Actual rice burrower

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Actual rice burrower
Real rice burrower (Oryzorictes hova)

Real rice burrower ( Oryzorictes hova )

Systematics
without rank: Afroinsectiphilia
Order : Tenrecus (Afrosoricida)
Family : Tenreks (Tenrecidae)
Subfamily : Travel treks (Oryzorictinae)
Genre : Rice burrower ( oryzorictes )
Type : Actual rice burrower
Scientific name
Oryzorictes hova
A. Grandidier , 1870

The Actual rice Wühler ( Oryzorictes hova ), partly Common rice Wühler is a mammalian species from the kind of rice agitators within the family of tenrecs . It is endemic to eastern Madagascar. Tropical rainforests and wetlands in the lowlands and higher mountain areas serve as habitats , but the species can also be found in human-shaped landscapes such as rice fields. The animals have a compact physique with strong limbs and a short tail. A few other physical features suggest a burrowing way of life. Little is known about further behavior. The real rice burrower lives rather hidden and feeds on invertebrates . The first description took place in 1870, according to genetic analyzes, the real rice burrower probably includes several cryptic species . The stock is not considered endangered.

features

Habitus

The real rice digger is a medium-sized representative of the rice trek . Two examined individuals from the north-eastern and central parts of Madagascar, one male and one female, had a total length of 15.1 and 15.5 cm, respectively. This was distributed over a head-body length of 10.2 and 10.5 cm and a tail length of 4.9 and 5.0 cm. The weight was 29.5 and 41.5 g, making the female significantly heavier than the male. Seven measured animals from the Anosyenne Mountains in the southeast of Madagascar reached a body length of 10.1 to 11.2 cm, a tail length of 5.1 to 5.5 cm and a weight of 28.0 to 40.0 g. The body is characteristically compact, the limbs are short and the feet wide. The front and rear feet each have five rays, but the size of the innermost toe on the forefoot varies greatly, sometimes it can be significantly reduced. The three middle rays are the longest. They each have strong claws that are up to 3 mm long and have an amber tint. The front feet are significantly larger than the rear feet. the latter have overall lengths without claws of 16 to 19 mm. The tail is only half the length of the rest of the body and is bare. Other typical characteristics can be found in the ears, which are quite short with 11 to 13 mm, the small eyes and the bare nose. The vibrissae are long and beige at the base and white at the top. The back fur has a soft texture. The color varies widely and ranges from dark to blackish brown to pale brown. The underside is dark or yellowish brown in color.

Skull and dentition features

The skull is 28.0 to 31.6 mm long, the width at the cranium is 12.6 to 14.0 mm, in the area of ​​the zygomatic arches it is 11.2 to 13.3 mm. Overall, the skull is moderately robust. The intermaxillary bone widens a little laterally, the zygomatic arches are not closed, as in all tenreks. The rear part of the skull is short, wide and high, and there it has prominent bone ridges. The dentition consists of 40 teeth, the dental formula is: . The front teeth are partially equipped with additional cusps on the tooth crowns. The upper third incisor is extremely small and only reaches the height of the rear additional cusp of the second incisor. The canine tooth is the largest tooth in both the upper and lower rows of teeth. Between the last incisor and the canine in the upper dentition there is a diastema in which the tip of the lower canine lies when the dentition closes. The molars differ only slightly from those of the other tenreks. They have a zalambdodont chewing surface pattern consisting of three main cusps. The upper row of teeth is 13.0 to 15.3 mm long.

