Patchouli

Patchouli
	Indian patchouli ( Pogostemon cablin )
Systematics
	Asterids
	Euasterids I
Order :	Mint family (Lamiales)
Family :	Mint family (Lamiaceae)
Subfamily :	Lamioideae
Genre :	Patchouli
Scientific name
	Pogostemon
	Desf.

Patchouli ( Pogostemon ) is a plant genus in the family of the lip bloom plants (Lamiaceae). The 40 to 90 species are widespread in the Paleotropic . Its best-known representatives are Indian and Javanese patchouli , which are used to produce the well-known patchouli fragrance.

The origin of the name patchouli is not entirely certain, but it is assumed that it is derived from the Tamil pachai (green) and ilai (leaf).

description

Illustration by Pogostemon plectranthoides (Syn .: Wensea pyramidata ) from: JC Wendland : Collectio plantarum tam exoticarum, quam indigenarum, cum delineatione, descriptione culturaque earum, Volume 3, Gebrüder Hahn, Hanover 1819.

Vegetative characteristics

In Pogostemon TYPES is annual or perennial herbaceous plants , or half-shrubs . The shoot axes are not hollow. Some Pogostemon species are aquatic plants . The plant parts can be aromatic.

The opposite constantly arranged, or rarely to third to several standing together in whorls leaves are stalked to approximately sessile. The simple, more or less hairy to tomentose-haired leaf blades are ovate to narrowly ovate, rarely linear or sickle-shaped. The leaf margins are serrated to almost smooth.

Generative characteristics

Six to many flowers each stand together in pseudo whorls in terminal, continuous or interrupted, sometimes one-sided, racemose or paniculate total inflorescences . The durable support and deck are linear to ovoid.

The relatively small, hermaphrodite flowers are zygomorphic and five-fold with a double flower envelope . The calyx is egg-shaped-tubular or bell-shaped and ends in five at least almost equal calyx teeth. The white to purple-colored crown is two-lipped, the upper lip is three-lobed and the lower lip is simple and as long or a little longer than the upper lip. The four free stamens are erect and protrude above the corolla; the front pair can be longer. The stamens are hairy purple in the middle. The anthers are spherical. The stylus is split into two roughly equal parts at the end.

The four solitary (partial fruits) Klausen are egg-shaped to spherical, slightly flattened and smooth.

Systematics and distribution

Pogostemon benghalensis

Habit and opposite, simple leaves of Indian patchouli ( Pogostemon cablin )

Pogostemon deccanensis

Pogostemon helferi as an underwater plant

Javanese patchouli ( Pogostemon heyneanus )

Pogostemon purpurascens

Pogostemon quadrifolius

Pogostemon stellatus as an underwater plant

Pogostemon yatabeanus

The genus Pogostemon was established in 1815 by the French botanist René Louiche Desfontaines in Mémoires du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle , Tome 2, p. 154. Type species is Pogostemon plectrantoides Desf. The generic name is derived from the Greek terms “pogon” for beard and “stemon” for thread and refers to the hairy stamens. Synonyms for Pogostemon Desf. are: Anuragia Raizada nom. illeg., Chotekia Opiz & Corda , Dysophylla Blume , Dysophylla El Gazzar & L. Watson ex Airy Shaw nom. illeg., Eusteralis Raf. , Wensea J.C. Wendl . The genus Pogostemon includes 40 to 94 species, depending on the author, including the species of the former genera Dolichostemon , Dysophylla Blume and Eusteralis Raf.

The distribution area of the genus Pogostemon includes tropical areas of Asia and Africa .

