Mammals of Timor
The list of mammals of Timor includes the mammals ( Mammalia ) that live on the Southeast Asian island of Timor .
Timor belongs to the Wallacea area , which is why the island's fauna is part of the biogeographical transition zone between the Asian and Australian fauna . The number of mammals from the Asian region is somewhat larger on Timor, but the species diversity of mammals is generally rather low. The island is surrounded by deep sea trenches so that even during the Ice Ages , when sea levels dropped, it never had a direct connection with mainland Australia or Asia.
Bats
Flying foxes in the market in Suai
The biodiversity of bats is relatively large on the island of Timor. There are more than 30 different types. Flying foxes play an important role in distributing tree seeds.
Timor horseshoe bat ( Rhinolophus montanus ) and Moluccan flying fox ( Pteropus chrysoproctus ) are endemic. Likewise, the subspecies R. c from the Canuts horseshoe bat . timoriensis .
Bats
| Bats | ||
|---|---|---|
| German name | Scientific name | information |
| ? | Harpiocephalus aff. harpia | 2004 and 2007 for the first time scientifically as Murina aff. cyclotis , but then because of the skull rather the described small hair bat wing (Harpiocephalus harpia) moved close |
| Two-tone round nose | Hipposideros bicolor | Subspecies: Hipposideros bicolor hilli . IUCN status: not endangered. |
| Timor round nose | Hipposideros crumeniferus | |
| Diadem round nose | Hipposideros diadema | Subspecies: Hipposideros diadema diadema . IUCN status: not endangered. |
| Sumba round nose | Hipposideros sumbae aff. rotiensis | Determination of the subspecies not yet established. IUCN status: not endangered. |
| ? | Kerivoula sp. | Caught in 2004 and 2007. Assignment is still ongoing. |
| Small Australian long-winged bat | Miniopterus australis | Scientifically proven for the first time in 1968 in Timor. IUCN status: not endangered. |
| Malay long-winged bat | Miniopterus magnater | Scientifically proven for the first time in 1968 in Timor. IUCN status: not endangered. |
| East Australian long-winged bat | Miniopterus oceanensis | Earlier incorrectly described as Schreiber's long-winged bat ( M. Schreibersii ). IUCN status: not endangered. |
| Filipino long-winged bat | Miniopterus paululus | |
| Small Asiatic Long-winged Bat | Miniopterus pusillus | Scientifically proven for the first time in 1968 in Timor. Different subspecies on Timor. IUCN status: not endangered. |
| ? | Murina aff. florium | Caught in 2004. Assignment is still ongoing. |
| South Asian water bat | Myotis adversus | Subspecies: Myotis adversus adversus . Described in West Timor in 1995 . IUCN status: not endangered. |
| ? | Nyctophilus sp. | The specimens that were caught near Maubisse in 2004 could be Sunda long-eared ears (Nyctophilus heran) , which are also found on Lembata . It is unlikely that they are the Timor long-eared long-eared (Nyctophilus timoriensis) , as described in 2009. |
| ? | Pipistrellus sp. | Scientifically proven for the first time in 1968 in Timor and described as the Timor pipistrelle bat Pipistrellus tenuis . Widespread around the villages. The assignment to P. tenuis has been questioned since 2007 . |
| Borneo horseshoe bat | Rhinolophus borneensis | For the first time in 1968 on Timor scientifically as a new subspecies R. b. parvus detected. |
| Canuts horseshoe bat | Rhinolophus canuti | Timorese subspecies Rhinolophus canuti timoriensis . IUCN status: endangered. |
| Sulawesi horseshoe bat | Rhinolophus celebensis | Subspecies: Rhinolophus celebensis parvus . IUCN status: not endangered. |
| Creagh horseshoe bat | Rhinolophus creaghi | For the first time in 1968 on Timor scientifically as a new subspecies R. c. timorensis detected. |
| Timor horseshoe bat | Rhinolophus montanus | First scientifically proven in 1968 in Timor as a new subspecies R. philippinensis montanus . 2002/2003 defined as a separate species. Endemic to Timor. IUCN status: insufficient data basis. |
| ? | Rhinolophus aff. philippinensis | In 2007 specimens were found that have similarities to well-known horseshoe bat, but a different reputation than the Timor horseshoe bat. Possibly R. p. achilles , R. p. maros or new taxon . IUCN status: not assessed. |
| Bare-back pocket bat | Saccolaimus saccolaimus (formerly Taphozous saccolaimus ) | Scientifically proven for the first time in 1968. IUCN status: not endangered. |