distribution

Distribution area of ​​the actual rice burrower

The real rice burrower is endemic to Madagascar . It inhabits the eastern parts of the country, its distribution area extends in a more or less wide strip over almost the entire length of the island state. In the north of the island, the species has been identified, among others, from the Marojejy and Anjanaharibe massifs , both on the southern and western slopes of the latter, which is in clear contrast to many other smaller Tenre maps. In addition, there are observations from the forest area of ​​Ambolokopatrika – Antsahamihitsitso, which connects the two mountain ridges, from the southern adjacent forest area of ​​Makira and from the Masoala peninsula to the east , all sites belong to the Antsiranana province . Another find area in the north is on the Tsaratanana massif in the province of Mahajanga , the mountain massif also includes the highest mountain on the island, the Maromokotro . From the central-eastern parts of the country there is evidence from the forest areas of Ambohitantely and Tsinjoarivo north and south of Antananarivo in the province of the same name , from the forest corridor of Anjozorobe-Angavo in the border area of ​​the provinces Toamasina and Antananarivo and from the forest areas of Analamazoatra and Ambatovy-Analamay-Analamay Torotorofotsy in the Toamasina province. From southern Madagascar specimens of the species come from the forest areas of Ankazomivady and Ramonafana or from the Andringitra Mountains in the province of Fianarantsoa and the Anosyenne Mountains and the Ambatotsirongorongo Mountains in the province of Toliara . The habitat of the actual rice burrower includes the tropical rainforest belt of Madagascar, it occurs at heights of 140 to 1990 m above sea level. The animals prefer forests, but can also be found outside, especially on river banks and in marshland . They have also been observed in anthropogenic areas such as rice fields and gardens. Overall, the actual rice burrower is rather rare. In the Andringitra Mountains, the real rice burrower occurs together with the four-toed rice burrower , but the latter prefers higher mountain locations from 2000 m.

Way of life

The behavior of the actual rice burrower is largely unexplored. Various body features such as the broad feet with strong claws, combined with a compact physique, small ears and eyes as well as a short tail speak for a partly subterranean ( semifossorial ) way of life. The animals often stay near the river and dig underground passages in the bank slopes. In forests they hide in thick layers of leaves that are over 3.5 cm thick. Animals in human care often ate earthworms , but never appeared on the surface. Stomach contents examined from southeastern and northeastern Madagascar mainly contained insects , grasshoppers , earthworms and plant material. According to isotope analyzes on individuals from the forest area of ​​Tsinjoarivo, the diet is similar to some representatives of the small tenreks , especially those who also live partly underground. The body temperature of the actual rice burrower varies with outside temperatures of 26.3 to 29.7 ° C between 31.3 to 33.0 ° C with an average value of 32.2 ° C. This roughly corresponds to the values ​​of the Kleintenreks. The metabolic rate is 117% of the value that would be expected for similarly sized mammals. However, fluctuations were not examined. There are only a few observations on reproduction. Single pregnant females were observed in the Anosyenne Mountains between October and December, one of which carried three embryos 5 mm in length.

Among the predators include the Red Owl . Analyzes of Gewöllen the owl from the peninsula Masoala but from the period 1994 to 1996 showed only a small proportion of individuals 5.4 and a biomass content of 3.4%. The Fanaloka also occasionally prey on an actual rice burrower. Outer parasites form fleas of the genus Paractenopsyllus , an inner one is the unicellular Eimeria .

Systematics

Internal systematics of the Tenreks according to Everson et al. 2016
 Tenrecidae  
  Tenrecinae  


 Echinops


   

 Setifer



   

 Hemicentetes


   

 Tenrec




   
  Geogalinae  

 Geogals


  Oryzorictinae  
  Oryzorictes  

 Oryzorictes hova


   

 Oryzorictes tetradactylus



   

 Nesogale


   

 Microgale






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The actual rice burrower is a species from the genus of the rice burrower ( Oryzorictes ), which also includes the four-toed rice burrower ( Oryzorictes tetradactylus ). The rice burrowers are part of the Tenrek family (Tenrecidae), mammals endemic to Madagascar with various adaptations to an insect and carnivorous diet. Within the Tenreks, the rice diggers, together with the Kleintenreks ( Microgale ) and members of the genus Nesogale, form the subfamily of the Reistenreks (Oryzorictinae). In contrast to the ground-living to tree-climbing Nesogale species and the richly shaped small tenreks with diverse ways of life, the rice burrowers are much more adapted to underground locomotion due to their physique. According to genetic studies, the rice diggers form the sister group of the other two genera of the rice trek. The split from these took place relatively early in phylogenetic terms , around 27 million years ago, which corresponds to the Upper Oligocene .