The following list of around 90 recognized species is based on Rafaël Govaerts et al .: World Checklist of Lamiaceae. 2003:

Pogostemon amaranthoides Benth. (Syn .: Pogostemon brevicorollus Y.Z.Sun ): This species occurs from the Himalayas to China.
Pogostemon andersonii (Prain) Panigrahi : It occurs from the eastern Himalayas to Myanmar.
Pogostemon aquaticus (CHWright) Press : It occurs from western Tanzania to southern tropical Africa.
Pogostemon atropurpureus Benth. : It occurs in southern India.
Pogostemon auricularius (L.) Hassk. : It occurs from tropical Asia to southern China.
Pogostemon barbatus Bhoti & Ingr .: It occurs from southeast China to Indochina.
Pogostemon benghalensis (Burm. F.) Kuntze : It occurs from Pakistan to Indochina.
Pogostemon brachystachyus Benth. (Syn .: Pogostemon nigrescens Dunn ): It occurs from the eastern Himalayas to Yunnan.
Indian patchouli ( Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth. ): The home is tropical Asia.
Pogostemon chinensis C.Y.Wu & YCHuang : It occurs from Assam to China.
Pogostemon crassicaulis (Benth.) Press : It occurs from the Himalayas to Indochina.
Pogostemon cristatus Hassk. : It occurs on Timor .
Pogostemon cruciatus (Benth.) Kuntze : It occurs from the Indian sukontinent to Yunnan .
Pogostemon dasianus A.B.De & Mukerjee : It occurs in Assam.
Pogostemon deccanensis (Panigrahi) Press : It occurs in southern India.
Pogostemon dielsianus Dunn : It occurs in western Yunnan.
Pogostemon elatispicatus Bhoti & Ingr .: It occurs in the Philippines.
Pogostemon elsholtzioides Benth. : It occurs from the eastern Himalayas to Assam and south-eastern Tibet.
Pogostemon erectus (Dalzell) Kuntze : It occurs in western India.
Pogostemon falcatus (CYWu) CYWu & HWLi : It occurs in southwestern Yunnan.
Pogostemon fauriei (H.Lév.) Press : It occurs from northeastern China to Korea.
Pogostemon formosanus olive. : It occurs in Taiwan.
Pogostemon fraternus Miq. : It occurs from the eastern Himalayas to southern Yunnan and to Indochina.
Pogostemon gardneri hook. f. : It occurs in southwest India.
Pogostemon glaber Benth. : It occurs in two varieties from the Himalayas to southern China and Indochina.
- Pogostemon glaber var. Glaber (Syn .: Pogostemon esquirolii (H.Lév.) CYWu & YCHuang )
- Pogostemon glaber var. Tsingpingensis (CYWu & YCHuang) Gang Yao : It only occurs in Yunnan.
Pogostemon glabratus Chermsir. ex Press : It occurs in Thailand.
Pogostemon globulosus Phuong ex Suddee & AJPaton (Syn .: Dysophylla globulosa Doan , this name was published without a Latin diagnosis, i.e. invalid): The new description was made in 2007. The species occurs in Thailand and Vietnam.

Pogostemon griffithii Prain : It occurs in Myanmar.

Pogostemon hedgei V.S.Kumar & BDSharma : It occurs in southern India.

