Quercus stellata

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Quercus stellata
The Houston Campsite Oak in the Grapevine Springs Preserve, Coppell, Texas

The Houston Campsite Oak in the Grapevine Springs Preserve, Coppell, Texas

Systematics
Class : Bedecktsamer (Magnoliopsida)
Eurosiden I
Order : Beech-like (Fagales)
Family : Beech family (Fagaceae)
Genre : Oak trees ( Quercus )
Type : Quercus stellata
Scientific name
Quercus stellata
Wangenh.

Quercus stellata is a species of oak ( Quercus ) within the beech family(Fagaceae). It occurs in the eastern to central United States. English-language common names are post oak, iron oak (rarely also called stake oak).

description

bark
Illustration from 1812
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Quercus stellata can be recognized by the rounded, cruciform leaf blades and the hairy underside of the leaves.

Vegetative characteristics

Quercus stellata is a relatively small tree , usually with heights of 10 to 15 meters and trunk diameters of 30 to 60 centimeters; individual specimens can be 30 meters high and reach a trunk diameter of 140 centimeters.

The leaves have a distinctive shape: three lobes arranged perpendicular to each other, which look very similar to a Maltese cross . They are leathery and densely covered with short hair on the underside. The branching pattern often gives the trees a disheveled appearance.

Generative characteristics

The acorns are 1.5 to 2 centimeters long and ripen in the first summer after fertilization .

ecology

Because of its thick bark, Quercus stellata can survive forest fires . It is very helpful for dendrochronology . A study on 36 trees in Illinois produced a dataset of annual rings spanning 226 years and shows that Quercus stellata can withstand a forest fire frequency of 1.44 fires per year for over 100 years.

Natural range of Quercus stellata

Occurrence and endangerment

Quercus stellata occurs in the United States from Massachusetts in the northeast to Texas in the southwest; in the southeast the distribution area extends to Florida , in the northwest to Iowa .

Quercus stellata typically grows at the edge of the forest on dry, sandy, nutrient-poor soils .

Quercus stellata is a slow-growing tree that grows on dry, nutrient-poor soils and is resistant to rot, fire and drought.

Quercus stellata is native to the eastern and central United States ; it occurs in all states on the coast of Massachusetts in the northeast to Texas in the southwest and is found inland to Nebraska .

Quercus stellata is classified by the IUCN as “Least Concern” = “not endangered”.

Systematics

The first publication of Quercus stellata in 1787 by Friedrich Adam Julius von Wangenheim in description of some of North America niche wood and shrub species , 78, panel 6 Figure 15. The specific epithet stellata means "star"; it was used because the trichomes on the leaf base are star-shaped.

Several varieties of Quercus stellata have been described by the American botanist Charles Sprague Sargent . According to the United States Forest Service in 1990, the most common variety was Quercus stellata var. Paludosa coffin. ( English delta post oak ), which is probably a synonym of Quercus similis Ashe . According to Flora of North America 1998 no more subtaxas are listed.

Synonyms for Quercus stellata Wangenh. are: Quercus alba var. minor Marshall , Quercus minor (Marshall) coffin. , Quercus villosa Walter , Quercus lobulata Sol. ex Sm. , Quercus obtusiloba Michx. , Quercus fusca Raf. , Quercus gonoloba Raf. , Quercus heteroloba Raf. , Quercus floridana Shuttlew. ex A.DC. , Quercus stellata var. Anomala coffin. , Quercus stellata var. Floridana A.DC. , Quercus stellata var. Palmeri coffin. , Quercus stellata var. Parviloba coffin. , Quercus stellata var. Rufescens coffin.

The Quercus stellata belongs to the white oaks ( section Quercus ) from the genus of oaks ( Quercus ) within the beech family (Fagaceae).

hybrid

There can be natural hybrids between the numerous white oak species, so that hybrids with many different species as parents can arise.

In 1997, the Flora of North America North of Mexico lists the hybrids summarized in the table .