The first scientific description of the actual rice digger comes from Alfred Grandidier in 1870. He also introduced the genus Oryzorictes . Grandidier did not give any information about the holotype of the actual rice burrower, nor did he give any size measures, according to later analyzes by George Edward Dobson it represents a fully grown female animal with a head-torso length of 11.4 cm and a tail length of 4.3 cm. The Terra typica of the type described Grandidier with Ankaye et Antsianak where Ankay today a region along the river Mangoro near the Lac Alaotra of Lake Alaotra means east and Antsianaka an area both located in the central-eastern Madagascar in the province of Toamasina . He also noted that the animals were rummaging through rice fields and damaging the roots of young plants. As a special characteristic of the species, Grandidier named the short tail, the bare nasal mirror , the small eyes and the rounded ears, a four-toed forefoot with three particularly strong claws. It was not until 1930 that Guillaume Grandidier and Gabriel Petit pointed out that the holotype of the actual rice burrower actually has a fifth, albeit greatly reduced, finger. In the same article, the two authors presented another species under the scientific name of Oryzoryctes talpoides . The name was given because of the gray-brown, shiny back fur, which is reminiscent of that of a mole ; the species also has five-pointed hands. Their description is based on a male animal that was picked up from rice fields in the Marovoay area in the Mahajanga province of northwest Madagascar.

Despite their outward similarities, both species were considered independent for a long time. One of the decisive factors for this was a peculiarity of the holotype of the actual rice digger. Although Alfred Grandidier specified the tooth formula with 3 incisors, 1 canine and 6 molars (including 3 premolars) per jaw half in his description of the species, the holotype of Oryzorictes hova actually only has two incisors in the respective upper row of teeth, the corresponding outermost one is missing both on the left and the side also on the right and left no signs of growth or an alveolus . This deviation from Alfred Grandidier's first description was not noticed by Dobson, Guillaume Grandidier and Petit in the later analysis of the type specimen. However, since Oryzorictes talpoides each has three upper incisors, scientists classified this as a distinguishing feature of the two species in the mid-1970s, although they were otherwise considered to be very similar. In a study in the 1990s that included more than 30 individuals of both Oryzorictes hova and Oryzorictes talpoides , no other specimen could be found to have a missing upper third incisor. The feature in the type specimen of Oryzorictes hova is therefore to be regarded as a tooth anomaly, which is not unknown in Tenreks. On this basis, Oryzorictes talpoides was synonymous with the actual rice burrower in 1999 .

Internal systematics of the actual rice burrower according to Everson et al. 2018
 Oryzorictes hova  


 northern population


   

 central population



   

 southern population



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A genetic study from 2018 on individuals from the entire range was able to work out a total of three distinguishable populations , which are distributed over the northern, central and southern parts of the range. The three populations show only a minimal exchange of genes with one another and can also be distinguished on the basis of morphometric features of the skull. Their genetic separation took place in the Pliocene around 4 to 3 million years ago, first with the southern and then with the central and northern lines. The holotype of the actual rice burrower is located close to the central group with its origin, but was not included in the analysis. The authors of the study suspect that these are each separate species, which means that the actual rice burrower includes various cryptic species . A formal description of the species has not yet been made, as further investigations have to be carried out and appropriate type forms have to be determined. For both, the inclusion of the holotypes of both Oryzorictes hova and Oryzorictes talpoides is essential.