Small water star ( Pogostemon helferi (Hook. F.) Press ): It occurs from northeast India to Indochina.
Pogostemon henanensis Gang Yao : The species first described in 2015 occurs in Henan .
Javanese patchouli ( Pogostemon heyneanus Benth. ): It occurs from India to Malesia.
Pogostemon hirsutus Benth. : It occurs in Sri Lanka.
Pogostemon hispidocalyx C.Y.Wu & YCHuang : It occurs in southwestern Yunnan.
Pogostemon hispidus (Benth.) Prain : It occurs from Assam to Thailand.
Pogostemon kachinensis (Mukerjee) Panigrahi : It occurs in northern Myanmar.
Pogostemon koehneanus (Muschl.) Press : It occurs in Thailand.
Pogostemon latifolius (CYWu & YCHuang) Gang Yao (Syn .: Pogostemon griffithii var. Latifolius C.Y.Wu & YCHuang ): It occurs in southwestern Yunnan.
Pogostemon linearis (Benth.) Kuntze : It occurs from the eastern Himalayas to Yunnan and Thailand.
Pogostemon litigiosus Doan ex Suddee & AJPaton : This new description took place in 2007. The species occurs in Vietnam.
Pogostemon macgregorii W.W.Sm. : It occurs in Myanmar and northern Thailand.
Pogostemon manipurensis V.S.Kumar : It occurs in Assam .
Pogostemon membranaceus Merr. : It occurs in the Philippines.
Pogostemon menthoides flower : It occurs in tropical Asia.
Pogostemon micangensis G.Taylor : It occurs from Cameroon to Angola.
Pogostemon mollis Benth. : It occurs in southwest India.
Pogostemon mutamba (here) G.Taylor : It occurs in Angola.
Pogostemon myosuroides (Roth) Kuntze ; It occurs in eastern India.
Pogostemon nelsonii Doan ex Suddee & AJPaton : This new description took place in 2007. The species occurs in Vietnam.
Pogostemon nepetoides Stapf : It occurs on Luzon .
Pogostemon nilagiricus Benth. : It occurs in southern India.
Pogostemon paniculatus (Willd.) Benth. : It occurs from India to western Indochina.
Pogostemon parviflorus Benth. (Syn .: Pogostemon championii Prain ): It occurs from India to southern China.
Pogostemon peethapushpum Pradeep : It occurs in southern India.
Pogostemon peguanus (Prain) Press : It occurs in Indochina.
Pogostemon pentagonus (CBClarke ex Hook. F.) Kuntze : It occurs from northeastern India to southern Yunnan.
Pogostemon petelotii Doan ex Gang Yao, YFDeng & XJGe : The species first described in 2013 occurs in Vietnam.
Pogostemon petiolaris Benth. : It occurs in southwest India.
Pogostemon philippinensis S.Moore : It occurs in the Philippines and the Mariana Islands.
Pogostemon plectranthoides Desf. : It occurs in India and Bangladesh.
Pogostemon pressii Panigrahi : It occurs in southern India.
Pogostemon pubescens Benth. : It occurs in southern India and western Indochina.
Pogostemon pumilus (Graham) Press : It occurs from the Himalayas to Bangladesh.
Pogostemon purpurascens Dalzell : It occurs from the Himalayas to Assam and in southern India.
Pogostemon quadrifolius (Benth.) F. Muell. : It occurs from Assam to southern Yunnan and southwestern India.
Pogostemon raghavendranii R. Murugan & Livingst. : The species first described in 2010 occurs in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu .
Pogostemon reflexus Benth. : It occurs in Sri Lanka.
Pogostemon reticulatus Merr. : It occurs on Luzon.
Pogostemon rogersii N.E.Br. : It occurs in southern tropical Africa.
Pogostemon rotundatus Benth. : It occurs in southern India.
Pogostemon rugosus (Hook. F.) El Gazzar & L. Watson : It occurs in southern India.
Pogostemon rupestris Benth. : It occurs in Sri Lanka.
Pogostemon salicifolius (Dalzell ex Hook. F.) El Gazzar & L. Watson : It occurs in south-western India.
Pogostemon sampsonii (Hance) Press : It occurs from southeast China to Hainan.
Pogostemon septentrionalis C.Y.Wu & YCHuang : It occurs in southeastern China.
Pogostemon speciosus Benth. : There are two varieties:
- Pogostemon speciosus var. Filiformis V.S.Kumar & BDSharma : It comes in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu before.
- Pogostemon speciosus Benth. var. speciosus : It occurs in southern India.
Pogostemon stellatus (Lour.) Kuntze : It is also called the "whorled star plant" and is used as an aquarium plant. It occurs from tropical and subtropical Asia to northern Australia.
Pogostemon stocksii (Hook. F.) Press : It occurs in southwestern India.
Pogostemon strigosus (Benth.) Benth. : It occurs from Assam to Myanmar.
Pogostemon szemaoensis (CYWu & SJHsuan) Press : It occurs in southern Xunnan.
Pogostemon tisserantii (Pellegr.) Bhoti & Ingr .: It occurs from Cameroon to southern Chad.
Pogostemon travancoricus Bedd. : It occurs in southern India.
Pogostemon trinervis Chermsir. ex Press : It occurs in northeastern Thailand.
Pogostemon tuberculosus Benth. : It occurs in the central and eastern Himalayas.
Pogostemon velatus Benth. : It occurs on Luzon.
Pogostemon vestitus Benth. : It occurs in southwest India.
Pogostemon villosus (Roxb.) Benth. : It occurs from northeast India to Assam.
Pogostemon wattii C.B. Clarke : It occurs in Assam.
Pogostemon wightii Benth. : It occurs in southern India.
Pogostemon williamsii Elmer : It occurs on Luzon.
Pogostemon xanthiifolius C.Y.Wu & YCHuang : It occurs in southern Yunnan.
Pogostemon yatabeanus (Makino) Press (Syn .: Pogostemon lythroides (Diels) Press ): It is distributed from southern China to Japan and Russia's Far East .

