Rainer Fetscher

Fetscher than Scot

Rainer Fetscher (born October 26, 1895 in Vienna as René Felix Fetscher ; † May 8, 1945 in Dresden ) was a German physician, genetic researcher and eugenicist . He is the father of the political scientist Iring Fetscher . In Dresden Fetscher had and still has the reputation of a humanist and anti-fascist, which u. a. reflected in numerous posthumous honors.

More recently, however, Fetscher has also been viewed critically in connection with his hereditary research.

Life

The son of the Württemberg businessman Emil Fetscher passed his matriculation examination (Matura) at the Elisabeth-Gymnasium in Vienna and began studying medicine at the University of Vienna in 1914 . In November 1914, however, he voluntarily joined the German Army and took part in the First World War. In 1918 he resigned from the army.

In December 1918, Fetscher continued his medical studies at the University of Tübingen . There he became a connoisseur and later an old man with a ribbon of the student union Landsmannschaft Scotland . In 1921 he received his license to practice medicine and received his doctorate with a thesis "On the inheritance of the congenital clubfoot". After graduating in May, he worked for several months as a medical intern at the Katharinenhospital in Stuttgart. On May 30, 1921, he married Kläre Müller (1899–1987) in Marbach, whom he knew from a hospital. The couple had three children.

In October 1921 Fetscher went to Dresden , where he took up an assistant position at the Hygiene Institute of the Technical University of Dresden with the professor of hygiene , Philalethes Kuhn (1870-1937). Fetscher knew Kuhn from his studies in Tübingen and shared his interest in genetic biology and social hygiene . In 1923 he completed his habilitation with Kuhn "On the boy count in humans". In addition to a genetic research project on sex offenders, which he started in April, Fetscher taught general and social hygiene at the Hygiene Institute from 1923 and at the Pedagogical Institute of the TH Dresden from 1925 to 1927. While Kuhn was a leader in the ethnic movement in East Saxony, Fetscher was closer to the SPD . As a student he had sympathized with the Socialist Student Union and later had contacts with the Association of Socialist Doctors . Fetscher received Kuhn's appointment and departure to Giessen in 1925 with relief.

In 1926 Fetscher took over the management of the marriage and sexual counseling center in Dresden, which was attached to the Hygiene Institute. In the German Hygiene Museum , lecturing, issued for the museum writings on specific topics and was in close contact with the belonging to the Hygiene Museum Reich Committee for hygienic People's instruction . The medical historian Günter Heidel points out that when “the appreciation of the progressive work of socially hygienically interested and committed medical employees of the German Hygiene Museum in the twenties and early thirties” should not be overlooked, “that they - like Grotjahn - with the Social hygiene also had the eugenics firmly integrated in this area in mind. ”He therefore sees it as the responsibility“ to have paved the way for fascist racial hygiene ”. Fetscher was highly regarded as a eugenicist, was a member of the board of the Forensic Biological Society from 1928 and was commissioned by the Swiss psychiatrist and eugenicist August Forel to rework his book Die Sexuellefrage . In 1928 he was also appointed extraordinary professor for hygiene at the mathematical and natural science department of the TH Dresden.

After the National Socialist seizure of power , Fetscher became a candidate for the SA in October 1933 and a member of SA Storm 3 of Standard R 48 in Pirna in 1934 . After he had already moved closer to National Socialist positions towards the end of the Weimar Republic , although without following the Nazi ideology on individual issues such as so-called mixed marriage and radical anti-Semitism , he expressly welcomed the law for the prevention of hereditary offspring of July 14, 1933. Also signed in November 1933 the professors at German universities and colleges were professors of Adolf Hitler . He was therefore surprised when he was retired on February 26, 1934 under reference to Section 6 of the Law to Restore the Professional Civil Service . The Saxon Ministry of the Interior was of the opinion that Fetscher had already disqualified himself from participating in the National Socialist program by distributing contraceptives in his marriage counseling center. He did initiate eugenic sterilizations, but for social and not racial reasons. In the eyes of the National Socialists, this set him apart from the Zwickau sterilization advocate Gustav Boeters . Fetscher was not politically persecuted, but was no longer able to take part in conferences and had to resign from the board of the Criminal Biological Society.

