Schinopsis lorentzii

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Schinopsis lorentzii
Quebracho tree (Schinopsis lorentzii)

Quebracho tree ( Schinopsis lorentzii )

Systematics
Rosids
Eurosiden II
Order : Sapindales (Sapindales)
Family : Sumac family (Anacardiaceae)
Genre : Schinopsis
Type : Schinopsis lorentzii
Scientific name
Schinopsis lorentzii
( Griseb. ) Engl.

Schinopsis lorentzii , also called Quebracho treeor Quebracho colorado in Spanish, is a species of the genus Schinopsis inthe sumac family (Anacardiaceae). The natural range is in northern Argentina , Paraguay and Bolivia in the Gran Chaco .

Schinopsis balansae, which is also known as the red quebracho tree and also as quebracho colorado , is similar . Schinopsis Lorentzii is considered to be somewhat more valuable. The term “Querbracho” comes from the Portuguese quebrar for “to break” and hatcha for “ax”, because of the great hardness of the wood. Quebracho is also used in a few other species.

description

Vegetative characteristics

Schinopsis lorentzii is a stately and slowly growing, deciduous tree that reaches heights of 10 to 25, rarely up to 28 meters and trunk diameters of up to 2 meters. The longer branches are partly heavily branched, these small branches are sometimes covered with thorns . The bark is grayish to brown. The thick bark is rough and fissured or scaly.

The alternate leaves arranged on the branches are divided into petioles and leaf blades and are up to about 20 centimeters long. The petiole is 0.6 to 4.8 inches long. are mostly unpaired or rarely paired pinnate or two- and three-fold. The slightly leathery leaflets are up to 6.5 centimeters long, sometimes with an uneven blade. The leaflets are ovate, lanceolate to obovate or elliptical with pointed or pointed to rounded upper ends. The edges are often a little darker and finely haired, they are very or seldom serrated irregularly.

Generative characteristics

Schinopsis lorentzii is a dioecious segregated ( diocesan ) plant. The terminal, short-stalked and branched panicle inflorescence has a finely hairy rachis . The flowers are almost sessile or have a short stalk. Below the male and female flowers are pointed, finely hairy bracts and bracts .

The relatively small, unisexual flowers are five-fold with a double bloom and yellow. The petals are each inside, longitudinally centered with a darker central area and they are expansive to laid back. In the male flowers of the bell is flowering ground fleshy. Their five small sepals are almost circular with a length of 0.5 to 0.6 centimeters. The five fleshy petals are egg-shaped with a length of 2 to 2.5 millimeters and a width of 1.2 to 1.3 millimeters. The five stamens are a total of 2 to 3 millimeters long; their thick stamens are 1.5 millimeters long and their anthers are elongated with a length of 1.5 millimeters and a width of up to 0.5 millimeters. The inconspicuous disc is multi-lobed. The base of the female flowers is cup-shaped and fleshy. Their calyx is relatively small with five round sepals arranged like roof tiles. The ovate petals are fleshy and 1.7–2.5 millimeters long and 1–1.5 millimeters wide. There are five short staminodes with a much wider base, as well as apple-shaped anthers and a five- or rarely ten-lobed disc. The seated ovary is egg-shaped with a length of 1.5 to 2 millimeters and a diameter of 1.2 to 1.5 millimeters to obovate. Most of the three styles located on the side of the ovary are 0.7 to 1.2 millimeters long and each end with a 0.3 to 0.5 millimeter wide cephalic stigma .

The winged, solitary wing nuts (Samaras) are 1.2 to 3.6 inches long and 0.5 to 2.6 inches wide; they are green when immature, then red, and turn brownish when ripe. The seed alone, without wings, is 0.5 to 2 inches long.

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 48.

distribution

Schinopsis lorentzii is distributed from western to southern South America. There are localities for Bolivia , western Paraguay , for the Argentine provinces of northern Cordoba , western Chaco , western Formosa , Jujuy , Salta , northwestern Santa Fe , Santiago del Estero and Tucumán .