swell

literature

Xi-wen Li, Ian C. Hedge: Lamiaceae. Pogostemon. In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China. Volume 17: Verbenaceae through Solanaceae. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 1994, ISBN 0-915279-24-X , pp. 258-261.

Individual evidence

↑ etymonline. Retrieved October 16, 2016 .
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Pogostemon at Tropicos.org. In: Flora of Pakistan . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Xi-wen Li, Ian C. Hedge: Lamiaceae. Pogostemon. In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China. Volume 17: Verbenaceae through Solanaceae. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 1994, ISBN 0-915279-24-X , pp. 258-261.
^ René Louiche Desfontaines, scanned in 1815 at biodiversitylibrary.org .
^ Pogostemon at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed January 4, 2018.
↑ Note on the genus on Heimbiotop.de
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc ^bd ^be ^bf ^bg ^bh ^bi ^bj ^bk ^bl ^bm ^bn ^bo ^bp ^bq ^br ^bs ^bt ^bu ^bv ^bw ^bx ^by ^bz ^ca ^cb ^cc ^cd ^ce ^cf ^cg ^ch ^ci ^cj ^ck ^cl ^cm ^cn ^co ^cp ^cq ^cr Rafaël Govaerts ( Ed.): Pogostemon. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved December 28, 2018.
↑ ^a ^b ^c Somran Suddee, Alan Paton: Validation of Lamiaceae Names. In: Kew Bulletin. Volume 61, 2006, pp. 619-621. PDF. JSTOR 20443310
^ Hans-Georg Kramer: Plant aquaristics á la Kramer. Tetra-Verlag, Berlin-Velten 2009, ISBN 978-3-89745-190-2 , p. 216 f.

Web links

Commons : Patchouli ( Pogostemon ) - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Pogostemon at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis

[1] etymonline. Retrieved October 16, 2016 .

[FoPakistan-2] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Pogostemon at Tropicos.org. In: Flora of Pakistan . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis

[FoC-3] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Xi-wen Li, Ian C. Hedge: Lamiaceae. Pogostemon. In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China. Volume 17: Verbenaceae through Solanaceae. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 1994, ISBN 0-915279-24-X , pp. 258-261.

[Desfontaines1815-4] René Louiche Desfontaines, scanned in 1815 at biodiversitylibrary.org .

[Tropicos-5] Pogostemon at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed January 4, 2018.

[6] Note on the genus on Heimbiotop.de

[WCSP-7] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc ^bd ^be ^bf ^bg ^bh ^bi ^bj ^bk ^bl ^bm ^bn ^bo ^bp ^bq ^br ^bs ^bt ^bu ^bv ^bw ^bx ^by ^bz ^ca ^cb ^cc ^cd ^ce ^cf ^cg ^ch ^ci ^cj ^ck ^cl ^cm ^cn ^co ^cp ^cq ^cr Rafaël Govaerts ( Ed.): Pogostemon. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved December 28, 2018.

[Suddee2006-8] Somran Suddee, Alan Paton: Validation of Lamiaceae Names. In: Kew Bulletin. Volume 61, 2006, pp. 619-621. PDF. JSTOR 20443310

[9] Hans-Georg Kramer: Plant aquaristics á la Kramer. Tetra-Verlag, Berlin-Velten 2009, ISBN 978-3-89745-190-2 , p. 216 f.