At the TH Dresden Fetscher initially taught a course on "General Racial Hygiene". In order to secure his livelihood, he opened a private general medical practice in Dresden. In 1936 his venia legendi and the title of professor were revoked. The background was a submission by the Reich leadership of the NSDAP to the Saxon state government that Fetscher's concept of racial doctrine did not correspond to the concept of the NSDAP's office for racial politics , and that Fetscher had not campaigned for the NSDAP before 1933 either.

Iring Fetscher writes in his biography "Curiosity and fear, attempt to understand my life" about his father:

“But when his Jewish colleagues were to be fired, his willingness to adapt had reached the limit. Under the motto: 'Hands off the university', he called for solidarity with these colleagues ... The consequence was my father's dismissal due to the law to restore the civil service [...] "

The Dresden historian Reiner Pommerin states: "Such a call is neither handed down in the files nor known". When asked by stern.de , Iring Fetscher explains: “The call cannot be found. It is passed down orally. "

Albrecht Scholz sees the dismissal from university as the cause of a profound change in Fetscher's political attitudes. Especially after the beginning of the Second World War, Fetscher made rooms available in his practice for meeting people of the resistance . He treated politically persecuted people, Jews and so-called Eastern workers and provided them with free medication. Victor Klemperer reported in his diaries in 1942 that he had received an offer that Fetscher would keep Klemperer's manuscripts. Fetscher is considered "very friendly to Jews". According to contemporary witnesses, in 1944 Fetscher provided medicines, bandages and food for an Eastern workers' camp. At the beginning of 1945 he is said to have placed two illegals in a hospital under assumed names. According to Marina Lienert and Caris-Petra Heidel, Fetscher belonged to a group of anti-fascists who discussed the future of Dresden in the final months of the Second World War.

Due to the reputation Fetscher enjoyed in resistance circles, Hermann Eckardt asked him on May 8, 1945 to accompany a group of Dresden citizens who wanted to offer their help to the Soviet commanders. Fetscher was shot on the way to the headquarters. The exact circumstances of his death are not clarified, as only contradicting information exists in personal memories. It is possible that Fetscher was murdered by retreating SS men. In the chaotic conditions prevailing in the city, he could also have been shot by Soviet soldiers.

Act

One of the focal points of Fetscher's work was the question of whether and to what extent there is a hereditary disposition to criminal behavior, or whether and to what extent family, social and other circumstances make a person criminal. With this in mind, Fetscher began hereditary records of sex offenders and their relatives in 1923 , financially supported by the Rockefeller Foundation . With his family history approach, he came to the conclusion that between mental illness and all other forms of “psychological and social abnormality” on the one hand and criminal delinquency on the other hand, “causal relationships” can be identified. In contrast, the environment plays a minor role as a cause of crime. Upbringing and other socially influential factors were not taken into account in Fetscher's study. In 1925, Fetscher successfully applied to the Saxon Ministry of Justice to continue and expand his investigations. A hereditary biological questionnaire had to be filled out for all Saxon prisoners with sentences of more than three months, with the exception of political offenders, which was further processed by the card index located in the Dresden district court building. The data should serve as a basis for expert opinions in criminal proceedings and be used in welfare. The historian Jürgen Simon points out that with the card index

"[I] n the aim [...] here in parts the practice that took place after 1933 to link social policy measures to the criterion of biological hereditary health is anticipated."

In 1933 the file contained data on 13,500 families and a total of 145,000 individuals. Although after 1933 Fetscher was only allowed to publish on medical topics and was pushed out of the board of the criminal biological society, he remained the head of the "Erbbiologische Kartei" until 1936. At that time, 18,000 families with 180,000 relatives were included. At the end of 1933, following instructions from the Saxon Ministry of Justice, the file was checked in order to “name people for any subsequent order of preventive detention or emasculation”.

In his dissertation, the Dresden doctor Steffen Sachse writes about the "hereditary biological card index":

“After 1933 the fascist rulers were able to fall back on this card index as an institution which was probably of decisive importance for the systematic implementation of their barbaric campaign against all forms of 'inherited inferiority'. Those registered there had to live in constant fear of being banned from marriage or being forcibly sterilized or later, as part of the unprecedented euthanasia program, of falling victim to organized mass murder. "

The researchers Marina Lienert and Caris-Petra Heidel from the Dresden University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus , Institute for the History of Medicine, write:

“In 1929, Fetscher considered renaming this card index 'Sozialhygienische Kartei', since he apparently attached greater relevance to social conditions than before. According to Fetscher, the file was occasionally used for expert purposes in individual cases. However, the drastic reduction in funds in the years of the global economic crisis also indicates that the card index was not given priority. It is not clear whether Fetscher kept the card index beyond 1932. Her whereabouts from 1933 onwards are also unclear. Nowhere is it proven that the card index was later used for compulsory sterilization processes. This was not provided for by law, so it was also very unlikely. "

As head of the Dresden marriage counseling center, Fetscher campaigned for marriage counseling to be geared towards racial hygiene. Like the head of the first official marriage counseling center in Berlin, Friedrich Karl Scheumann , Fetscher understood marriage counseling as "preliminary counseling" for school children, as "marriage counseling" for those willing to marry and as "marriage counseling" for married couples in order to maintain and strengthen the family. It was a counseling aimed at procreation and offspring, which differentiated it from the sex counseling centers propagated by the Federation for Maternity Protection . Fetscher advocated not only giving contraceptives to the advice centers, but also for sterilization for eugenic and social reasons. Such sterilizations were illegal and punishable at the time. In fact, eugenic and also compulsory sterilization was practiced to a limited extent before 1933.

Fetscher increasingly radicalized his attitude towards sterilization. In 1926 he had warned against the "in its scope often overestimated [n] sterility of the inferior", so within a few years he advocated more and more energetic negative eugenic measures. As early as 1929 he wrote: “Where harm is done to the community, the freedom of the individual ends. The state is entitled to intervene in the reproduction of inferior people. "At the meeting of the Association for Mental Hygiene at the beginning of June 1932, he also underlined the economic effectiveness of his advisory work, in which he had arranged for sterilization 53 times:" A child in need of an institution, "Says Fetscher," z. B. a deaf-mute costs 10-12,000 MK during his training period, the sterilization 120-150 MK. extrapolated. Here, too, preventive care proves to be the most expedient method of health care. ”Such economically based logic, according to the curative teacher Werner Brill, should argue for later developments.

During his work in the marriage counseling office from 1926 to 1932, Fetscher advised several thousand people (the exact numbers vary considerably depending on the source), mostly in Dresden, e.g. Sometimes also in the surrounding area, where further advice centers were set up under his guidance, for example in Riesa , Meißen , Radeberg and Bautzen . As part of this activity, Fetscher suggested voluntary sterilization for a small percentage of the people he advised. Lienert / Heidel write about this:

“After a detailed examination and in some cases multiple consultations, Fetscher suggested voluntary sterilization for 88 people ..., which was carried out in 65 cases. Fetscher could not arrange for a forced sterilization because the people were not forced to seek advice and sterilization could not be carried out without their consent or that of the legal guardian. When Fetscher wrote on various occasions that he had carried out sterilizations, he meant the expert procedure up to the assumption of costs or the approval of the guardianship court. The operations themselves were carried out in hospitals. Even today, voluntary sterilization is permitted if there are medical, genetic or social reasons. "

Fetscher also brokered the sterilization of minors and minors, provided their parents or guardians consented. When advising Fetscher worked z. B. with the Dresden deaf-mute teacher Herbert Weinert . According to his information, eight people with hereditary hearing impairments were sterilized between 1930 and 1932. As a committed advocate of eugenic sterilization, Weinert tried to prove the harmlessness of the sterilization with statements from the deaf or from parents who had their children sterilized. A mother in Dresden had her son, who was born deaf and dumb, in 1930 at the age of 13 "for purely eugenic reasons".

Fetscher himself wrote in relation to his work in marriage counseling a. a .:

“By the end of 1932, I myself had carried out 65 [sterilizations] [...] without any legal proceedings against me. The purpose of this behavior, namely to prove that there is a gap between the vital necessities of our people and the legal situation, was achieved. One of the first great deeds of Adolf Hitler's government was the enactment of a sterilization law, which not only creates the possibility of racial sterility, but also allows coercion where such cannot be dispensed with [...] "

Although Fetscher advocated the National Socialist Act to Prevent Hereditary Diseases , he was never a member of one of the hereditary health courts that had to rule on compulsory sterilization. According to Marina Lienert and Caris-Petra Heidel, it is also not known that Fetscher has ever reported a patient. According to a contemporary witness report, he revised his initial approval of the law and criticized, among other things. a. forced sterilization as a fundamental mistake in law enforcement.