Threat and protection

The actual rice burrower is relatively widespread, the population is assumed to be correspondingly large. It also tolerates anthropogenic changes and occurs in overgrown landscapes. The IUCN therefore classifies the species as "not threatened" ( least concern ). Greater threats to the population arise locally from the drainage of wetlands. The animals can be found in several nature reserves, including the Marojejy National Park , the Andringitra National Park and the Andohahela National Park .

literature

  • Alfred Grandidier: Description de quelques animaux nouveaux découverts à Madagascar en November 1869. Revue et Magasin Zoologie Pure et Appliquée 22, 1870, pp. 49–50 ( [5] )
  • Paulina D. Jenkins: Tenrecidae (Tenrecs and Shrew tenrecs). In: Don E. Wilson and Russell A. Mittermeier (eds.): Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Volume 8: Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona 2018, pp. 134-172 (p. 166) ISBN 978-84-16728-08-4

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b c d Peter J. Stephenson: Notes on the Biology of the Fossorial Tenrec, Oryzorictes hova (Insectivora: Tenrecidae). Mammalia 58 (2), 1994, pp. 312-375
  2. ↑ a b c d e f Steven M. Goodman, Paulina D. Jenkins and Mark Pidgeon: Lipotyphla (Tenrecidae and Soricidae) of the Réserve Naturelle Intégrale d'Andohahela, Madagascar. Fieldiana Zoology 94, 1999, pp. 187-216
  3. ↑ Nick Garbutt: Mammals of Madagascar. A complete guide. Yale University Press, 2007, pp. 1–304 (pp. 32–56)
  4. ^ A b Guillaume Grandidier and G. Petit: Description d'une espèce nouvelle d'Insectivore Malagache, suiviede remarques critiques sur le genre Oryzoryctes. Bulletin du Muséum national d'histoire naturelle 2 (2), 1930, pp. 498–505 ( [1] )
  5. ↑ a b c d Paulina D. Jenkins: Tenrecidae (Tenrecs and Shrew tenrecs). In: Don E. Wilson and Russell A. Mittermeier (eds.): Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Volume 8: Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona 2018, pp. 134-172 (p. 166) ISBN 978-84-16728-08-4
  6. ^ A b Steven M. Goodman and Paulina D. Jenkins: Tenrecs (Lipotyphla; Tenrecidae) of the Parc National de Marojejy, Madagascar. Fieldiana Zoology 97, 2000, pp. 201-229
  7. ↑ Voahangy Soarimalala and Stephen M. Goodman: Diversité biologique the micromammifères non volants (Lipotyphla et Rodentia) dans le complexe Marojejy Anjanaharibe-sud. In: Stephen M. Goodman and Lucienne Wilmé (eds.): Nouveaux résultats faisant référence à l'altitude dans la région des massifs montagneux de Marojejy et d'Anjanaharibe-sud. Recherche pour le développement, Série Sciences biologiques, Center d'Information et de Documentation Scientifique et Technique 19, 2003, pp. 231-276
  8. ↑ Steven M. Goodman and Paulina D. Jenkins: The Insectivores of the Réserve Spéciale d'Anjanaharibe-Sud, Madagascar. Fieldiana Zoology 90, 1998, pp. 139-161
  9. ^ A b Franco Andreone, Jasmin E. Randrianirina, Paula D. Jenkins and Gennaro Aprea: Species diversity of Amphibia, Reptilia and Lipotyphla (Mammalia) at Ambolokopatrika, a rainforest between the Anjanaharibe-Sud and Marojejy massifs, NE Madagascar. Biodiversity and Conservation 9, 2000, pp. 1587-1622
  10. ↑ Zafimahery Rakotomalala, Vonjy Andrianjakarivelo, Volatiana Rasataharilala and Steven M. Goodman: Les petits mammifères non volant de la forêt de Makira, Madagascar. Bulletin de la Société zoologique de France 132, 2007, pp. 205-221