! Hybrid name Quercus stellata × second parent
Quercus × stelloides E.J. Palmer Quercus prinoides
Quercus × mahloni E.J. Palmer Quercus sinuata var. Breviloba
Quercus × pseudomargarettiae Trelease Quercus margarettiae
Quercus × sterretti Trelease Quercus lyrata
Quercus × macnabiana Sudworth Quercus sinuata
Quercus × guadalupensis Sargent Quercus sinuata
Quercus × fernowi Trelease Quercus alba
Quercus × bernardensis W. Wolf Quercus montana

Similarity to Quercus alba

Both Quercus stellata and the American white oak ( Quercus alba ) are assigned to the Quercus section , which groups together species as white oaks . Within this section, Quercus stellata is regarded as the sister taxon of Quercus alba . Quercus stellata is called "White Oak" ( English white oak marketed). A difference between the two species is the hairy underside of the leaves of Quercus stellata , whereas the underside of Quercus alba is bare when it shoots.

use

Because of its occurrence in dry locations, its attractive treetop and the strictly horizontal branches, Quercus stellata is used in green spaces by settlements .

It is resistant to decomposition , so that it is used as a railway sleeper , wooden facade , planking , construction timber , step and riser , flooring , wood pulp , veneer , chipboard , fuel and fence (the common name "post oak" refers to it). They are also found in the deer feeding on deer , turkeys , squirrels and other rodents use but is due to the tannin -content of Nuts for cattle toxic.

swell

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ^ François André Michaux (author), Pierre-Joseph Redouté (illustrator), Renard (engraver): L. Haussmann (ed.): Histoire des arbres forestiers de l'Amérique septentrionale, considérés principalement sous les rapports de leur usages dans les arts et de leur introduction dans le commerce 1812-13.
  2. ↑ a b c d Kevin C. Nixon: Fagaceae. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico , Volume 3 - Magnoliidae and Hamamelidae , Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 1997, ISBN 0-19-511246-6 . Quercus stellata - online with the same text as the printed work .
  3. ^ William E. McClain, Terry L. Esker, Bob R. Edgin, Greg Spyreas, John E. Ebinger: Fire History of a Post Oak (Quercus stellata Wang.) Woodland in Hamilton County, Illinois . In: Castanea . 75, No. 4, December 1, 2010, ISSN  0008-7475 , pp. 461-474. doi : 10.2179 / 09-007.1 .
  4. ↑ a b c John D. Stein, Denise Binion, RE Acciavatti: Field guide to native oak species of eastern North America 2003.
  5. ↑ Quercus stellata, 2014 county distribution map . Biota of North America Program. Retrieved May 22, 2019.
  6. ↑ Quercus stellata in the IUCN 2019-3 Red List of Threatened Species . Posted by: L. Kenny, K. Wenzell, 2015. Retrieved January 1, 2020.
  7. ↑ Quercus stellata at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed December 31, 2019.
  8. ↑ a b c Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Quercus stellata. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Accessed December 31, 2019.
  9. ↑ Kevin D. Mahoney: Latin Definition for: stellatus, stellata, stellatum (ID: 35675) - Latin Dictionary and Grammar Resources - Latdict . Retrieved November 16, 2016.
  10. ^ A b c John J. Stransky: Quercus stellata Wangenh. - post oak . In: Silvics of North America , Volume 2 1990.
  11. ↑ KC Nixon: Infrageneric classification of Quercus (Fagaceae) and typification of sectional names . In: annales des sciences forestières . 50, No. Supplement, January 1, 1993, ISSN  0003-4312 , pp. 25s-34s. doi : 10.1051 / forest: 19930701 .
  12. ^ AT Whittemore, BA Schaal: Interspecific gene flow in sympatric oaks . In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 88, No. 6, March 15, 1991, ISSN  0027-8424 , pp. 2540-2544. doi : 10.1073 / pnas.88.6.2540 .

Web links

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