Săcădate
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Săcădate Sakadat Oltszakadát |
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| Basic data | |||||
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| State : |
 Romania
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| Historical region : | Transylvania | ||||
| Circle : | Sibiu | ||||
| Municipality : | Avrig | ||||
| Coordinates : | 45 ° 46 ' N , 24 ° 23' E | ||||
| Time zone : | EET ( UTC +2) | ||||
| Height : | 420 m | ||||
| Residents : | 582 (2011) | ||||
| Postal code : | 555203 | ||||
| Telephone code : | (+40) 02 69 | ||||
| License plate : | SB | ||||
| Structure and administration | |||||
| Community type : | Village | ||||
Săcădate (German: Sakadat, Sakadaten, Sekedaten; Hungarian: Oltszakadát, Szakadát; Saxon : Zakedot ) is a place in the Sibiu district in Transylvania ( Romania ). The village lies on the right bank of the Alt and is politically part of the municipality of Freck , which is opposite on the other bank of the Alt.
location
The village is located on the river Olt (Alt) about 25 kilometers from the district capital Sibiu (Hermannstadt), about three kilometers off the national road "DN" 1 ( European route 68 ) in the direction of Făgăraș (Fogarasch) or Brașov (Kronstadt). The river is dammed here by a power station and the village can only be reached via an access road that leads over the dam. There are unpaved roads to the neighboring villages of Bradu (Gierelsau) and Glâmboaca (Hühnerbach), which are also on the right bank . In 2014 a new asphalt road was completed that connects Săcădate via Nucet (Johannisberg) with the Harbachtal .
history
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Săcădate is documented for the first time in a document from 1380, in which two Saxons are mentioned as representatives of the village at the Hermannstädter See . However, it is questionable whether the population of the village were German-speaking Saxons at the time. The name of the village is of Hungarian origin and means landslide / mudslide . From the period around 1494 to 1497 it is documented that the majority of the villagers were Hungarians. One explanation for this conceptual confusion may be that in the Middle Ages the word "Saxon" did not necessarily have an ethnic meaning, but rather referred to a legal status within the feudal system in the Kingdom of Hungary . In the legal sense, the residents of Săcădate were Saxons, i.e. free fortified farmers on Königsboden , even if they were ethnic Hungarians. Like the German-speaking Saxons of the western neighboring village of Gierelsau, they belonged to the Hermannstadt See and not to the Fogarascher Land, which was the county floor, i.e. was subject to noble or ecclesiastical landlords. Ecclesiastically, they also belonged to Sibiu and, together with the Saxons, also carried out the Reformation to the Lutheran faith in the 16th century, unlike the Hungarian Szeklers further east who became Calvinists or who remained Catholic.
According to the historian Adolf Schullerus , some Szeklern settlements existed north of the Alt before the Transylvanian Saxons settled in the 12th century. In the course of the reorganized border defense (see Gyepű ), however, these were relocated to the eastern border by the Hungarian king, today's Szeklerland . Only a few Hungarian settlers remained in the area of southern Transylvania, which is now mainly inhabited by Saxons, such as in the village of Săcădate.
Medieval documents in the Sibiu archives also mention an abbey called Sakadat, which is mentioned in connection with the Cistercian monastery of Egresch . It is unclear whether this refers to the village of Săcădate am Alt (there are other villages with the same Hungarian name in Hungary and in Bihor County). It would be obvious, however, as the Kerz monastery , which was also founded by Egresch, is only a few kilometers away and the neighboring villages on the right bank of the river to the east were subordinate to this monastery in the Middle Ages. A Sakadat Abbey founded at the beginning of the 13th century may have perished again in the Mongol storm of 1241.
The oldest building in the village is the Hungarian Lutheran Church, the entrance portal of which is built in the Romanesque style and must therefore have been built before the first documentary mention. The main nave, however, is already built in the Gothic style . In the 15th century this was expanded into a fortified church castle against the risk of Turkish invasions . From the fortification, however, only the bell tower, which was converted into a defensive tower, and a few remains of the wall remain.
