Planomicrobium

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Planomicrobium
Systematics
Domain : Bacteria (bacteria)
Department : Firmicutes
Class : Bacilli
Order : Bacillales
Family : Planococcaceae
Genre : Planomicrobium
Scientific name
Planomicrobium
Yoon et al. 2001

Planomicrobium is a genus of bacteria .

features

Appearance

The cells are rod-shaped or form cocci . Very short rod-shaped cells can also appear. Endospores are not formed. They have a polar flagellum , and peritrichal flagellation also occurs. The color of the colonies is yellow or orange to pale orange , depending on the species . The colonies are smooth and circular.

metabolism

Planomicrobium is heterotrophic . The species are strictly aerobic , meaning they rely on oxygen. The catalase test and the urease test are always negative. Other distinguishing features, such as the oxidase test , the reduction of nitrate and hydrolysis of casein , gelatin , starch and polysorbate 80 (Tween 80) as well as the aesculin cleavage are different depending on the species.

The types that reduce nitrate to nitrite include: B. P. chinense and P. mcmeekinii . The oxidase test is positive for z. B. of the species Planomicrobium psychrophilum , negative in P. alkanoclasticum , P. chinense and P. mcmeekinii .

Chemotaxonomic Features

The individual species of the genus Planomicrobium are gram-positive to gram- variable. The predominantly present menaquinones are, depending on the species, MK-8 and MK-7 (e.g. Planomicrobium soli ) or MK-8, MK-7 and MK-6 (e.g. P. koreense ). The GC content in the DNA of the species is between 35 and 49 mol percent. The peptidoglycan type is A4α, the two tetrapeptides of the peptide bridge are linked either via an aspartic acid ( L- Lys- D -Asp) or via a glutamic acid ( L -Lys- D -Glu). The main phospholipids of the membrane are phosphatidylethanolamines , phosphatidylglycerols and diphosphatidylglycerols.

Systematics

The type species is Planomicrobium koreense , it was developed by Jung-Hoon Yoon et al. first described in 2001. In this work, the species Planococcus okeanokoites (Nakagawa et al. 1996) and Planococcus mcmeekinii (Junge et al. 1998), which belonged to the genus Planococcus at that time, were transferred to the genus Planomicrobium . In 2005 the species Planococcus psychrophilum and Planococcus alkanoclasticus were added to Planomicrobium .

In February 2018 the following 10 species are known:

etymology

The generic name is made up of the Greek words planos ("wanderer") and micros ("small") and refers to the size (it is either cocci or short rods) and the property of the motility of these bacteria.

ecology

The individual species were isolated from different habitats , e.g. from fresh water , sea ​​water and soil. Planomicrobium glaciei was isolated from frozen soil samples from a glacier in the Uyghur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang , P. okeanokoites from marine mud and P. chinense from coastal sediments of the East China Sea .

Psychrophilic species are also known, for example P. glaciei shows growth at temperatures between 4 and 28 ° C, optimal growth takes place at 20 - 21 ° C. It was found in samples of frozen soil from a glacier in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region . P. psychrophilum was isolated from blue-green algae mats in the Antarctic dry valleys ( McMurdo Dry Valleys ). Growth in this species appears at temperatures between 2 and 30 ° C. Optimal growth occurs at 22 ° C.

The bacterium P. alkanoclasticum was isolated from a stream in England that was contaminated with crude oil . Due to its ability to break down a variety of linear and branched alkanes with up to 33 carbon atoms, Planomicrobium alkanoclasticum is of interest for cleaning contaminated soils.

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Paul Vos, George Garrity, Dorothy Jones, Noel R. Krieg, Wolfgang Ludwig, Fred A. Rainey, Karl-Heinz Schleifer, William B. Whitman: Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology: Volume 3: The Firmicutes . Springer, 2009, ISBN 978-0-387-95041-9 .
  2. ^ A b c d Eugene Rosenberg, Edward F. DeLong, Stephen Lory, Erko Stackebrandt, Fabiano Thompson: The Prokaryotes. Firmicutes and Tenerife . Springer, 2014, ISBN 978-3-642-30121-6 .
  3. ↑ a b Jung-Hoon Yoon, Seok-Seong Kang, Keun-Chul Lee, Eun Sook Lee, Yung Hee Kho, Kook Hee Kang, Yong-Ha Park: Planomicrobium koreense gen. Nov., Sp. nov., a bacterium isolated from the Korean traditional fermented seafood jeotgal, and transfer of Planococcus okeanokoites (Nakagawa et al. 1996) and Planococcus mcmeekinii (Junge et al. 1998) to the genus Planomicrobium. In: International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology . Volume 51, Number 4, 2001, pp. 1511-1520 .
  4. ↑ a b Xiaonan Luo, Jianli Zhang, Dai Li, Yuhua Xin, Di Xin and Lei Fan: Planomicrobium soli sp. nov., isolated from soil In: International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology. Volume 64, No. 8, pp. 2700-2705. doi : 10.1099 / ijs.0.055426-0
  5. ↑ Xin Dai, Ya-Nan Wang, Bao-Jun Wang, Shuang-Jiang Liu and Yu-Guang Zhou: Planomicrobium chinense sp. nov., isolated from coastal sediment, and transfer of Planococcus psychrophilus and Planococcus alkanoclasticus to Planomicrobium as Planomicrobium psychrophilum comb. nov. and Planomicrobium alkanoclasticum comb. nov. In: International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology. 2005, Vol. 55, No. 2, pp. 699-702. doi : 10.1099 / ijs.0.63340-0
  6. ^ Jean Euzéby, Aidan C. Parte: Genus Planomicrobium. In: List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature ( LPSN ). Retrieved January 28, 2017 .
  7. ↑ De-Chao Zhang, Hong-Can Liu, Yu-Hua Xin, Yong Yu, Pei-Jin Zhou and Yu-Guang Zhou: Planomicrobium glaciei sp. nov., a psychrotolerant bacterium isolated from a glacier In: International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 2009, Volume 59, No. 6, pp. 1387-1390 doi : 10.1099 / ijs.0.002592-0
  8. ↑ G. Reddy J. Prakash M. Vairamani S. Prabhakar G. Matsumoto S. Shivaji: Planococcus antarcticus and Planococcus psychrophilus spp. nov. isolated from cyanobacterial mat samples collected from ponds in Antarctica . In: Extremophiles Volume 6, June 2002. ISSN  1431-0651
  9. ↑ MA Engelhardt, K. Daly, RPJ Swannell and IM Head: Isolation and characterization of a novel hydrocarbon-degrading, Gram-positive bacterium, isolated from intertidal beach sediment, and description of Planococcus alkanoclasticus sp. nov. In: Journal of Applied Microbiology. 2001, 90, pp. 237-247.

literature