| Sody house bat | Scotophilus collinus | Was incorrectly interpreted in 2004 as a new species of grave bats ( Taphozous ). IUCN status: not endangered. |
| Small Asiatic House Bat | Scotophilus kuhlii (formerly Vespertilio temminckii ) | Subspecies Scotophilus kuhlii temminckii . |
| Northern broad-nosed bat | Scotorepens sanborni | So far only described in West Timor , but can probably also be found in the East. IUCN status: not endangered. |
| Brown bearded grave bat | Taphozous achates | Captured in West Timor in 1995 . IUCN status: insufficient data. |
| Black-whisked grave bat or temple bat | Taphozous melanopogon | Scientifically proven for the first time in 1968 in Timor. IUCN status: not endangered. |
| Big bamboo bat | Tylonycteris robustula | In the Natural History Museum in London there are two historical specimens that are supposed to prove the occurrence on Timor. No further sightings are known so far on Timor. IUCN status: not endangered. |
Fruit bats
| Fruit bats | ||
|---|---|---|
| German name | Scientific name | information |
| Sunda fruit bat | Acerodon mackloti (formerly Pteropus macklotii ) | Subspecies: Acerodon mackloti mackloti . Occupied by catching at Lospalos . IUCN status: endangered. |
| Common short-nosed bat | Cynopterus brachyotis | IUCN gives Timor as the place of distribution for the species. Possibly previously confused with Indian short-nosed bat (Cynopterus sphinx) . |
| Indian short-nosed bat | Cynopterus sphinx | According to research from 1968. IUCN does not list Timor as a place of distribution for the species. Possibly listed there as the common short-nosed bat (Cynopterus brachyotis) . |
| Indonesian short-nosed bat | Cynopterus titthaecheilus | IUCN status: not endangered. |
| Moluccan blackbacked bat | Dobsonia moluccensis | Only known from an unpublished report based on a museum copy. Occurrence questionable. Closest confirmed occurrence on Roti Island . IUCN status: not endangered. |
| Western blackback bat | Dobsonia peronii | Subspecies: Dobsonia peronii peronii . Observed at the Lene Hara cave. IUCN status: not endangered. |
| Small long-tongue bat | Eonycteris spelaea (formerly Macroglossus spelaeus ) | Scientifically proven for the first time in 1968 in Timor. IUCN status: not endangered. |
| ? | Macroglossus lagochilus | Subspecies Macroglossus lagochilus lagochilus . |
| Dwarf long-tongue bat | Macroglossus minimus | Subspecies Macroglossus minimus lagochilus . Scientifically proven for the first time in 1968 in Timor. IUCN status: not endangered. |
| Pallas tube-nosed bat | Nyctimene cephalotes | |
| Keast tube-nosed bat | Nyctimene keasti | No more observations on Timor since 1912. IUCN status: endangered. |
| Gray flying fox | Pteropus griseus | IUCN status: insufficient data basis. |
| Lombok fruit bat | Pteropus lombocensis | Occurrence in Timor questionable. IUCN status: endangered. |
| Temminck fruit bat | Pteropus temminckii | IUCN status: endangered |
| Kalong | Pteropus vampyrus | Subspecies Pteropus vampyrus edulis IUCN status: potentially endangered. |
| Geoffroy's flying fox | Rousettus amplexicaudatus | IUCN status: not endangered. |
Flightless land mammals
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A gray couscous on Timor, 1937
Timor shrew (Crocidura tenuis) and Timor rat (Rattus timorensis) come just before Timor, that are endemic.
With the exception of the Java shrew ( Crocidura maxi ), the rice field rat ( Rattus argentiventer ), the Timor shrew and the Timor rat , all other species are considered to have been introduced or immigrated. The gray couscous ( Phalanger orientalis ) was introduced to Timor 9000 years ago by people from New Guinea . As a marsupial , it is a typical representative of the Australian animal world. For Timorese, couscous are popular prey in the cooking pot. They are one of the main prey for the local population. The oldest traces of the Gray Cuscus found on the eastern tip of Timor are dated to the early Holocene . The long-tailed macaque ( Macaca fascicularis ) was originally assumed to be introduced by humans - DNA comparisons published in 2017, however, show that the Timorese population has been isolated from the other long-tailed macaques in Southeast Asia for a million years.
Remains of dogs and pigs indicate that they did not appear on the island until the time of the introduction of pottery in Timor 3,500 years ago. The Sulawesi pustular pig , water buffalo , Bali cattle , chickens , cats , goats and horses were introduced as other domestic animals . The Timor pony is the native breed of horse.