Furthermore, Fetscher wrote that "it is inexpedient to keep a syphilitic water head alive by all means". According to Lienert / Heidel, however, Fetscher took a position against euthanasia as it was practiced by the National Socialists.

Posthumous honors

Grave of Rainer Fetscher on the Heidefriedhof Dresden

On May 14, 1945, more than 100 people paid their last respects to Fetscher at his funeral in the Heidefriedhof in Dresden. He was subsequently recognized in Dresden by the city council and the council of the city of Dresden as well as by friends, students and companions as a "well-known anti-fascist", as a "doctor well known far beyond Dresden" and "great philanthropist", as a "brave scholar" and “teacher and role model” honored.

In the Saxon district town of Pirna , the EOS and the resulting high school (since August 1, 2007 united with the Friedrich-Schiller-Gymnasium under its name ) was named after him; In Dresden, Fetscherstrasse , Fetscherplatz, the school for the physically handicapped, a student residence and a nursing home for the elderly are named after Fetscher. The city of Dresden had a memorial stone erected on Prager Strasse, where Fetscher was murdered, but it was later removed due to construction work. Since 1974 the city of Dresden has awarded the “Dr. Rainer Fetscher Prize” annually on the “Day of Health Care”. The "Freundeskreis Rainer Fetscher", consisting of colleagues, friends, patients and students of Fetscher, kept the memory of Fetscher alive with articles and commemorations and after the removal of the memorial stone on Prager Strasse suggested the re-erection of a memorial stele (1978), which can be viewed today on Fetscherplatz. "His level of awareness and popularity in all strata of Dresden's population was so great that a more detailed explanation for these honors, especially in the first few years, did not seem necessary."

Fetscherstein

On August 20, 2013, Hans-Jürgen Westphal asked the city of Dresden to commemorate Rainer Fetscher at the site of his murder. Since November 16, 2013, there is the carved "F.", the Fetscherstein, on a pavement slab on Prager Strasse at the corner of Ferdinandstrasse. The dimensions of 16 × 16 cm correspond to those of the Napoleon stone on the palace square . The "F." also reminds of the group of anti-fascists who, together with Fetscher, went against the Soviet Army on May 8, 1945.

Fonts

• On the question of the number of boys in humans. Hygiene. Inst. D. Techn. Hochsch, Dresden 1923.
• Basics of the doctrine of heredity. German Verlag für Volkswohlfahrt, Dresden 1924; 2nd edition., Dresden 1929.
• Basics of racial hygiene. German publisher f. People's Welfare, Dresden 1924.
  • Basic features of eugenics. 2nd Edition. German Verlag für Volkswohlfahrt, Dresden 1929.
• (Ed.): Health pass. Beltz, Langensalza u. a. 1925.
• On the exchange of health certificates before marriage , in: Archiv für Soziale Hygiene und Demographie 2 (1926) 54–58.
• About exchanging health certificates before marriage. Charlottenburg 1926.
• Applied genetic biology , in: Archives for Social Hygiene and Demography 2 (1926) 128–130.
• Heredity and Alcohol. Lecture given in the course against alcoholism in Merseburg on December 14, 1925 / By Priv.Doz: Dr. med. Rainer Fetscher. District committee for the defense against alcoholism, Merseburg 1926.
• Outline of hereditary biology and eugenics. Salle, Berlin 1927.
• Archive for race pictures. JF Lehmanns Verlag, Munich 1927.
• Basics of the doctrine of heredity. JF Lehmanns Verlag, Munich 1927.
• Tasks and organization of an index of the inferior. In: Mitteilungen der Kriminalbiologische Gesellschaft , vol. 1, 1928, pp. 55–62.
• Report on the Dresden marriage and sexual counseling center for 1927. Munich 1928.
• The sex drive. Introduction to sexual biology with a special focus on marriage. Reinhardt, Munich 1928.
• Heredity and Crime. Berlin 1928.
• u. a .: Between science and history. Lectures of Department XIII b of the 89th Assembly of German Naturalists and Doctors in Düsseldorf 1926. Central Office for Dt. Personal and family history, Leipzig 1928.
• Social hygiene and health insurance. Dresden 1930.
• with Otto Huntemüller : The healthy person. Hygiene. Lutz, Stuttgart 1930.
• with Adolf Thiele: Practice of marriage counseling. Editing of the leaves f. Welfare care, Dresden 1931.
• Editor of August Forel : The sexual question. 16th edition. Reinhardt, Munich 1931.
• Rainer Fetscher: The scientific record of the criminals in Saxony. In: in the monthly for criminal psychology and criminal law reform, vol. 23 1932, pp. 321–335.
• The status and the future of marriage counseling in Germany. Berlin, Leipzig 1933.
• Hereditary Biology and State. Frankfurt am Main, Berlin 1933.
• Racial hygiene. A first introduction for teachers. Dürr, Leipzig 1933.
• with Agnes Bluhm : The question of alcohol in genetic research. Two essays. Neuland-Verlag, Berlin 1934; 2nd Edition. Berlin 1941.
• Alcohol and heredity. In: teaching sheets for mathematics and science. 1934, pp. 353-357.
• Outline of hereditary biology and racial hygiene. 2nd Edition. Salle, Frankfurt am Main 1934.
• On the genetic prognosis of crime. Leipzig 1934.
• About male sterility. Urban & Schwarzenberg, Berlin, Vienna 1935.
• Poems. (Collected for friends). [Council d. Grossenhain district, Health Care Department], Zabeltitz 1957.

