Gerber Sumac
| Gerber Sumac | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gerber Sumac ( Rhus coriaria ) |
||||||||||||
| Systematics | ||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||
| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Rhus coriaria | ||||||||||||
| L. |
The gerber sumac ( Rhus coriaria ), also called spice sumac , Sicilian sumac or dyer's tree, is a species of the sumac genus ( Rhus ) within the sumac family (Anacardiaceae).
It is not to be confused with the North American spicy sumac ( Rhus aromatica ). Other (or former) Rhus species are also used for tanning, such as Rhus chinensis , Rhus glabra , Rhus typhina , Rhus copallinum and Searsia pentaphylla (Syn .: Rhus pentaphylla ). and also Cotinus coggygria (Syn .: Rhus cotinus ).
description
The gerber sumac grows as a shrub or a smaller tree and reaches heights of 3 to 4 meters. The alternate, helically arranged, stalked leaves are mostly unpinnate and up to 20 centimeters long. The seated leaflets are serrated or serrated and ovate to elliptical, the tip is rounded to pointed. The partly reddish rhachis is hairy and winged short at the upper end. The up to 5–7 centimeters long leaflets are more or less hairy.
The leaves and bark contain a lot of tannin .
The tanner sumac is dioeciously dioecious . The dense thysoiden or rispigen , pyramidal and long to 20 centimeters and terminal and pendent inflorescences contain many flowers. The inflorescences with hairy rachis are unisexual or hermaphrodite. The five-fold blooms with double bloom envelope are green-whitish. There is a discus . The unicameral ovary is above, with three stylus branches .
The small, to 4-5 millimeters, rounded and shaggy, velvety drupes discolor deep violet-red when ripe.
The sap and fruits are poisonous.
Taxonomy / systematics
It was first described by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum 1: 265, 1753. Synonyms are Rhus amoena Salisb. , Rhus ornifolia Pall. ex Gueldenst. , Rhus sumac O. Targ.Tozz. and Toxicodendron coriaria Kuntze .
A distinction is made between one variety, Rhus coriaria var. Zebaria S. E. Shahbaz from Kurdistan with white-brownish fruits.
Various cultivars are also known.
Occurrence
The tanner sumac occurs wild in southern Europe , Algeria , the Canary Islands , Ukraine , western Asia , Central Asia and the Caucasus and is a neophyte in the Azores .
use
Gerber sumac had at the latest in the 3rd century BC. BC found its place as a popular spice in the entire Greek cuisine of the Aegean region and was often imported from Syria . Solon wrote a poem about his culinary friends Sumac and Silphion (of which only fragments that have not been connected) about life in luxury. No later than the 4th century BC. In the 3rd century BC sumac was used in Athens' cuisine.
The dried, ground stone fruits, known as sumak (probably from Aramaic summaq for dark red), are still popular as a sour spice in Turkish , Arabic , Kurdish and Persian cuisine .
No salt is added to high-quality "Sumak", and above all the stone fruits are not ground, as otherwise bitter substances would be released. Only the thin layer of pulp is scraped off and then dried, for example in the sun. Mostly only the dark sumac (due to the kernel) is available in the trade, while the actual pure form has a light red color. Salt is primarily mixed in by dealers for faster drying (removing water) and for stretching (increasing weight). In its pure form, the spice is quite productive.
It is usually sprinkled generously over salads, meat dishes (for example lahmacun ) and rice dishes or, as in ancient Rome, cooked to an intensely red brew that is added to dishes - comparable to tamarind . It is also a component of spice mixtures such as the zatar . A closely related species served the indigenous people of North America as the basis for an acidic drink.
The sour, astringent taste of the fruit is based on various fruit acids such as apple , lemon , amber , maleic , fumaric and ascorbic acid , tannins and essential oils . The color is due to anthocyanin pigments.
The unripe fruits also serve as a substitute for capers .
The leaves were used for tanning of leather and as a hair dye. The bark was used to dye wool . A dye is also obtained from the fruits and leaves.
literature
- Loutfy Boulos: Flora of Egypt. Vol. 2: Geraniaceae-Boraginaceae , Al Hadara, 2000, ISBN 977-542922-6 .
Web links
- Thomas Meyer: Data sheet with identification key and photos at Flora-de: Flora von Deutschland (old name of the website: Flowers in Swabia ) .
- Sumach Tree Rhus coriaria at Malta Wild Plant, accessed October 18, 2018 (with many pictures).
- Rhus coriaria on Gernot Katzer's spice pages (usage section).
- Rhus coriaria from Useful Temperate Plants, accessed October 18, 2018.
- Rhus coriaria (Sumac des corroyeurs) on jean.louis.negre.free.fr, accessed on October 18, 2018.
Individual evidence
- ↑ M. Paz Arraiza et al. a .: Medicinal and Aromatic Plants: The Basics of Industrial Application (= Frontiers in Horticulture Vol. 1), Bentham Science, 2017, ISBN 978-1-68108-551-7 , p. 84.
- ^ PN Ravindran: The Encyclopedia of Herbs and Spices. CABI, 2017, ISBN 978-1-78064-315-1 (2 volume set), p. 919.
- ^ SE Shahbaz, JI Saleem, SS Abdulrahman: Rhus coriaria var. Zebaria (Anacaridaceae), a new variety from Iraq. In: Nordic Journal of Botany. Volume 33, Issue 1, 2015, pp. 50–56, doi : 10.1111 / njb.00569 .
- ^ Rhus in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved June 7, 2017.