Conspicuous mammals lived on Timor in prehistoric times. Here, as in Java , Sulawesi and Flores , a dwarf form of the Stegodon with only 1.2 meters shoulder height and giant rats, such as the Bühler rat ( Coryphomys buehleri ), whose remains were found in a limestone cave in the Indonesian West Timor , developed. In 2010, the remains of the giant rat Coryphomys musseri were discovered in East Timor , which at 6 kg is probably the largest species of this genus. It probably became extinct 1,000 to 2,000 years ago.
| Flightless land mammals on Timor | ||
|---|---|---|
| German name | Scientific name | information |
| Mane deer | Cervus timorensis | IUCN status: Vulnerable. Introduced. |
| Southeast Asian shrew | Crocidura fuliginosa | IUCN status: not at risk. Introduced. |
| Java shrew | Crocidura maxi | IUCN status: not at risk. Indigenous. |
| Sunda shrew | Crocidura monticola | IUCN status: not at risk. Introduced. |
| Timor shrew | Crocidura tenuis | IUCN status: not at risk. Indigenous. |
| Crab macaque | Macaca fascicularis | IUCN status: not at risk. |
| Asian house mouse | Mus musculus castaneus | Introduced. |
| House mouse | Mus musculus musculus | IUCN status: not at risk. Introduced. |
| Flores giant rat | Papagomys armandvillei | Introduced. |
| Patchwork | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus | IUCN status: not at risk. Introduced 3500 years ago. In 2014 the species was divided into P. hermaphroditus , P. musangus and P. philippinensis . P. musangus live on the small island of Roti , which is neighboring Timor . The species to which the Musangs on Timor and Atauro belong has not yet been investigated. |
| Same color cuscus | Phalanger gymnotis | Introduced. |
| Gray couscous | Phalanger orientalis | Introduced 9000 years ago. |
| Rice field rat | Rattus argentiventer | IUCN status: not at risk. Indigenous. |
| Pacific rat | Rattus exulans | IUCN status: not at risk. Introduced. |
| Brown rat | Rattus norvegicus | IUCN status: not at risk. Introduced. |
| Black rat | Rattus rattus | IUCN status: not at risk. Introduced. |
| Asiatic black rat | Rattus tanezumi | IUCN status: not at risk. Introduced. |
| Timor Rat | Rattus timorensis | So far, only one specimen of the Timor rat is known, which was caught in 1990. IUCN status: insufficient data. Indigenous. |
| Musk shrew | Suncus murinus | Subspecies: Suncus murinus mulleri . IUCN status: not at risk. Introduced. |
| Sulawesi pustular pig |
Sus celebensis (also Sus timoriensis ) |
Introduced. |
Marine mammals
Is found on the coasts of the region Dugong , of the manatees belongs. At least 24 different dolphins and whale species pass by on the north coast . The dolphins appear regularly in common groups of different species with up to a hundred animals.
| Marine mammals in the waters around Timor (incomplete) | ||
|---|---|---|
| German name | Scientific name | information |
| Dugong | Dugong dugon | |
| blue whale | Balaenoptera musculus | Blue whales in small groups of two to six animals are regularly spotted in the Strait of Wetar . This also includes calves with their mothers. |
| Humpback whale | Megaptera novaeangliae | |
| Short-finned pilot whale | Globicephala macrorhynchus | |
| sperm whale | Physeter catodon | |
| Broad-billed dolphin | Peponocephala electra | |
| East Pacific Dolphin | Stenella longirostris | |
| Slender dolphin | Stenella attenuata | |
| Bornean Dolphin | Lagenodelphis hosei | |
literature
- Armstrong, KN: Survey for bats on the proposed Ira Lalaro hydropower scheme, Timor-Leste. Field survey and impact assessment. Unpublished report by Molhar Pty Ltd for EPANZ Services Pty Ltd (New Zealand) and the Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate, June 19, 2007.
- Csorba G .: Remarks on some types of the genus Rhinolophus (Mammalia, Chiroptera ). Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici 94: 217-226, 2002.
- Goodwin, Robert E: The bats of Timor: systematics and ecology . Bulletin of the AMNH; v. 163, article 2, 1979. Study based on research from 1968.
- Helgen, KM: Report on a preliminary survey of the mammals of East Timor. Preliminary studies on the biodiversity of mammals and aquatic insects in East Timor. Unpublished report by DA Polhemus and KM Helgen, 2004.