literature

• Marina Lienert, Caris-Petra Heidel: Rainer Fetscher (1895–1945) . (PDF file; 390 kB). In: Ärzteblatt Sachsen. 1/2010, pp. 27-29.
• Steffen Sachse: Professor Dr. Rainer Fetscher 1895–1945. Life, scientific work and humanistic legacy of a Dresden doctor and anti-fascist. Dissertation. Dresden 1990.
• Albrecht Scholz, Marina Lienert: Rainer Fetscher. Commemorative publication on the occasion of the 100th birthday. TU-Dresden (ed.). UniMedia, 1996, ISBN 3-932019-03-2 . TU Dresden, university shop, publications
• Albrecht Scholz: Fetscher, Rainer. In: Werner E. Gerabek , Bernhard D. Haage, Gundolf Keil , Wolfgang Wegner (eds.): Enzyklopädie Medizingeschichte. De Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2005, ISBN 3-11-015714-4 , p. 395.
• Albrecht Scholz: Fetscher, Rainer. In: Volkmar Sigusch, Günter Grau (Hrsg.): Personal Lexicon of Sexual Research . Campus Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2009, pp. 160–165.
• Jürgen Simon: Forensic Biology and Forced Sterilization. Eugenic racism 1920–1945. Waxmann, Münster 2001, ISBN 3-8309-1063-0 .