After the Hungarian population had been severely decimated by Turkish invasions in the 15th and 16th centuries, Romanian families settled here and migrated from Romanian villages south of the old town. Those who were able to acquire fallow farms also became free fortified farmers. In addition, however, there were still Romanians who had immigrated, who worked for the local farmers as servants in the fields, or as cattle herders in the meadows of the then still unevened Alt. At that time the village was presided over by a Hungarian judge, who was accompanied by two Hungarian and two Romanian lay judges. The municipal council was composed strictly on equal terms and consisted of 16 Hungarian and 16 Romanian members. The Romanian population grew steadily and in 1721 there were 100 Romanian farms and 27 Hungarian farms in the village. In 1733, during the Habsburg era, the Romanians built a Greek Catholic church . After the Edict of Tolerance of Joseph II. , The later immigrant orthodox remaining Romanians could build a church, which was completed in 1794. Today both belong to the Romanian Orthodox Church .
Until the middle of the 19th century, Hungarians and Romanians lived together relatively peacefully in the community. In the course of the Hungarian revolution of 1848 , however, there were also clashes in Săcădate. Hungarian youths sympathizing with the revolution celebrated a religious festival in the defensive tower of the Protestant church, after which shots were fired at the tower from the Romanian district. However, elderly villagers appeased both sides, which prevented worse. However, when the Revolutionary Army under General Bem camped in the area, the Romanian masterminds were arrested. A few months later, however, when Bems's army was defeated, the tide turned again. In the years after 1848 some Hungarians left the village, sold their farms to Romanians and settled in areas with a larger Hungarian population, or left Transylvania at all. The revolution of 1848 basically raised ethnic / national awareness on all sides. This led to conflicts between the Lutheran Hungarians in the village and the Saxon church leadership in Sibiu. The Hungarians asked for Hungarian-speaking pastors and teachers, which was difficult for the church leadership to organize, as almost all pastors were Saxons and there was no Hungarian-language theology course for Lutheran priests.
During the First World War, conflicts arose again when a Romanian army from Wallachia penetrated through the Red Tower Pass into Transylvania in 1916 and was able to occupy some villages in the immediate vicinity, including Săcădate. The male Hungarian villagers were arrested and taken south. After the end of the war, Transylvania became part of the Kingdom of Romania . Now the Hungarians had become an ethnic minority in the new state. But there were again conflicts between Hungary and Saxony, which finally led in the 1940s to the Hungarian parish of Săcădate breaking away from the Saxon church leadership in Sibiu and converting to the Hungarian-speaking Evangelical Lutheran Church in Romania . In the Hermannstadt district there is only one other Hungarian Lutheran church in Kleinkopisch .
After the Second World War, Romania was under the influence of the Soviet Union and finally became communist in 1947. Expropriation and forced collectivization now hit all peasants equally, but especially those peasants on the former royal land who had been cultivating their own land for centuries and who only experienced disadvantages due to the communist land reform. This led to a slow but steady emigration of the village youth, who preferred to look for work in industrial plants instead of working in the agricultural collective. Many moved to the industrial colony in nearby Mârșa in particular.
population
The village of Săcădate today (as of 2011) has 582 inhabitants, 128 of whom declared themselves to be members of the Hungarian minority. The village had the highest population in the interwar period. In 1920 there were 1262 inhabitants, of which 1064 were Romanians, 196 Hungarians and 2 others. In 1977 there were still 853 living in the village, of whom 608 were Romanians, 173 Hungarians, 3 Germans and 69 Roma.
photos
View of the village with the three churches
Entering the town from the Alt
Cultural hall
Typical house, junction of the new road into the Harbachtal
The formerly Greek-Catholic. church
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Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Harald Roth: Hermannstadt: little history of a city in Transylvania , Böhlau Verlag Köln Weimar, 2006; P. 30
- ↑ Ignaz Lenk: Transylvania geographical, topographical, statistical, hydrographical and orographic lexicon. Strauss, Vienna 1839; Page 104 - Szakadát
- ↑ Erdélyi Múzeum: Pozsony Ferenc: Egy Szeben megyei magyar szórványközösség , 2000 (Hungarian, transl . Title: A Hungarian diaspora community in the Hermannstadt district)