Planococcus antarcticus
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| Reddy et al. 2002 |
Planococcus antarcticus is a type of gram positive bacteria that was discovered in 2002. The species name refers to the place where the bacterium was found, the Antarctic .
features
Appearance
The colonies of Planococcus antarcticus are orange in color. The cells are cocci-shaped , they can appear alone, in pairs, as groups of three or as tetrads. The cells are actively motile , they have one or two flagella . Endospores are not formed.
Growth and metabolism
Planococcus antarcticus is chemo-organotrophic and aerobic . The catalase test is positive, the oxidase test is negative. The species uses glucose , glutamate and succinate as sources of energy and carbon. When glucose is broken down, acid is formed. Nitrate is not reduced and starch is not hydrolyzed .
Temperatures tolerated for growth are between 0 and 30 ° C, Planococcus antarcticus is psychrophilic (likes the cold). Up to 12% sodium chloride (table salt) is tolerated in the nutrient medium , but no minimum content is required for growth, it is therefore halo-tolerant . The cultivation succeeds on nutrient media which contain peptone and yeast extract , have a pH value of 6.9 and are incubated at 5 ° C.
Chemotaxonomic Features
Planococcus antarcticus is one of the gram-positive bacteria with a low GC content (the proportion of the nucleobases guanine and cytosine ) in the bacterial DNA . The GC content is about 42 to 43 mol percent. The composition of the lipids in the cell membrane can be used as a distinguishing feature from other species of the genus Planococcus . In Planococcus antarcticus the fatty acids come with the abbreviations C 15: 0 ( pentadecanoic acid ), C 15: 1 , C 16: 0 ( palmitic acid , hexadecanoic acid), C 17: 0 (margaric acid , heptadecanoic acid ) and iso -C 16: 1 , one branched chain fatty acid.
genetics
The genome of the bacterial strain Planococcus antarcticus DSM 14505 was completely sequenced in 2012 . The size of the genome is 3772 kilobase pairs (kb), which is about 80% of the genome size of Escherichia coli . There are 3692 proteins annotated . The proteins and enzymes identified include protective proteins that make it resistant to cold, an ATP synthase and a hydrolase that enables it to hydrolyze bile salts . This enzyme is actually typical of bacteria living in the intestine , such as the Enterobacteriaceae , to which it is not closely related.
Systematics
The generic name is made up of the Greek words planos ("wanderer") and coccus ("grain") and refers to the property of motility and the appearance of the cells of these bacteria. The epithet antarcticus (from Latin ) means "concerning the Antarctic" and refers to the place where the bacterium was found. Planococcus antarcticus was first described by the Indian scientist Gundlapally Satyanaryana Reddy in 2002 . Planococcus antarcticus is one of several species in the genus Planococcus . It is part of the Planococcaceae family , which in turn is managed in the Firmicutes department .
Occurrence and meaning
Planococcus antarcticus was found with the first described species Planococcus psychrophilus from a “matted” collection of cyanobacteria (English cyanobacterial mat samples ) from ponds in the Antarctic . Since it is psychrophilic and grows well at low temperatures, the enzymes it produces are of interest, which then also have enzyme activity at low temperatures .
Since Antarctica was separated from the South American continent 23 million years ago , it is assumed that Planococcus antarcticus lived in isolation for the same period. For this reason, its genome is compared with that of other bacteria in order to find out more about the evolution of individual genes , for example the bile salt hydrolase present in it.
swell
literature
- Paul Vos, George Garrity, Dorothy Jones, Noel R. Krieg, Wolfgang Ludwig, Fred A. Rainey, Karl-Heinz Schleifer, William B. Whitman: Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology: Volume 3: The Firmicutes . Springer, 2009, ISBN 978-0-387-95041-9 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e G. S. Reddy, JS Prakash et al. a .: Planococcus antarcticus and Planococcus psychrophilus spp. nov. isolated from cyanobacterial mat samples collected from ponds in Antarctica. In: Extremophiles: life under extreme conditions. Volume 6, Number 3, June 2002, pp. 253-261, ISSN 1431-0651 . doi : 10.1007 / s00792-001-0250-7 . PMID 12072961 .
- ^ A b c d e A. Margolles, M. Gueimonde, B. Sánchez: Genome sequence of the Antarctic psychrophile bacterium Planococcus antarcticus DSM 14505. In: Journal of bacteriology. Volume 194, Number 16, August 2012, p. 4465, ISSN 1098-5530 . doi : 10.1128 / JB.00888-12 . PMID 22843594 . PMC 3416246 (free full text).
- ^ A b Planococcus antarcticus DSM 14505. In: Website Genomes Online Database (GOLD) . Retrieved December 31, 2013 .
- ↑ Planococcus antarcticus. In: National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Genome website . Retrieved December 31, 2013 .
- ^ Jean Euzéby, Aidan C. Parte: Genus Planococcus. In: List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature ( LPSN ). Retrieved December 31, 2013 .