Planococcus

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Planococcus
Systematics
Domain : Bacteria (bacteria)
Department : Firmicutes
Class : Bacilli
Order : Bacillales
Family : Planococcaceae
Genre : Planococcus
Scientific name
Planococcus
Migula 1894

Planococcus is a genus of bacteria . The genus is one of the gram-positive bacteria.

features

Appearance

The cells of Planococcus are cocci-shaped . The diameter is 1.0–1.2 μm. The cells can appear alone, in pairs (diplococci), as tetrads or in clusters. The cells are actively motile, they have one or two flagella . Endospores are not formed. The colonies show a yellow-orange color.

metabolism

Planococcus is chemo-organotrophic . The genus is aerobic , breathing is used to generate energy . The catalase test is always positive, the urease test is always negative. The oxidase test runs differently depending on the species, the species Planococcus plakortidis oxidase positive, P. maritimus oxidase negative. Nitrate is reduced by some species , e.g. Planococcus columbae and P. maitriensis . The species are halo- tolerant, 0–17% sodium chloride (table salt) is tolerated . Some cultures are also halophilic , they rely on high salt concentrations.

Chemotaxonomic Features

The Gram staining is gram-positive to gram-variable in the species of Planococcus . In the latter, Gram staining is negative in young cultures and positive in older cultures. The GC content in the bacterial DNA is between 39 and 52 mol percent, depending on the species. The predominant menaquinones are MK-6, MK-7 and MK-8. The amino acid L- lysine of the cell wall is important for the identification of the genus , which also applies to the whole family of the Planococcaceae . The peptidoglycan type is A4α, the two tetrapeptides of the peptide bridge are linked via a D -glutamic acid (type L- Lys- D -Glu).

Peptidoglycan type A4α with L -Lys- D -Glu

The cellular fatty acids are mainly branched fatty acid chains of the anteiso -C 15: 0 , anteiso -C 17: 0 and iso -C 16: 0 types . The psychrophilic species Planococcus antarcticus has remarkable amounts of C 15: 1 , iso -C 16: 1 and C 18: 1 . The most common lipids found in the membrane are diphosphatidylglycerin and phosphatidylglycerin .

Systematics

The genus Planococcus is part of the Planococcaceae family , which in turn is one of the Firmicutes . The type species is Planococcus citreus . The genus was first described in 1894 by Walter Migula and in 1996 by Nakagawa et al. expanded. The species Planococcus alkanoclasticus , P. mcmeekinii , P. stackebrandtii and P. okeanokoites , previously listed in this genus, were then added to the newly established genus Planomicrobium in 2001 . Planoccous halophilus is now classified as Marinococcus halophilus . Some types: (As of January 16, 2019):

etymology

The name Planococcus is made up of the Greek word planos ("wanderer") and kokkos ("grain", Latinized coccus ) and refers to the motility and shape of these bacteria (they are cocci-shaped species).

ecology

Planococcus antarcticus is psychrophilic, it only lives under low temperatures, but mesophilic species are also present. Different species occur in the Antarctic, such as Planococcus maitriensis and P. antarcticus . In the permafrost in the weather station Eureka on the island of Ellesmere Iceland in Canadian-Arctic Archipelago was Planococcus halocryophilus found. The bacterium still shows growth and division at -15 ° C and is still metabolically active at -23 ° C. The species Planococcus antarcticus was found in mats of cyanobacteria from ponds in the Antarctic and shows growth at temperatures from 0 to 30 ° C. Planococcus rifietoensis was discovered in a sulfur-containing spring . This species can be used against gray mold rot caused by the mold Botrytis cinerea . The species Planococcus alkanoclasticus, which was previously listed in this genus (now assigned to the genus Planomicrobium as Planomicrobium alkanoclasticum ) was isolated from a stream contaminated with crude oil in England and is able to break down various branched and unbranched alkanes with up to 33 C atoms, which makes this species interesting for cleaning contaminated floors.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f Paul Vos, George Garrity, Dorothy Jones, Noel R. Krieg, Wolfgang Ludwig, Fred A. Rainey, Karl-Heinz Schleifer, William B. Whitman: Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology: Volume 3: The Firmicutes . Springer, 2009, ISBN 978-0-387-95041-9 .
  2. ↑ a b c d e f Eugene Rosenberg, Edward F. DeLong, Stephen Lory, Erko Stackebrandt , Fabiano Thompson: The Prokaryotes. Firmicutes and Tenerife . Springer, 2014, ISBN 978-3-642-30121-6 .
  3. ^ KH Schleifer and O. Kandler: Peptidoglycan Types of Bacterial Cell Walls and their Taxonomic Implications in Bacteriological Reviews , December 1973, 36 (4), pp. 407-477. PMC 408328 (free full text)
  4. ↑ Migula W (1894): About a new system of bacteria. In: Arb. Bakteriol. Inst. Karlsruhe , 1894, 1, pp. 235-238
  5. ↑ Yasuyoshi Nakagawa, Takeshit Sakane, Akira Yokota: Emendation of the Genus Planococcus and Transfer of Flavobacterium okeanokoites Zobell and Upham 1944 to the Genus Planococcus as Planococcus okeanokoites comb. nov. In: International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 1996, 46: pp. 866-870. doi : 10.1099 / 00207713-46-4-866
  6. ↑ Jung-Hoon Yoon, Seok-Seong Kang, Keun-Chul Lee, Eun Sook Lee, Yung Hee Kho, Kook Hee Kang, Yong-Ha Park: Planomicrobium koreense gen. Nov., Sp. nov., a bacterium isolated from the Korean traditional fermented seafood jeotgal, and transfer of Planococcus okeanokoites (Nakagawa et al. 1996) and Planococcus mcmeekinii (Junge et al. 1998) to the genus Planomicrobium. In: International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology . Volume 51, Number 4, 2001, pp. 1511-1520 .
  7. ^ Jean Euzéby, Aidan C. Parte: Genus Planococcus. In: List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature ( LPSN ). Retrieved January 16, 2019 .
  8. ↑ Nadia CS Mykytczuk, Simon J. Foote, Chris R. Omelon, Gordon Southam, Charles W. Greer and Lyle G. Whyte: Bacterial growth at −15 ° C; molecular insights from the permafrost bacterium Planococcus halocryophilus Or1 In: The ISME Journal , 2013, 7 (6): pp. 1211-1226. doi : 10.1038 / ismej.2013.8
  9. ↑ GS Reddy, JS Prakash et al. a .: Planococcus antarcticus and Planococcus psychrophilus spp. nov. isolated from cyanobacterial mat samples collected from ponds in Antarctica. In: Extremophiles: life under extreme conditions. Volume 6, Number 3, June 2002, pp. 253-261, ISSN  1431-0651 . doi : 10.1007 / s00792-001-0250-7 . PMID 12072961 .
  10. ↑ MA Engelhardt, K. Daly, RPJ Swannell and IM Head: Isolation and characterization of a novel hydrocarbon-degrading, Gram-positive bacterium, isolated from intertidal beach sediment, and description of Planococcus alkanoclasticus sp. nov. In: Journal of Applied Microbiology. 2001, 90, pp. 237-247. Wiley Online Library

literature

  • Paul Vos, George Garrity, Dorothy Jones, Noel R. Krieg, Wolfgang Ludwig, Fred A. Rainey, Karl-Heinz Schleifer, William B. Whitman: Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology: Volume 3: The Firmicutes . Springer, 2009, ISBN 978-0-387-95041-9 .