  11. ↑ Vonjy Andrianjiakarivelo, Emilienne Razafimahatratra, Yvette Razafindrakoto and Steven M. Goodman: The terrestrial small mammals of the Parc National de Masoala, northeastern Madagascar. Acta Theriologica 50 (4), 2005, pp. 537-549
  12. ↑ Claudette Patricia Maminirina, Steven M. Goodman and Christopher J. Raxworthy: Les microammifères (Mammalia, Rodentia, Afrosoricida et Soricomorpha) du du massif Tsaratanana et biogeography of Forests de montagne de Madagascar. Zoosystema 30 (3), 2008, pp. 695-721
  13. ↑ Steven M. Goodman and Daniel Rakotondravony: The effects of forest fragmentation and isolation on insectivorous small mammals (Lipotyphla) on the Central High Plateau of Madagascar. Journal of the Linnean Society of London 250, 2000, pp. 193-200
  14. ↑ Steven M. Goodman, Daniel Rakotondravony, Marie Jeanne Raherilalao, Domoina Rakotomalala, Achille P. Raselimanana, Voahangy Soarimalala, Jean-Marc Duplantier, Jean-Bernard Duchemin and J. Rafanomezantsoa: Inventaire biologique de la Foret de Tsinjoarivo, Ambatolampy. Akon'ny Ala 27, 2000, pp. 18-27
  15. ↑ Voahangy Soarimalala, Landryh T. Ramanana, José M. Ralison and Steven M. Goodman: Les petits mammifères non-volants du “Couloir forestier d'Anjozorobe - Angavo”. In: Steven M. Goodman, Achille P. Raselimanana and Lucienne Wilmé (eds.): Inventaires de la faune et de la flore du couloir forestier d'Anjozorobe - Angavo. Recherche pour le développement, Série Sciences biologiques, Center d'Information et de Documentation Scientifique et Technique 24, 2007, pp. 141-182
  16. ^ PJ Stephenson: The small mammal fauna of Réserve Spéciale d'Analamazaotra, Madagascar: the effects of human disturbance on endemic species diversity. Biodiversity and Conservation 2, 1993, pp. 603-615
  17. ↑ Voahangy Soarimalala and Martin Raheriarisena: The non-volant and non-primate mammals of the Ambatovy Analamay forest. In: Steven. M. Goodman and V. Mass (Eds.): Biodiversity, exploration, and conservation of the natural habitats associated with the Ambatovy project. Malagasy Nature 3, 2010, pp. 153-177
  18. ↑ Steven M. Goodman, Jean-Marc Duplantier, Pierre Jules Rakotomalaza, Achille Philippe Raselimalala, Rodin Rasoloarinson, Mamy Ravokatra, Voahangy Soarimalala and Lucienne Wilmé: Inventaire biologique de la Forêt d'Ankazomivady, Ambositra. Akon'ny Ala 24, 1998, pp. 19-32
  19. ↑ Voahangy Soarimalala, Stephen M. Goodman, H. Ramiaranjanahary, LL Fenohery and W. Rakotonirina: Les micromammifères non-volants du Parc National de Ranomafana et du couloir forestier qui le relie au Parc National d'Andringitra. Dans Inventaire biologique du Parc National de Ranomafana et du couloir forestier qui la relie au Parc National d'Andringitra. In: Stephen M. Goodman and VR Razafindratsita (eds.): Recherches pour le Développement. Série Sciences Biologiques 17, 2001, pp. 199-229
  20. ^ A b Steven M. Goodman and Bernardin PN Rasolonandrasana: Elevational zonation of birds, insectivores, rodents and primates on the slopes of the Andringitra Massif, Madagascar. Journal of Natural History 35 (2), 2001, pp. 285-305
  21. ↑ Landryh Tojomanana Ramanana: Petits mammifères (Afrosoricida et Rodentia) nouvellement recensés dans le Parc National d'Andohahela (parcelle 1), Madagascar. Malagasy Nature 4, 2010, pp. 66-72