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Kerstin Schneider : The city of Dresden honors a "racist" . In: stern.de . October 26, 2007, accessed June 25, 2016.
2. ↑ ^{a b c} Albrecht Scholz: Fetscher, Rainer. In: Volkmar Sigusch , Günter Grau (Hrsg.): Personal Lexicon of Sexual Research . Campus Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2009, p. 160.
3. ↑ Directory of Members. Status of the Landsmannschaft on May 5, 1928. Appendix to the monthly reports No. 4/5 from 1928 of the Landsmannschaft Scottland zu Tübingen, Stuttgart 1928, p. IX.
4. ↑ ^{a b c d e} Albrecht Scholz: Fetscher, Rainer. In: Volkmar Sigusch, Günter Grau (Hrsg.): Personal Lexicon of Sexual Research . Campus Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2009, p. 161.
5. ^ ^{A b} Albrecht Scholz: Fetscher, Rainer. In: Volkmar Sigusch, Günter Grau (Hrsg.): Personal Lexicon of Sexual Research . Campus Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2009, p. 161 f.
6. ^ Günther Heidel: Dresden social hygiene efforts and their fate in the first half of the 20th century . In: Journal for the entire hygiene and their border areas 33 (1987), pp. 551-554, here. P. 553.
7. ^ Dorit Petschel : 175 years of TU Dresden. Volume 3: The professors of the TU Dresden 1828–2003. Edited on behalf of the Society of Friends and Supporters of the TU Dresden e. V. von Reiner Pommerin , Böhlau, Cologne a. a. 2003, ISBN 3-412-02503-8 , pp. 207 f.
8. ↑ ^{a b c d} Reiner Pommerin: The history of the TU Dresden 1828–2003 . Böhlau, Cologne 2003, p. 185.
9. ↑ ^{a b c} Albrecht Scholz: Fetscher, Rainer. In: Volkmar Sigusch, Günter Grau (Hrsg.): Personal Lexicon of Sexual Research . Campus Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2009, p. 162.
10. ^ Atina Grossmann: Reforming Sex. The German Movement for Birth Control and Abortion Reform, 1920-1950. Oxford UP, New York 1995, p. 163.
11. ^ Albrecht Scholz: Fetscher, Rainer. In: Volkmar Sigusch, Günter Grau (Hrsg.): Personal Lexicon of Sexual Research . Campus Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2009, p. 162 f.
12. ↑ Victor Klemperer: I want to give testimony to the last. Diaries 1933–1942 . Vol. 2, 1942-1945 . ed. by Walter Nowojski. Aufbau Verlag, 10th edition, Berlin 1998, entry March 16, 1942, p. 46, cited above. Entry April 19, 1942, p. 68.
13. ^ ^{A b} Marina Lienert, Caris-Petra Heidel: Fetscher. 2010, p. 29.
14. ^ Albrecht Scholz: Fetscher, Rainer. In: Volkmar Sigusch, Günter Grau (Hrsg.): Personal Lexicon of Sexual Research . Campus Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2009, p. 163.
15. ↑ Thomas Widera: Dresden 1945–1948. Politics and Society under Soviet Occupation . V & R, Göttingen 2004, p. 54 f .; Reiner Pommerin: The history of the TU Dresden 1828–2003 . Böhlau, Cologne 2003, p. 216.
16. ↑ Jürgen Simon: Forensic biology and forced sterilization. Eugenic racism 1920 to 1945. Waxmann, Münster 2001, pp. 133–136, zit, p. 134.
17. ↑ Jürgen Simon: Forensic biology and forced sterilization. Eugenic racism 1920 to 1945. Waxmann, Münster 2001, p. 136.
18. ^ Marina Lienert, Caris-Petra Heidel: Rainer Fetscher (1895–1945) . In: Ärzteblatt Sachsen. 1/2010, p. 27.
19. ↑ Jürgen Simon: Forensic biology and forced sterilization. Eugenic racism 1920 to 1945. Waxmann, Münster 2001, p. 144.
20. ↑ Sonja Schröter: Psychiatry in Waldheim / Saxony (1716-1946). A contribution to the history of forensic psychiatry in Germany. Mabuse Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1994, p. 84.
21. ^ ^{A b c d e} Marina Lienert, Caris-Petra Heidel: Fetscher. 2010, p. 28.
22. ↑ Julia Paulus: Communal welfare policy in Leipzig 1930 to 1945. Authoritarian crisis management between self-assertion and appropriation . Böhlau, Cologne 1998, pp. 148-150.
23. ↑ Gisela Bock: Forced Sterilization under National Socialism. Studies on racial politics and women's politics . Westdeutscher Verlag, Opladen 1986, p. 48.
24. ↑ Werner Brill: Pedagogy of the demarcation. The implementation of racial hygiene under National Socialism through special education . Julius Klinkhardt, Bad Heilbrunn 2011, p. 39.
25. ↑ Jürgen Simon: Forensic biology and forced sterilization. Eugenic racism 1920 to 1945. Waxmann, Münster 2001, p. 143.
26. ↑ Werner Brill: Pedagogy of the demarcation. The implementation of racial hygiene under National Socialism through special education . Julius Klinkhardt, Bad Heilbrunn 2011, p. 48.
27. ↑ Werner Brill: Pedagogy of the demarcation. The implementation of racial hygiene under National Socialism through special education . Julius Klinkhardt, Bad Heilbrunn 2011, p. 43.
28. ^ Atina Grossmann: Reforming Sex. The German Movement for Birth Control and Abortion Reform, 1920-1950. Oxford UP, New York 1995, p. 73.
29. ↑ Horst Biesold: Crying Hands. Eugenics and Deaf People in Nazi Germany . Gallaudet UP, Washington DC 1988, p. 22.
30. ↑ Werner Brill: Pedagogy of the demarcation. The implementation of racial hygiene under National Socialism through special education . Julius Klinkhardt, Bad Heilbrunn 2011, pp. 238, 249 f., Quoted, p. 250. Cf. also Ernst Klee: German Medicine in the Third Reich. Careers before and after 1945 . S. Fischer Verlag, Frankfurt am Main, 2001, p. 98.

Web links

Commons : Rainer Fetscher  - Collection of images, videos and audio files