cream
As a cream or cream (in Austria, cream and Switzerland Nidel or Nidle ) which is fatty phase of the milk referred to the standing unleavened raw milk floats naturally on the surface or from raw milk centrifuged can be. The terms for cream differ from region to region and are sometimes not used uniformly. From a physical point of view, cream is an emulsion of milk fat in water (the butter made from it by reverse emulsion , on the other hand, is an emulsion of water in milk fat).
Apart from the basic distinction between unleavened and soured cream, there are a number of other milk products, such as sour cream or fraîche crème , which differ primarily in their fat content.
Production of cream and cream products
Cream , cream or cream is produced by creaming the milk . The milk separates itself in that the emulsified milk fat emulsion droplets rise to the surface due to their lower density and float up there as cream that can be skimmed off as such, skimmed milk settles down as a heavier phase. The prerequisite for natural creaming is that the milk has not been homogenized , as this breaks up the fat globules and restructures them, which slows down creaming. As a rule, cream is no longer obtained by creaming, but by centrifugation . The milk fat is separated off as much as possible, so that the remaining skimmed milk only has a fat content of 0.03% to 0.06%. The desired fat content of the end product is achieved by back-mixing both products. Goods that are labeled cream must have a minimum fat content of 10%.
Compared to milk, cream contains less milk protein , but more fat and fat-soluble vitamins . It is the raw material for butter and cheese production , but it is also used fresh in the kitchen as “sweet” or soured.
One liter of cream contains around 7.6 kilograms of CO 2 equivalents .
Dairy products made from unleavened cream
The name sweet cream or sweet cream, which is used mainly in Germany, is popular and only serves to distinguish it from sour cream . Sweet cream refers to the fresh, only ultra-high-temperature or sterilized cream in various concentrations that has not been processed further. It serves as an ingredient in many dishes and baked goods, is whipped into whipped cream and used as coffee cream to refine coffee and tea . Condensed milk can easily be confused with sweet cream and is colloquially also called "coffee cream". But it is normally produced from fat milk poorer by dehydration and is one not to cream products - even with fat contents of 10% or 12% should not be offered as cream them.
The unleavened cream is traded under different names depending on its fat content:
- Coffee cream ( coffee cream also coffee cream or tea cream , rarely also cream ) contains at least 10% fat (in Switzerland at least 15%)
- Whipped cream contains at least 30% fat (in Switzerland at least 35%)
- Whipped cream, pasteurized (Austria) has a minimum fat content of 36%
- Extra whipped cream or confectioner's cream has a higher fat content of up to 40%
- Crème double contains at least 40% fat (in Switzerland at least 45%)
Whipped cream with added sugar and bourbon vanilla is known as Crème Chantilly .
Fresh cream on the market is always pasteurized . It keeps refrigerated for four to six days. Other heat treatments must be marked as such on the packaging. The warming associated with the preservation causes a change in taste and a denaturation of the proteins contained in the cream, which makes the product somewhat more digestible. Ultraheat cream lasts up to six weeks without refrigeration, and sterilized cream for up to a year. Stabilizers that are added to the cream to prevent further creaming must also be identified. The most commonly used stabilizer is carrageenan , but it also changes the taste of the cream. The creaming of the cream, which is shown by a firmer layer on the surface of the cream, is not, as is often assumed, an indicator of poor quality cream, but rather an indication that the cream does not contain any stabilizers.
In English , the expression half-and-half is common for a mixture of whole milk and cream in roughly equal parts. Such a product is essentially the same as coffee cream; According to American regulations, half-and-half must have a fat content of at least 10.5% and less than 18%.
Sweet cream with a high fat content - at least 30% - is therefore whipped cream (or whipped cream or whipped cream called) because they can be open to a loose cream. This is done by hand or by machine with a whisk, or with professional equipment such as the cream blower or the cream machine . Whipped cream is enjoyed pure, sweetened or flavored as an addition to cakes and is used in confectionery as a starting product for creams, cakes and desserts.
Obers
Obers is the name for sweet cream in Bavarian and Austria. Colloquially in Austria often equated with cream, it is mostly used as an abbreviation for the three variants, and not generally as a synonym:
- Coffee cream has a fat content of at least 10%. It is homogeneously liquid, smells typical of the product and has a pure upper taste.