  22. ↑ Aristide Andrianarimisa, Vonjy Andrianjakarivelo, Zafimahery Rakotomalala and Mirana Anjeriniaina: Vertébrés terrestres of fragments forestiers de la Montagne d'Ambatotsirongorongo, site dans le Système of Aires de Madagascar protégées de la Région Anosy, Tolanaro. Malagasy Nature 2. 2009, pp. 30-51
  23. ^ A b P. J. Stephenson, Voahangy Soarimalala and Stephen M. Goodman: Oryzorictes hova. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. e.T40589A97203050 ( [2] ); last accessed on January 9, 2017
  24. ^ A b J. F. Eisenberg and Edwin Gould: The Tenrecs: A Study in Mammalian Behavior and Evolution. Smithsonian Institution Press, 1970, pp. 1-138
  25. ↑ Melanie Dammhahn, Voahangy Soarimalala and Steven M. Goodman: Trophic Niche Differentiation and Microhabitat Utilization in a Species-rich Montane Forest Small Mammal Community of Eastern Madagascar. Biotropica 45 (1), 2013, pp. 111-118
  26. ↑ Steven M. Goodman and Russell Thorstrom: The Diet of the Madagascar Red Owl (Tyto soumagnei) on the Masoala Peninsula, Madagascar. The Wilson Bulletin 110 (3), 1998, pp. 417-421
  27. ↑ Steven M. Goodman, FJ Kerridge and RC Ralisomalala: A note on the diet of Fossa fossana (Carnivora) in the central eastern humid forests of Madagascar. Mammalia 67 (4), 2003, pp. 595-598
  28. ↑ Jean-Claude Beaucournu, H. Rico Randrenjarison Andriniaina and Steven M. Goodman: Puces (Insecta: Siphonaptera) d'Ambohitantely, Madagascar: Spécificité et phenologie. Malagasy Nature 9, 2015, pp. 39-48
  29. ↑ J.-B. Duchemin: Leptopsyllines from Madagascar (Insecta: Siphonaptera: Ceratophyllidae): Description of five new species of Paractenopsyllus Wagner, (1938). Parasite 11, 2004, pp. 59-70
  30. ↑ Lee Couch, Juha Laakkonen, Steven Goodman, and Donald W. Duszynski: Two New Eimerians (Apicomplexa) from Insectivorous Mammals in Madagascar. Journal of Parasitology 97 (2), 2011, pp. 293-296
  31. ↑ a b Kathryn M. Everson, Voahangy Soarimalala, Steven M. Goodman and Link E. Olson: Multiple loci and complete taxonomic sampling resolve the phylogeny and biogeographic history of tenrecs (Mammalia: Tenrecidae) and reveal higher speciation rates in Madagascar's humid forests. Systematic Biology 65 (5), 2016, pp. 890-909 doi: 10.1093 / sysbio / syw034
  32. ↑ George Edward Dobson: A Monograph of the Insectivora, systematic and anatomical. Part I. London, 1883, p. 72 ( [3] )
  33. ↑ Don E. Wilson and DeeAnn M. Reeder: Mammal Species of the World. A taxonomic and geographic Reference. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005 ( [4] )
  34. ^ Alfred Grandidier: Description de quelques animaux nouveaux découverts à Madagascar en November 1869. Revue et Magasin Zoologie Pure et Appliquée 22, 1870, pp. 49-50
  35. ^ Henri Heim de Balsac: Insectivores. In: R. Battistini and G. Richard-Vindard (eds.): Biogeography and ecology in Madagascar. The Hague, 1972, pp. 629-660
  36. ↑ a b Kathryn M. Everson, Kyndall BP Hildebrandt, Steven M. Goodma and Link E. Olson: Caught in the act: incipient speciation across a latitudinal gradient in a semifossorial mammal from Madagascar, the mole tenrec Oryzorictes hova (Tenrecidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 2018 doi: 10.1016 / j.ympev.2018.02.024
  37. ↑ Link E. Olson and Voahangy Soarimalala: Two - or three, or maybe even four - new species of mole tenrec on Madagascar, and the importance of continued scientific collecting for conservation. Afrotherian Conservation 14, 2018, pp. 15-19

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