Web links
- Marine Megafauna Surveys in Timor Leste: Identifying Opportunities for Potential Ecotourism - Final Report ( Memento from September 25, 2013 in the Internet Archive ). (English; PDF file; 2.6 MB)
Individual evidence
- ^ Sibylle M. Gomes et al .: Human settlement history between Sunda and Sahul: a focus on East Timor (Timor-Leste) and the Pleistocenic mtDNA diversity. In: BMC Genomics. 16, December 22, 2014, p. 70. doi: 10.1186 / s12864-014-1201-x
- ↑ a b c d e f g h Report of Findings on the Proposed Iralalaro Hydro-ElectricPower Scheme, Timor-Leste. (PDF; 3.2 MB) Haburas Foundation and the Australian Conservation Foundation, accessed on August 9, 2013 .
- ↑ Wilson & Reeder's Mammal Species of the World: Rhinolophus canuti timoriensis , 3rd edition ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , accessed January 26, 2016.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai Kyle Armstrong, Yuki Konishi: Bat call identification from the south coast of Timor-Leste , Worley Parsons Services Pty Ltd., March 2012.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Goodwin, Robert E: The bats of Timor: systematics and ecology, 1979.
- ^ IUCN: Hipposideros crumeniferus , accessed August 8, 2016.
- ↑ a b c d e f g Agustinus Suyanto, Masaaki Yoneda, Ibnu Maryantto, Maharadatunkamsi, Jito Sugardjito: Checklist of The Mammals of Indonesia Scientific name and distribution area table in Indonesia including CITES, IUCN and Indonesian category for conservation , accessed on 8. August 2016.
- ↑ Wilson & Reeder's Mammal Species of the World: Rhinolophus canuti timoriensis , 3rd edition ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , accessed January 26, 2016.
- ^ IUCN: Cynopterus brachyotis , accessed August 21, 2016.
- ^ IUCN: Cynopterus sphinx , accessed August 8, 2016.
- ^ IUCN: Dobsonia peronii , accessed August 8, 2016.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r GOVERNMENT OF TIMOR-LESTE, THROUGH THE SECRETARIA DE ESTADO DOS RECURSOS NATURAIS: Tasi Mane - Suai Supply Base EIA Terrestrial Flora and Fauna Technical Report , 23. March 2012.
- ↑ a b c d WWF - Timor and Wetar deciduous forests ( Memento from February 26, 2004 in the Internet Archive )
- ^ Bird life International: A lost world in Timor-Leste. Mount Mundo Perdido. A profile of its biodiversity and conservation (PDF file; 737 kB)
- ↑ a b John Norman Miksic, Geok Yian Goh, Sue O'Connor: Rethinking Cultural Resource Management in South East Asia: Preservation, Development, and neglect. 2011, ISBN 978-0-85728-389-4 , pp. 43-55.
- ^ Lu Yao, Hongjie Li, Robert D. Martin, Corrie S. Moreaua, Ripan S. Malhi: Tracing the phylogeographic history of Southeast Asian long-tailed macaques through mitogenomes of museum specimens. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, August 2017, doi: /10.1016/j.ympev.2017.08.006
- ↑ Rasmus Liedig, Jakob Kolleck, Kai O Böker, Erik Meijaard, Badrul Munir Md-Zain, Muhammad Abu Bakar Abdul-Latiff, Ahmad Ampeng, Maklarin Lakim, Pazil Abdul-Patah, Anthony J Tosi, Markus Brameier, Dietmar Zinner and Christian Roos : Mitogenomic phylogeny of the common long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis fascicularis). BMC Genomics201516: 222 doi: 10.1186 / s12864-015-1437-0
- ↑ Julien Louys, Gilbert J. Price, Sue O'Connor : Direct dating of Pleistocene stegodon from Timor Island, East Nusa Tenggara , 2016 , accessed March 11, 2016.
- ^ Entry on Coryphomys buehleri on the red list
- ↑ KP Aplin, KM Helgen: Quaternary Murid Rodents of Timor. Part I: New Material of Coryphomys buehleri Schaub, 1937, and Description of a Second Species of the Genus. In: Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 341, 2010, pp. 1-80, doi: 10.1206 / 692.1
- ^ Sue O'Connor: Rethinking the Neolithic in Island Southeast Asia, with Particular Reference to the Archeology of Timor-Leste and Sulawesi , accessed March 22, 2017.
- ↑ Géraldine Veron, Marie-Lilith Patou, Mária Tóth, Manori Goonatilake & Andrew P. Jennings: How Many Species of Paradoxurus Civets are there? New Insights from India and Sri Lanka. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research, 1-14, 2014 doi : 10.1111 / jzs.12085
- ^ ABC, December 18, 2007, NT helping E Timor establish first marine park
- ↑ Timor a Global Hotspot for Whales and Dolphins ( Memento of the original from October 22, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF file; 48 kB)
- ↑ a b c d e f g Blue Ventures: A cetacean migration! The whales and dolphins have arrived. , accessed October 6, 2016.
