Small long-tongue bat
| Small long-tongue bat | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Small long-tongue bat ( Eonycteris spelaea ) |
||||||||||||
| Systematics | ||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||
| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Eonycteris spelaea | ||||||||||||
| ( Dobson , 1871) |
The small long-tongue bat ( Eonycteris spelaea ) is a species of the cave long-tongue bat ( Eonycteris ) within the fruit bats (Pteropodidae). It occurs in East and South Asia from northern India to the People's Republic of China and in large parts of Southeast Asia .
features
The small long-tongue bat reaches a head-trunk length of about 80 to 130 millimeters and a tail length of 11 to 23 millimeters. The hind feet are 17 to 24 millimeters long. The ears measure 17 to 24 millimeters. The fur consists of short and thick hair, the back side is dark brown to black brown in color. The ventral side is a little lighter and brownish gray. The forearm length is 61 to 73 millimeters. The animals have very well-developed anal glands .
| 2 | · | 1 | · | 3 | · | 2 | = 34 |
| 2 | · | 1 | · | 3 | · | 3 |
The skull has a total length of 35 to 37 millimeters. The type has as other species of the genus two cutting teeth (incisors), a canine (canine), three Vorbackenzähne (Praemolares) and two molars (Molar) in an upper jaw half. The third molar in the upper jaw is very small. In the lower jaw there is one more molar per half of the jaw. The animals have a total of 34 teeth.
distribution
The small long-tongue bat occurs in East and South Asia from northern India to the People's Republic of China and in large parts of Southeast Asia . In China, the species has been found in the southwest of Guangxi and Yunnan . In South Asia, the species occurs in parts of India in Andhra Pradesh , Assam , Karnataka , Manipur , Meghalaya , Mizoram , Nagaland , Sikkim , Tamil Nadu and Uttaranchal, as well as in Nepal and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands . From here the distribution area extends to the mainland of Southeast Asia via Myanmar , Thailand , Laos , parts of Vietnam and Cambodia to Thailand and Malaysia . In addition, the species is found on the islands of Malaysia, Indonesia ( Sumatra , Java , Bali , Lombok , Sumba , Sulawesi , Muna , Sanana , Halmahera , Batjan and Tidore ), on Borneo , Timor ( East Timor and the Indonesian part of the island) as well as most of the Philippines with the exception of the Batanes and Babuyan regions .
Way of life
The small long-tongued bat mostly rest in caves and therefore occurs mainly in cave-rich areas. He sometimes lives in colonies of tens of thousands of animals. The species flies mainly in secondary forest areas, agricultural areas and similar areas, but is also found in primary forest areas. The animals feed on nectar and have adapted regionally primarily to the flowers of agriculturally grown plants. They are particularly common in banana plantations . On the basis of transmitters, it could be determined that the animals cover distances of up to almost 40 kilometers to their feeding grounds.
The females become sexually mature after about six months , the males only significantly later after a year or more. The breeding times in India are asynchronous and not tied to a fixed season. The females give birth to a single young animal per litter.
Systematics
The small long-tongue bat as an independent species is assigned to the cave long-tongue bat (genus Eonycteris ). The first scientific description comes from George Edward Dobson from 1871 as Macroglossus spelaeus based on individuals from Mawlamyaing (formerly "Moulmein") of the Tanintharyi region (formerly "Tenasserim") in today's Myanmar. In 1873 Dobson described the newly established genus Eonycteris on the basis of this species .
Within the species, four subspecies are distinguished with the nominate form :
- Eonycteris spelaea spelaea Dobson, 1871: nominate form
- Eonycteris spelaea glandifera Lawrence, 1939
- Eonycteris spelaea rosenbergii Jentink, 1889
- Eonycteris spelaea winnyae Maharadatunkamsi & Kitchener, 1997
Hazard and protection
The species is classified as least concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) due to its large distribution area and frequent occurrence. Due to the close connection to caves as resting places, however, it is sensitive to disturbances in these retreat areas. There are no known risks to the species as a whole, but in parts of South Asia it is regionally threatened by deforestation and habitat transformation into agricultural land or for other purposes. Cave tourism and cave lighting are also an increasing threat to the species, particularly in the Borra Caves in Andhra Pradesh, India.
supporting documents
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k Don E. Wilson: Lesser Dawn Bat. In: Andrew T. Smith , Yan Xie: A Guide to the Mammals of China. Princeton University Press, 2008; P. 330, ISBN 978-0-691-09984-2 .
- ^ A b Don E. Wilson: Eonycteris. In: Andrew T. Smith , Yan Xie: A Guide to the Mammals of China. Princeton University Press, 2008; P. 330, ISBN 978-0-691-09984-2 .
- ↑ a b c d e Eonycteris spelaea in the Red List of Threatened Species of the IUCN 2017-3. Posted by: C. Francis, G. Rosell-Ambal, B. Tabaranza, PK Helgen, S. Molur, C. Srinivasulu, 2016. Retrieved February 18, 2018.
- ↑ a b c Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (eds.): Eonycteris spelaea in Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed).
literature
- Don E. Wilson: Lesser Dawn Bat. In: Andrew T. Smith , Yan Xie: A Guide to the Mammals of China. Princeton University Press, 2008; P. 330, ISBN 978-0-691-09984-2 .
Web links
- Eonycteris spelaea inthe IUCN 2017-3 Red List of Threatened Species . Posted by: C. Francis, G. Rosell-Ambal, B. Tabaranza, PK Helgen, S. Molur, C. Srinivasulu, 2016. Retrieved February 18, 2018.