Rosika swimmer

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Rosika Schwimmer (19th century)
Rosika Schwimmer in 1913 on the occasion of the international women's suffrage conference in Budapest
Rosika Schwimmer (before 1923)

Rosika Schwimmer (born September 11, 1877 in Budapest , Austria-Hungary as Rózsa Schwimmer ; died August 3, 1948 in New York City ) was a Hungarian feminist and pacifist.

Life

Youth and family

Rózsa Schwimmer came from a Hungarian-Jewish family. She attended school in Temesvár , broke off her studies for financial reasons and worked in the book trade. Her uncle was the pacifist Leopold Katscher , whose correspondence with Bertha von Suttner later went to Schwimmer. Between 1911 and 1913, Schwimmer was married to the journalist Bédy, which is why she was sometimes called Bédy-Schwimmer.

Social policy activities in Hungary

In 1897 she founded the Association for Female Office Workers in Budapest . which she headed until 1912, and in 1903 the first Hungarian workers' association. In the Hungarian Feminist Association founded in 1904 . for whose management she was able to win Vilma Glücklich , she was the editor of the magazine Frau und Gesellschaft ( A nő és a társadalom ). Her focus here was on child law and maternity protection , as well as promoting central budgeting as an alternative to privatized housework. In 1909 she was appointed to the committee of the Hungarian Ministry of the Interior, which prepared a maternity protection law, which for the first time also granted the illegitimate mother a minimum of rights.

“Although the Hungarian woman as a wife has a much more advantageous position than the German, English, Dutch, etc., especially in terms of property rights, the mother in Hungary is subject to the same laws of illogic, injustice and cruelty that rule almost all human society. Poetry and prose glorify motherhood, portray the mother as a type of full woman. Outside of these airy regions, however, the mother, whether married or illegitimate, is the bearer of the crown of thorns. "

- Rosika Schwimmer : (1912)

She became a corresponding member of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance (IWSA) and organized the international women's suffrage congress in Budapest in 1913. Schwimmer accompanied Carrie Chapman Catt through Europe to agitate for women's suffrage .

Worked as an international correspondent

International Congress of Women 1915 in The Hague. 4th from the left Rosika Schwimmer

In 1914 she went to London as a correspondent for various European newspapers and for the IWSA . After the assassination attempt in Sarajevo , she was the only press representative who, during a press conference on July 9, 1914, warned British politician David Lloyd George of the risk of war breaking out during the July crisis . After the beginning of the war, she could not return to Austria-Hungary. In the IWSA, Schwimmer worked to end the war as soon as possible through arbitration and international mediation, and on September 18, 1914, tried to influence the American President Woodrow Wilson with Catt . She toured the USA in the fall of 1914 - ultimately unsuccessfully. She supported Jane Addams , who founded the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom in 1915 and who chaired the International Women's Peace Congress in The Hague in April / May 1915, at which the principles of a lasting peace order were formulated: the right of peoples to self-determination, the obligation to resolve international conflicts peacefully , democratic control of foreign policy, equal rights for women. Delegations should deliver the resolution personally to the governments. In 1915, Schwimmer won the support of Henry Ford and his secretary Louis Lochner , who sent the Ford Peace Ship to Stockholm .

Return to Hungary

At the end of the First World War she returned to Hungary and was sent as Hungarian ambassador to Switzerland by the short-lived first republican government of Hungary under Mihály Károlyi , making her the first female diplomat in Hungary. In Bern, however, she was received in an unfriendly manner by the Swiss government. In February 1919, before the establishment of the Hungarian Soviet Republic , she was replaced by the professional diplomat Julius von Szilassy . The council government under Béla Kun refused her passport, so that she could not take part in the Zurich Women's Congress in the summer of 1919.

Exile in the USA

When the White Terror broke out in Hungary, she was on a search list and fled to Vienna . After the establishment of the authoritarian regime under Miklós Horthy , she could no longer return to Hungary. She emigrated from Vienna to the USA, and her Hungarian citizenship was revoked. As a stateless person , Rosika Schwimmer lived in exile in the USA from 1921 until her death in 1948, where she was denied naturalization in 1926 because of her consistent pacifism . She hadn't wanted to sign the declaration that she would defend the country with guns. The sample trial “United States v. Schwimmer “before the Supreme Court of the United States went out to their disadvantage in 1929. At the end of the 1920s, Schwimmer was fought as an agent of the Bolsheviks, a spy of the Germans or part of world Jewry, depending on his point of view.

Schwimmer became Vice President of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom and worked at the World Center for Women's Archives in New York. In 1933 she started the “World Citizenship for Stateless People” campaign. In 1948, Schwimmer was among the candidates for the Nobel Peace Prize , which was not awarded at all because of the murder of Mahatma Gandhi and her untimely demise that year.

Part of her estate is in the possession of the Hoover Institution .

