Freiburg Castle
| Freiburg Castle | ||
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.jpg) The Burghaldenschloss in Matthäus Merian's Topographia Germaniae |
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| Alternative name (s): | Burghaldenschloss, from 1670 also Leopoldsburg | |
| Creation time : | around 1091 | |
| Castle type : | Hilltop castle | |
| Conservation status: | Burgstall | |
| Standing position : | Duke, Count | |
| Place: | Freiburg in Breisgau | |
| Geographical location | 47 ° 59 '37.4 " N , 7 ° 51' 29.5" E | |
| Height: | 376.3 m above sea level NN | |
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The Freiburg Castle , better known under the name Burghalde Castle is an Outbound hilltop castle on the Schlossberg at 376.3 m above sea level. NN in the area of today's Ludwig height above the city of Freiburg in Baden-Wuerttemberg .
history
As early as 1091, Duke Berthold II of Zähringen had the beautiful Castrum de Friburch built in the Romanesque style on the Freiburg Castle Hill, later sung about by Hartmann von Aue . The Duke's servants and craftsmen settled at the foot of the mountain in the area of today's southern old town, but it was not until 1120 that his son Konrad, with the consent of Emperor Heinrich V, granted the settlement market rights and thus ended the founding phase of Freiburg.
The existence of the castle has been documented since 1146 at the latest, when Bernhard von Clairvaux describes in his travel diaries how he healed a blind boy apud castrum Frieburg (near the fortress of Freiburg). In contrast to the Zähringer Burg above the village of the same name north of Freiburg, the facility on the Schlossberg was called the “Burghaldenschloss”. In the course of history, fires and the effects of war repeatedly destroyed the well-fortified buildings on the Schlossberg, which the respective rulers, however, repeatedly rebuilt due to their strategic importance for the protection of Freiburg and to control access to the Black Forest and the Dreisamtal .
After the Zähringers died out in 1218, rule over the city of Freiburg was inherited by the Counts of Urach , who from then on called themselves Counts of Freiburg and resided in the castle above Freiburg. The relationship between the gentlemen and the citizens was often clouded by disputes over the city's financial services. The citizens of Freiburg took possession of the castle twice. In the war against their city lord, Count Egino II. And his brother-in-law, the Bishop of Strasbourg, Konrad von Lichtenberg , they used throwing machines to break a breach in the castle. When Count Egino III. In 1366 an attempt was made to invade the city at night with an army, and a war broke out in which the Freiburgers laid the “most beautiful festivals in Germany” to rubble with cannons. After that, the relationship between the ruling Counts of Freiburg and the city was completely shattered. Finally, the citizens bought themselves free of their rule with a one-off payment of 15,000 marks of silver in order to voluntarily submit to the protection of the House of Habsburg in 1368 . The new ruler, Archduke Leopold , generously left the ruins on the Schlossberg to the Freiburg residents.
The city only had the fortifications poorly repaired and so the castle was easy prey for the enemy in the Peasants 'War in 1525 and in the Thirty Years' War . First Emperor Leopold I built a mountain fortress, the "Leopoldsburg", including the Burghaldenschloss in 1668, as a bulwark against the threat to the Breisgau from Louis XIV. In vain, because the French conquered the city and fortress as early as 1677 during the Dutch War . When the Habsburgs then had to cede Freiburg to the French crown in the Peace of Nijmegen in 1679 , the Schlossberg underwent its greatest changes. Louis XIV commissioned his fortress builder Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban to fortify the city of Freiburg, including the castle hill, with the Vieux Châteaux (the old castle) according to modern principles and to surround it as a French outpost in the Austrian foothills with a deeply tiered fortress ring. In 1681 the king himself came to Freiburg with a large retinue to inspect the work and also visited the Schlossberg.
After the Palatinate War of Succession in the Peace of Rijswijk in 1697, Ludwig XIV had to give up Freiburg. This negative result for the Crown of France is glossed over by a French memorandum as follows: The king has given up some places that were not useful to him ... the city of Freiburg was not useful enough for the king to have to experience its return as a loss, it is in the The bosom of the empire and the care of the emperor, who is also their sovereign, have returned.
During the War of the Spanish Succession , the fortress, which was occupied by a strong Austrian garrison, was again besieged and captured by French troops under Marshal Louis Héctor de Villars in late 1713 . In Rastatt , it was agreed that the fortress would be returned to the Reich in 1715.
And again there was war - this time the War of the Austrian Succession . In autumn 1744 the French took Freiburg again as an ally of Frederick the Great . Louis XV personally followed the progress of the siege of the city from Lorettoberg and was almost hit by a lost cannonball of the defenders. A year later, in the Peace of Dresden , Freiburg came back to the Habsburgs. Before the French evacuated the city, however, they destroyed the Vauban fortifications so thoroughly that only a rubble cone and the neck moat are left of the former castle complex, the main part of which was a donjon that has been handed down through illustrations . In the following decades, as a result of the extensive destruction of castle complexes and the fortifications surrounding the city, a huge field of rubble covered the Schlossberg and the city.
literature
- Arthur Hauptmann: Castles then and now - castles and castle ruins in southern Baden and neighboring areas, Volume 2 . Südkurier Verlag, Konstanz 1987, ISBN 3-87799-075-4 , pp. 47-49.
- Hans Schadeck: Castle and city fortifications of Freiburg until the end of the 16th century in the city and fortress of Freiburg , Verlag Stadtarchiv Freiburg im Breisgau, 1988.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Hans Schadeck: Burg and city fortifications from Freiburg to the end of the 16th century in the city and fortress Freiburg , Verlag Stadtarchiv Freiburg im Breisgau, 1988, page 9.
- ^ Engraving by Nicolas de Fer. The text of the legend reads: Freiburg is the fortified capital of the Breisgau. Marshal Créquit conquered it for the (French) king in 1677. Her Majesty did admirable work.
- ^ Hermann Kopf: Under the Crown of France, Freiburg im Breisgau 1677–1697 , Schau-ins-Land 88, 1970 ( digitized version of the Freiburg University Library ).