Gallen Sumac

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Gallen Sumac
Leafy branches and inflorescences of the gall sumac (Rhus chinensis)

Leafy branches and inflorescences of the gall sumac ( Rhus chinensis )

Systematics
Rosids
Eurosiden II
Order : Sapindales (Sapindales)
Family : Sumac family (Anacardiaceae)
Genre : Rhus
Type : Gallen Sumac
Scientific name
Rhus chinensis
Mill.

The gall sumac ( Rhus chinensis ) is a large shrub or small tree with pinnate leaves that turn red in autumn. The distribution area extends from India and Indochina over China to Japan and Indonesia. The species is sometimes used as an ornamental shrub.

description

Vegetative characteristics

The gall sumac forms shrubs or trees that reach a height of 2 to 10 meters. The treetop is rounded to umbrella-shaped. The branches are hairy rust-red and covered with cork pores .

The stalked leaves are pinnate unpaired and up to 40 centimeters long. The partly reddish rhachis is sometimes winged, the petiole is partly hairy rust-red. The rarely five to 13 sessile leaves are ovate, elliptical to oblong, 6 to 12 inches long and 3 to 7 inches wide and they increase in size towards the end of the leaf. The upper side is dark green and sparsely hairy to bald, the underside shows a lighter green, it is glaucous and densely hairy. The base of the individual leaflets is rounded to wedge-shaped. The edge of the leaflet is serrated, often notched, and the tip is pointed. The lateral leaf veins and the network-like veins are recessed on the top of the leaf and protrude from the bottom. The leaves turn vivid red in autumn.

leaves

Aphids, mainly Schlechtendalia chinensis (Bell) and others, cause horned galls on the rachis wings of the leaves. Galls are rich in tannins and were used medicinally in China. The galls of the bile sumac covered around 75% of the demand.

Generative characteristics

The Gall Sumac is dioeciously separated, simply diocesan . The paniculate and terminal inflorescences are richly branched with hairy rachis. The male inflorescences are 30 to 40 inches long, female are shorter.

The flower stalks are about 1 millimeter long and hairy short. The flowers are white. Male flowers have a short hairy calyx with long egg-shaped, about 1 millimeter long lobes with a ciliate border. The petals are obovate-oblong and about 2 millimeters long. The stamens are about 2 millimeters long, the anthers are egg-shaped and about 0.7 millimeters long. The discus is ring-shaped. The ovary has receded or is missing. Female flowers have calyx lobes about 0.6 millimeters long, the petals are elliptical-egg-shaped and about 1.6 millimeters long. The staminodes are severely regressed. The discus is ring-shaped. The ovary is about 1 millimeter long and densely hairy white. Three styles are formed, the stigma is head-shaped.

Roundish, slightly compressed stone fruits are formed as fruits , have a diameter of 4 to 5 millimeters, are both finely and glandularly hairy and turn red when ripe. The species blooms from August to September, the fruits ripen in October.

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 30.

inflorescence
Infructescence with not ripe fruits

Distribution and ecology

The natural range is in China (in the provinces of Guangdong , Guangxi , Guizhou , Hunan , Jiangxi , Sichuan and Yunnan ), in Taiwan , in Bhutan , Cambodia , Laos , India, Indonesia (in Sumatra ), Japan (in Hokkaidō , Honshū , Kyūshū , Shikoku and the Ryūkyū Islands ), in Korea , Malaysia, Singapore , Thailand and Vietnam . It is also found in Turkey today . In China, the species grows in forests in the lowlands, on hills and in mountains, in thickets and along rivers at heights of 100 to 2800 meters. The distribution area is assigned to winter hardiness zone 7b with mean annual minimum temperatures between −14.9 ° C and −12.3 ° C (5 to 10  ° F ).

Systematics

The gall sumac ( Rhus chinensis ) is a species from the genus Rhus in the sumac family (Anacardiaceae). It was first scientifically described in 1768 by the English gardener Philip Miller in the Gardeners Dictionary . Synonyms of the kind are Rhus amela D.Don , Rhus javanica var. Chinensis (Mill.) T.Yamaz. , Rhus osbeckii Steud. , Rhus semialata Murray and Schinus indicus Burm.f. and Toxicodendron semialatum (Murray) Kuntze .

There are two varieties :

  • Rhus chinensis var. Chinensis : The leaf spindle is winged. The variety blooms from June to August, the fruits ripen from September to November.
  • Rhus chinensis var. Roxburghii (Candolle) Rehder : The leaf spindle is not winged. The variety blooms from August to September, the fruits ripen from October to December. It occurs only in China and Taiwan.

use

The species is sometimes used as an ornamental shrub because of its decorative flowers and remarkable fruits .

The galls of the leaves are used for tanning and dyeing.

literature

  • Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China . Volume 11: Oxalidaceae through Aceraceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2008, ISBN 978-1-930723-73-3 , pp. 346 (English). (on-line)
  • Andreas Roloff , Andreas Bärtels: Flora of the woods. Purpose, properties and use. With a winter key from Bernd Schulz. 3rd, corrected edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5614-6 , p. 534.

Web links

Commons : Gall Sumac ( Rhus chinensis )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files
  • Rhus chinensis from Useful Tropical Plants, accessed October 18, 2018.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ German name after A. Roloff, A. Bärtels: Flora der Gehölze. 2008, p. 346. and after Der große Zander: Encyclopedia of Plant Names. (Quoted from Rhus chinensis in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.)
  2. ↑ a b c d A. Roloff, A. Bärtels: Flora of the woods. 2008, p. 534.
  3. ↑ a b c Tianlu Min, Anders Barfod: Rhus chinensis. In: Flora of China. Volume 11, p. 346.
  4. ↑ P. Liu, ZX Yang, XM Chen, RG Foottit: The Effect of the Gall-Forming Aphid Schlechtendalia chinensis (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on Leaf Wing Ontogenesis in Rhus chinensis (Sapindales: Anacardiaceae) . In: Annals of the Entomological Society of America . tape 107 , no. 1 , 2014, p. 242-250 , doi : 10.1603 / AN13118 .
  5. ^ Rhus chinensis at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis.
  6. ^ A b Rhus chinensis in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
  7. ↑ Rhus chinensis. In: The International Plant Name Index. Retrieved June 20, 2014 (English).
  8. ↑ a b Rhus chinensis. In: The Plant List. Retrieved June 20, 2014 .
  9. ↑ Tsai-Wen Hsu, Mong-Huai Su: A Taxonomic Revision of Rhus chinensis Mill. In: Taiwan J. For. Sci. 28 (3), 2013, pp. 145–151. ( online (PDF), accessed October 18, 2018)
  10. ↑ Tianlu Min, Anders Barfod: Rhus chinensis var. Chinensis. In: Flora of China. Volume 11, p. 346.
  11. ↑ Tianlu Min, Anders Barfod: Rhus chinensis var. Roxburghii. In: Flora of China. Volume 11, p. 346.