, no more wooden chimneys were allowed to be erected, no more wooden hoses were allowed to be installed, which had to lead the smoke from the fireplace to the fireplace, just as it was forbidden to lead stovepipes out of the window.
See also
literature
- Jörg Petrasch: Typology and function of Neolithic ovens in Central and Southeastern Europe. In: Acta Praehistorica et Archaeologica. 18, 1986, pp. 33-83.
- Room stoves. In: Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon. Volume 20, Leipzig 1909. (online at: zeno.org )
Web links
- Calculation of the efficiency of wood stoves, wood-burning stoves and other firing systems, free of charge
- Development history of the (cast) iron stoves (PDF; 2.72 MB)
- German furnace museum
- The collection area old ovens with the history of iron ovens
Individual evidence
- ^ Hermann Kopp: History of Chemistry. I-IV, Braunschweig 1843–1847, reprint Hildesheim 1966, Volume II, p. 20.
- ^ Franz-Josef Sehr : The fire extinguishing system in Obertiefenbach from earlier times . In: Yearbook for the Limburg-Weilburg district 1994 . The district committee of the Limburg-Weilburg district, Limburg-Weilburg 1993, p. 151-153 .