Taxonomy

The first description under the name ( Basionym ) Loxopterygium lorentzii took place in 1874 by August Grisebach in treatises of the Royal Society of Sciences in Göttingen , Volume 19, pages 115-116. In 1881 Adolf Engler placed this species as Schinopsis lorentzii (Griseb.) Engl. In the genus Schinopsis newly established by him in 1876 in Botanical Yearbooks for Systematics, Plant History and Plant Geography , Volume 1, Page 46 . Other synonyms for Schinopsis lorentzii (Griseb.) Engl. Are Quebrachia lorentzii (Griseb.) Griesb. , Schinopsis haenkeana Engl. And Schinopsis marginata Engl. Syn. nov., Schinopsis lorentzii var. marginata (Engl.) Cabrera , as well as invalid Schinopsis quebracho-colorado (Schltdl.) FABarkley & T.Mey.

use

The reddish wood is very valued, very hard, heavy and durable. Tannin can be obtained from the very tannin-rich wood, which used to be very popular, which is why large quantities of wood were felled. However, only trees from the age of 40–50 years develop larger amounts of tannin. The wood also contains catechin pigments and, like the bark and leaves, alkaloids .

Others

Leaves, twigs and sawdust can cause skin irritation.

literature

  • Carolina B. Flores, María A. Zapater, Silvia Sühring: Taxonomical identity of Schinopsis lorentzii and Schinopsis marginata (Anacardiaceae). In: Darwiniana. Nueva Series 1 (1), 2013, pp. 25–38, at Darwiniana - Instituto de Botánica Darwinion (PDF; 2.3 MB).

Web links

Commons : Quebracho wood tree ( Schinopsis lorentzii )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Robert Zander , Fritz Encke , Günther Buchheim, Siegmund Seybold : Zander concise dictionary of plant names. 15th edition. corrected reprint of the 14th edition, Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 1994, ISBN 3-8001-5072-7 .
  2. ^ A b John H. Wiersema, Blanca León: World Economic Plants: A Standard Reference. 2nd edition, CRC Press, 2016, ISBN 978-1-4665-7681-0 , pp. 618, 1106 f.
  3. ↑ a b M. Bergmann, H. Gnamm, W. Vogel: The tanning with vegetable tanning agents . Springer, 1931, ISBN 978-3-7091-5982-8 (reprint), pp. 385-392.
  4. ↑ a b Schinopsis quebracho-colorado in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Accessed May 31, 2019.
  5. ↑ Michael A. Mares: Encyclopedia of Deserts. University of Oklahoma Press, 2017, ISBN 978-0-8061-7229-3 , pp. 108 f.
  6. ↑ The Quebracho Tree at Unitán , accessed October 10, 2018.
  7. ^ A b SL Kochhar: Economic Botany. 5th edition, Cambridge University Press, 2016, ISBN 978-1-107-11294-0 , p. 516.
  8. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k Carolina B. Flores, María A. Zapater, Silvia Sühring: Taxonomical identity of Schinopsis lorentzii and Schinopsis marginata (Anacardiaceae). In: Darwiniana. Nueva Series 1 (1), 2013, pp. 25–38, at Darwiniana - Instituto de Botánica Darwinion (PDF; 2.3 MB).
  9. ↑ a b Schinopsis lorentzii at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed May 31, 2019.
  10. ↑ Schinopsis lorentzii at Plants of the World online by KewScience , last accessed on May 30, 2019.
  11. ↑ G. Frerichs, G. Arends, H. Zörnig: Hagers Handbook of Pharmaceutical Practice. Second volume, Springer, 1938. (Reprint: ISBN 978-3-662-35502-2 , p. 541)
  12. ↑ George A. Burdock: Fenaroli's Handbook of Flavor Ingredients. CRC Press, 2010, ISBN 978-1-4200-9077-2 , p. 1782.
  13. ↑ J. Barnewitz, F. Bering et al .: Congenital anomalies Photodermatoses · Plant toxins Thermal damage Influence of internal disorders on the skin. Springer, 1932. (Reprint: ISBN 978-3-7091-5273-7 , p. 637)