- Whipped cream has a fat content of at least 30%. It can contain a maximum of 0.2% carrageenan (E407) as a stabilizer to prevent creaming and fat deposits. In the unbeaten condition it is homogeneously liquid and creamy. Whipped whipped cream produces an even, matt-gloss foam. Whipped cream smells typical of the product and has a pure upper taste.
- Whipped cream "extra whippable" has a fat content of at least 36%
Sour milk products made from cream
Sour cream or sour cream ( crème aigre , also crème acidulée ) is cream that has been mixed with lactic acid bacteria , which in addition to a slightly sour taste, takes on a firmer, creamy consistency. Sour cream is particularly suitable for binding warm dishes due to its high fat content as it does not flocculate. Sour cream is traded in different variants under these names:
- Sour cream , sour cream contains at least 10% fat.
- Sour Cream ([ ˈsaʊ̯ə ˈkriːm ] ), butterfat content of 18–20%.
- Crème légère is a lower-fat variant of the crème fraîche with a fat content of usually around 20%.
- Sour cream is a higher fat sour cream with a fat content of usually 20 to 29%. The addition of binding agents (mostly starch ) is permitted.
- Crème fraîche ( crème fraîche épaisse ) contains at least 30% fat, an addition of up to 15% sucrose is allowed. Crème fraîche mustno longer be heat treatedafter fermentation .
etymology
The etymology of the word "cream" is not certain. The word sagina , which occurs in Vulgar Latin, means "mast, food, fat" and is a loan word from a Celtic tribe * soig-men (cf. Welsh hoof , Irish uachthar ), which in turn comes from the Indo-European verb root * seuə-g- “Suck, squeeze” goes back. Via the old French word saime , which means "cream", the word sahne probably came into the German language from the 14th century from the Dutch around Brabant (documented there as sane ) and appears here as a typical urban expression (also in the spelling sane ) for the processed sweet cream.
"Rahm" is the most widespread word for this food in the German-speaking area, although in the areas that also know the word "Sahne" (in Germany) or "Obers" (in Austria) it is used more for sour cream like in Bavaria. Cream is documented as roum in Middle High German from the 11th century and can also be found in Old English as rēam and in Old Norse as rjúmi . In Awestern there is also a root word raoɣna- "butter". The further Indo-European origin of this word is obscure.
If you leave untreated cow's milk and then skim off “the top”, you get to the “top”.
See also
literature
- Steve Creamer: Basic knowledge of Cream & Milk products. Rheinverlag, Mettmann 2006.
- Yiu H. Hui et al. a .: Handbook of Food Products Manufacturing: Principles, Bakery, Beverages… . Wiley & Sons, New York 2007, ISBN 978-0-470-12524-3 , pp. 739ff.
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Katja Borcherding: Investigations on the characterization of the macro and micro structure of milk foams. Dissertation . Christian Albrechts University in Kiel .
- ↑ Milk products ordinance MilchErzV
- ↑ Beef only in second place: These foods are the worst climate killers - ÖKO-TEST. Retrieved October 26, 2019 .
- ↑ Jürgen Rösemeier-Buhmann: These are the 6 biggest climate sinners among food. In: Sustainable Life.ch. Retrieved October 26, 2019 .
- ↑ condensed milk. In: Duden online. Bibliographical Institute, January 10, 2013, accessed June 17, 2014 .
- ↑ Creme, creme, the. In: Duden online. Bibliographical Institute, January 19, 2013, accessed June 17, 2014 .
- ↑ half-and-half. Merriam-Webster.com, accessed November 22, 2017 .
- ↑ 21 CFR § 131.180 Half-and-half. In: Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. US Government Publishing Office, accessed November 22, 2017 .
- ↑ Obers, das. In: Duden online. Bibliographical Institute, accessed February 5, 2014.
- ↑ Austrian Food Book, Section 1.1.5
- ↑ Heinz-Dieter Pohl: The language of Austrian cuisine - a reflection of linguistic and cultural contacts. In: Trans - Internet magazine for cultural studies. No. 15, June 2004.
- ↑ a b Kluge : Etymological dictionary of the German language .
- ↑ Jürgen Eichhoff: Dictionary of German colloquial languages. Volume 4, Francke, Bern / Munich 2000, ISBN 3-907820-56-8 , p. 28.
- German dictionary by Jacob Grimm and Wilhelm Grimm. 16 volumes [in 32 sub-volumes]. S. Hirzel, Leipzig 1854–1960, list of sources 1971.