Pallada (ship, 1899)
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 Pallada painted in peace |
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| Overview | |
| Type | Protected cruiser |
| Shipyard | |
| Keel laying | December 1895 |
| Launch | August 26, 1899 |
| delivery | 1902 |
| period of service |
1902–1904 Russian Navy. |
| Whereabouts | Sunk in 1923 |
| Technical specifications | |
| displacement |
6,731 ts |
| length |
126.7 m |
| width |
16.8 m |
| Draft |
6.6 m |
| crew |
570 men |
| drive |
24 Belleville boilers |
| speed |
19.17 kn |
| Range |
2,200 nm at 9 kn |
| Armament |
• 8 x 152 mm L / 45 - Canet -Geschütze |
| Armament from 1908 as Japanese Tsugaru |
• 8 × 152 mm L / 45 Armstrong guns |
| Bunker quantity |
1,430 t |
| Armor |
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| Sister ships | |
The Pallada was a protected cruiser of the Imperial Russian Navy and the lead ship of a class of three cruisers designed and built in Russia. It was sunk in Port Arthur during the Russo-Japanese War 1904–1905 , lifted by Japan after the end of the war and then served under the name Tsugaru ( Japanese 津 軽 ) until 1922 in the Japanese Navy .
The Pallada class
The Pallada was the first of three ships of her class that were built at the Galerny shipyard and the New Admiralty shipyard in St. Petersburg to strengthen the Russian Baltic fleet. The cruisers should both perform tasks in the Baltic Sea and operate worldwide, especially in the Far East.
The naval procurement office was based on the foreign cruisers of the Royal Navy, which procured cruisers of the Apollo class and then of the Astraea type. The Russian Navy procured the Swetlana in France as the first comparable type , but it looked more like a yacht than a combat ship. It was decided to develop its own type that should be superior to the British foreign cruisers. It should be larger than the Svetlana , take over the three-screw design of the Russian armored cruiser, be able to run 20 knots and initially receive at least two heavy weapons. Ultimately, however, it was decided to use a uniform armament with 152 mm guns. Although their armor was quite light, they were still a significant improvement on their predecessor classes from the 1880s. Sister ships of the Pallada were the Diana and the Aurora .
The Pallada and Diana were laid down in December 1895, the Aurora in June 1897. The Pallada was launched on August 26, 1899, the Diana in October of the same year and the Aurora in May 1900. Soon after its commissioning against In late 1901, the Pallada and Diana were earmarked for use with the Pacific Squadron in Port Arthur .
The very long construction time of the ships made them appear out of date when they were commissioned. As part of the construction program for the Far East, the Russian Navy had placed construction contracts abroad for cruisers of similar size ( Varyag , Askold , Bogatyr ), which were delivered between January 1901 and August 1902 and which are superior to the ships built in Russia due to their construction speed of 23 knots were, especially since the cruisers built in Russia did not reach their design speed of 20 knots. All three ships of the Pallada class were used in the Russo-Japanese War without achieving any particular success. The Pallada remained in Port Arthur, the Diana was interned in Saigon while attempting to reach home , and the Aurora , which marched with the Second Pacific Squadron to Tsushima , escaped the battle in Manila . During the World War , the Diana and Aurora were in service with the Baltic Fleet in the Baltic Sea.
The most important use of one of these ships took place on the evening of October 25th July. / 7th November 1917 greg. when the Aurora gave the signal for the Bolsheviks to storm the Winter Palace , the seat of the Provisional Government of Russia in Saint Petersburg at the time, with a blind shot from the bow cannon . This storming is considered to be the beginning of the Russian October Revolution .
This sister ship of the Pallada is still preserved today as a museum in Saint Petersburg.
Technical specifications
The Pallada had a displacement of 6,731 tons (standard) and 6,932 tons (maximum). She was 126 m long and 16.8 m wide and had a draft of 6.4 m. Three triple expansion steam engines with a total of 13,000 hp gave it a top speed of 19 knots. None of the three sister ships reached the required speed of 20 knots. With a coal supply of 972 tons and a cruising speed of 10 knots, the radius of action was 3,700 nautical miles. The deck armor was 50–62 mm thick, the command post had 150 mm armor. The crew numbered 578 men.
The cruiser was armed with eight 152 mm L / 45 cannons of the Model 1892, which were among the best Russian cannons. These and the twenty-four 75 mm guns were Russian variants of the Canet guns developed by the French company Schneider et Cie . The armament also included eight 37mm Hotchkiss cannons and three 380mm torpedo tubes. There were still two 63.5 mm L / 19 landing guns of the Baranowski type on board . The ammunition supply was 1414 152-mm shells in four magazines, 6240 75-mm shells in eight magazines and 3600 rounds for the 37-mm cannons and 1440 rounds for the landing guns.
history
Transfer to the Far East
On October 29, 1902 her transfer to the Far East began in the association of Rear Admiral Stackelberg on the liner Retwisan . The association also included the Pobeda liner , five cruisers (in addition to the Pallada and the Diana , the Novik , the Bogatyr and the Boyarin ) and seven torpedo boats (five of the Trout class from French production and the Boiki and Burny from Russian production). The squadron rarely performed together. The Pobeda had to stay behind early and the Nowik ran in front of the formation, while the Bogatyr was responsible for the torpedo boats and the Boyarin still made visits to the Persian Gulf . The Pallada ran mainly in association with the Retwisan and Diana . On the way, they called for supplies in Kiel , Portland , Vigo , Algiers , Piraeus , Port Said , Suez , Aden , Colombo , Sabang , Singapore and Nagasaki . On April 8, 1903, the Retwisan , accompanied only by the Pallada , reached Port Arthur , where both were stationed.