Fonts

  • A férfi szívéhez vezető út. A nő és a társadalom, 1907.
  • Mire férfiak leszünk. A nő és a társadalom, 1907.
  • Az anyaság védelme. A nő és a társadalom, 1908.
  • A férfiasság csődje. A nő és a társadalom, 1909.
  • A női Ruházat reformja és a politika. A nő és a társadalom, 1909.
  • A német nők válasza. A nő és a társadalom, 1912.
  • A nők választójoga Angliában. A No, 1914.
  • A békemozgalom kötelességei. A finn válság. A No, 1914.
  • Nők napja. A No, 1914.
  • A béke kálváriája. A No, 1917.
  • Marriage Ideals and Ideal Marriages: Expressions of Modern Women . Continent, Berlin 1905.
  • Sex reform in Hungary. In: Helene Stöcker (Ed.): The New Generation. Publication organ of the Federation for Mutterschutz, 4th year, issue 2, February, 1908, p. 50 ff., Oesterheld Verlag, Berlin, ngiyaw-ebooks.org .
  • Without women there is no universal suffrage . German Association for Women's Suffrage . Printed by W. & S. Loewenthal, Berlin 1908.
  • State child protection in Hungary . F. Dietrich, Gautsch b. Leipzig 1909.
  • Important moments in the development of maternity protection and maternity insurance. In: Adele Schreiber (Ed.): Motherhood: a collection of problems for women as a mother. Introduction by Lily Braun . Langen, Munich 1912, pp. 371-384.
  • The situation of women as mothers in different countries. Hungary. In: Adele Schreiber (Ed.): Motherhood: a collection of problems for women as a mother. Introduction by Lily Braun. Langen, Munich 1912, pp. 503-510.
  • Tisza Tales . Doubleday, Doran and Company, Garden City NY 1928.

literature

  • Rosika swimmer. In: Encyclopaedia Judaica . Volume 14, 1973, Col. 1033-1034.
  • Barbara Brick, Christel Eckard Ute Gerhard-Teuscher u. a. (Ed.): The radicals in the old women's movement. War and strife. (= Feminist Studies. 3rd year, number 1). Beltz, Weinheim 1984, OCLC 896152863 .
  • Francisca de Haan (Ed.): Biographical Dictionary of Women's Movements . CEU Press, Budapest 2006.
  • Ernst Probst: Super women. 11. Feminism and family . Grin, Munich 2001, ISBN 3-638-10317-X .
  • Rose Rauther: Rosika Schwimmer: Stations on the life path of a pacifist - Rosika Schwimmer. In: Feminist Studies. 2nd year, number 1, Beltz, Weinheim 1984, pp. 63–75.
  • Barbara Steinson: American women's activism in World War I . Garland, New York NY 1982. (= Female activism in World War I: the American women's peace, suffrage, preparedness, and relief movements, 1914–1919 . Dissertation University of Michigan , 1977.)
  • Helena Verdel, Traude Kogoj, Diana Karabinova, Lilli Hollein , Andreas P. Pittler (eds.): The hundred most important women of Eastern Europe . Wieser, Klagenfurt 2003, ISBN 3-85129-421-1 .
  • Beth S. Wenger: Radical Politics in a Reactionary Age: The Unmaking of Rosika Schwimmer, 1914-1930. In: Journal of Women's History. 2, 2, 1990, pp. 66-99.
  • Anne Wiltsher: Most dangerous women. Feminist peace campaigners of the Great War . Pandora, London 1985.
  • Susan Zimmermann: The better half? Women's movements and aspirations for women in the Hungary of the Habsburg Monarchy 1848 to 1918. Promedia, Vienna / Naphilág, Budapest 1999, ISBN 3-85371-153-7 (Promedia).
  • Rosika swimmer . In: Der Spiegel . No. 33 , 1948 ( online ).

Web links

Commons : Rosika Schwimmer  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Rose Rauther: Rosika Schwimmer: Stations on the life path of a pacifist - Rosika Schwimmer. In: Feminist Studies. Vol. 2, No. 1, 1984, pp. 63-75.
  2. ↑ Rose Rauther: Rosika Schwimmer. 1984, p. 64.
  3. ↑ a b c Rose Rauther: Rosika Schwimmer. 1984, p. 65.
  4. ↑ A nő és a társadalom . Directory of newspaper articles by Bédy swimmer Rózsa at MTDA
  5. ↑ Rosika Schwimmer: The situation of women as mothers in different countries. Hungary. In: Adele Schreiber (Ed.): Motherhood: a collection of problems for women as a mother. Introduction by Lily Braun . Langen, Munich 1912, p. 503 f.
  6. ↑ Rose Rauther: Rosika Schwimmer. 1984, p. 67.
  7. ↑ Delegations , at alexanderstreet
  8. ↑ Barbara S. Kraft: The Peace Ship: Henry Ford's Pacifist Adventure in the First World War. Macmillan, New York 1978.
  9. ↑ a b Rose Rauther: Rosika Schwimmer. 1984, p. 72.
  10. ↑ Rose Rauther: Rosika Schwimmer. 1984, p. 73.
  11. ↑ Ronald B. Flowers; Nadia M. Lahutsky: The Naturalization of Rosika Schwimmer , at heinonline
  12. ↑ Beth S. Wenger: Radical Politics in a Reactionary Age: The Unmaking of Rosika Schwimmer, 1914-1930. In: Journal of Women's History. 2, 2, 1990, p. 66.
  13. ↑ Preliminary Inventory to the Rosika Schwimmer Papers, 1914–1937. Online Archive of California, accessed January 22, 2014.
personal data
SURNAME Swimmer, Rosika
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Swimmer, Rózsa (maiden name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Hungarian women's rights activist and pacifist
DATE OF BIRTH September 11, 1877
PLACE OF BIRTH Budapest , Austria-Hungary
DATE OF DEATH August 3, 1948
Place of death New York City , United States