Russo-Japanese War
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During the Japanese surprise attack on Port Arthur on the night of February 8th to 9th, 1904, with which the Russo-Japanese War began, the Pallada was hit by a torpedo port amidships . Although this caused fires in the coal bunkers, the damage was limited and the cruiser took part in repelling the artillery attack by the Japanese fleet the following day, even though it was stranded. The torpedo attack and the fire left four dead and 28 injured. At the end of April 1904 the Pallada was fully operational again.
During the sea battle in the Yellow Sea on August 10, 1904, the Pallada had engine problems early on and was unable to follow the cruisers Askold , Diana and Nowik , especially when Rear Admiral Reitzenstein , who was in command of the cruisers, decided to break the grip of the Japanese fleet. Hit by a torpedo again that night , the Pallada was the only cruiser that returned to Port Arthur with the majority of the ships of the line. Again she had four dead and several injured.
After that, the ship remained locked in the port with the other units of the Russian fleet. The guns were expanded and used with their operations for the land defense of the city. The majority of the remaining crew was also assigned to land warfare as infantry. The advance into the Yellow Sea had put a considerable strain on the cruiser's engine, so that it was hardly operational. In September he was almost completely disarmed, in October he received the first heavy hits from the Japanese siege artillery and went aground.
On December 8, 1904, the Pallada was sunk by Japanese 28 cm howitzers in Port Arthur.
The Japanese cruiser Tsugaru
At the end of the war, the cruiser fell to Japan as spoils of war. It was lifted, towed to Japan and, after extensive repairs in Sasebo, put back into service as a 2nd class cruiser under the name Tsugaru on August 22, 1908 .
A new machine system with Miyabara water tube boilers, two triple expansion steam engines and a peak power of 11,610 hp gave the Tsugaru a speed of over 20 (22.75?) Knots. The range of action was now 3,700 nautical miles at a cruising speed of 10 knots. The cruiser was now armed with eight 152 mm and twelve 80 mm guns and three 450 mm torpedo tubes , the crew consisted of 514 men.
The Tsugaru initially served as a training ship for machine personnel , mostly in Japanese home waters. Unlike the former Russian cruisers Aso (ex Bajan ) and Soya (ex Varyag ), it was not used for the long-distance voyages of the Japanese Naval Academy .
From April 1, 1920, she was prepared and used as a mine-layer for up to 300 mines. It was decommissioned on April 1, 1922 and sunk on May 27, 1924 off Yokosuka as a training target for aircraft.
Closing remarks
- Before the cruiser, there was a frigate Pallada in the Imperial Russian Navy from 1833 to 1855 , which was considered one of their best ships. During the Crimean War, it was sunk in the Far East in the Amur Delta by its own crew to prevent British ships from entering the delta. Ivan Goncharov took part in the trip, whose travelogue The Frigate Pallada , published in 1858, attracted great attention.
- The Tsarist Navy named a new armored cruiser Pallada in 1911 ; this was sunk in the Baltic Sea in 1914 by a German submarine .
- The Japanese Navy had a large mine- layer Tsugaru from 1941 to 1944 during World War II .
literature
- John Roberts, HC Timewell, Roger Chesneau (Ed.), Eugene M. Kolesnik (Ed.): Warships of the World 1860 to 1905 - Volume 2: USA, Japan and Russia. Bernard & Graefe Verlag, Koblenz 1983, ISBN 3-7637-5402-4 .
- Chesneau, Roger and Eugene M Kolesnik (eds.): Conway's All The World's Fighting Ships 1860-1905. Conway Maritime Press (1979), ISBN 0-85177-133-5 .
- David Evans: Kaigun: Strategy, Tactics, and Technology in the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1887-1941. US Naval Institute Press (1979), ISBN 0-87021-192-7 .
- Stephen Howarth: The Fighting Ships of the Rising Sun: The Drama of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1895-1945. Atheneum (1983), ISBN 0-689-11402-8 .
- Fred T. Jane: The Imperial Japanese Navy. Thacker, Spink & Co (1904).
- Hansgeorg Jentsura: Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869-1945. Naval Institute Press (1976), ISBN 0-87021-893-X .
- J. Charles Schencking: Making Waves: Politics, Propaganda, And The Emergence Of The Imperial Japanese Navy, 1868-1922. Stanford University Press (2005), ISBN 0-8047-4977-9 .
Web links
- AW Skworzow: The cruisers Pallada , Diana and Aurora , 2005 (Russian)
- W. Krestaninow, cruiser of the Imperial Russian Navy 1856-1917, 2003 (Russian)
- Pallada class photos
Footnotes
- ^ Image of the Pallada and the Retwisan before leaving for East Asia
- ↑ only inclusion in the fleet list? and commissioning only in May 1910?
