Schipka pass
| Schipka pass | |||
|---|---|---|---|
 Schipka pass |
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| Compass direction | north | south | |
| Pass height | 1185 m | ||
| Oblast | Gabrovo | Stara Sagora | |
| Valley locations | Gabrovo | Shipka | |
| expansion | Pass road | ||
| Mountains | Balkan Mountains | ||
| Map (Gabrovo) | |||
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| Coordinates | 42 ° 45 ′ 15 ″ N , 25 ° 19 ′ 7 ″ E | ||
The Schipka Pass is a historically significant mountain pass in the Bulgarian Balkan Mountains . At 1,185 meters above sea level , it is one of the highest passes in Bulgaria.
Location and naming
The Shipka Pass is a junction between northern and southern Bulgaria on the border of the regions Gabrovo and Stara Sagora or the cities of Gabrovo in northern Bulgaria with Kazanlak in southern Bulgaria. Kazanlak was even founded specifically to protect the pass in the 14th century. The road running over the pass was laid out in earlier millennia and connects Thrace with the Danube plain.
The pass is named after the small town of Schipka ( Lage , 548 m ) on its southern slope. The relatively well-developed pass road is easily passable and in terms of traffic, especially militarily, of great strategic importance. The European route 85 runs in the immediate vicinity of the Schipka Pass and branches off the roads leading to Pleven (Плевен), Lovech (Ловеч), Sevliewo, Russe via Veliko Tarnowo and Shumen to Edirne (today Turkey; Bulgarian Одрин / Odrin).
Neighboring towns are Gabrovo and Pleven in the north and Kazanlak and Stara Sagora in the south.
The mountain hiking trail Kom-Emine runs over the Schipka pass as part of the European long-distance hiking trail E3 .
history
Gothic-Roman clashes
The pass was the scene of battles between Goths and Romans in ancient times . In the 3rd century the Gothic king Kniva used the strategically important area for his raids in the Roman provinces of Moesia and Dacia . In the autumn of 377, the Roman troops blocked all important Balkan passes in order to prevent a renewed advance of the Goths from north to south across the Danube into the Roman Empire. The core of this fortified line of defense was the Schipka Pass, from which an important road led into the Maritza valley to the south . After the attacker began to encircle the Romans before the onset of the dreaded onset of winter, the then commander-in-chief, Frigeridus , had the positions vacated and went to Succi's pass to build a new line of defense.
Battle of the Shipka Pass
In 1877 and 1878, important battles for the liberation of Bulgaria took place there during the Russo-Ottoman War . When the Russian troops were driven out of Thrace at the beginning of August and withdrew to the north side of the Balkan Mountains, the Shipka Pass was maintained by them and quickly fortified. From August 21 to August 26, 1877, Suleyman Pasha tried to storm the Russian position with new attacks, but was repulsed by the Russians under the leadership of their general Fyodor Fyodorovich Radezki with enormous losses . A second attempt (September 17, 1877) also failed. The Turks had to limit themselves to the observation and occasional cannonade of the Russian position until the Russians started the attack again in early January 1878. On January 9, after a fierce battle, the entire Turkish army (32,000 men) was captured and the Russians invaded Rumelia again. - The loss-making battles on the Shipka Pass had a great influence on the work of the Russian battle painter Vasily Vasilyevich Vereschagin , who observed the fighting.
The battle for the Shipka Pass has remained deeply anchored in Bulgarian national consciousness as the decisive fight for the liberation of Bulgaria from the Turkish yoke . But it was militarily less important than the Battle of Pleven .
Schipkad Monument
A national monument was commissioned to commemorate this important battle in Bulgarian history. The Schipkadenkmal is a huge stone monument within sight of the pass on the former battlefield. It was built with donations and inaugurated on August 26, 1934. The pyramid-shaped tower is 31.5 m high and consists of five floors. On the first floor there is a marble sarcophagus with some of the bones of the fighters from the Schipka Pass. Copies of Bulgarian troop flags and other relics are on display on the other floors . The top platform can only be reached on foot via hundreds of steps.
Above the entrance to the monument there is a bronze cast lion 8 m long and 4 m high. The lion is the heraldic animal of Bulgaria and at the same time symbolizes courage and bravery of the defenders. The monument commemorates the hero of the (first) battle on the Schipka Pass (according to the Gregorian calendar from August 9th to 11th, 1877). Here, under the leadership of General Stoletov, 5,500 Russians with 27 guns and Bulgarian volunteers defended themselves against 27,000 Turks under Suleyman Pasha.
The monument is part of a whole museum park, in which a monument was also erected for the Russian Tsar Alexander II , who personally took part in the battles. Historic cannons surround this obelisk , which is also made of granite stones .
Above the town of Schipka there is a Russian Orthodox Church, which is designed as a memorial church for the dead of these battles. It was given to the Bulgarian people as a gift by the Russian Tsar.
Second World War
In the course of the attack on Yugoslavia and Greece at the beginning of the Balkan campaign in 1941, German infantrymen marched from their ready positions over the Schipka Pass. A third-order radio measuring station was later set up on the Schipka Pass and equipped with a Freya device . The situation changed when Ion Antonescu was overthrown in Romania in August 1944 and the leading forces in the country had to submit to the dictates of the Soviet Union to continue the war against Germany.
Pass and battle as namesake
Schipka (selection)
Because of the well-known past in the Bulgarian history is the Shipka (Шипка) a well-sounding name in Bulgaria. It has been used for decades as the designation and most important brand name for “ Schipkakäse” (brine cheese) . Furthermore was Schipka a brand of cigarettes produced in the Soviet era. Hotels also bear the name Schipka - mostly in English. Spelling Shipka .
The small, former Sofia football club Schipka Sofia and a multi-purpose stadium in Asenovgrad bear the name.
Vigorous varieties of the evergreen laurel cherry (Prunus laurocerasus) were given the Schipka scientific designation of origin: Schipkaensis or Schipkaensis Macropylla and Schipka Holland .
Schipka-Pass is a board game or running game for several players.
Schipkapass, geographical and other names
The struggles for freedom in the Balkans became the occasion for official and unofficial place names for mountain passes, streets or narrow passages in other countries.
- The asteroid (2530) Shipka got its name one hundred years after the last battle of the Shipka Pass.
- The Schịpkipass is an important, 4694 meter high pass over the western Himalayas between Himachal Pradesh (India) and western Tibet (People's Republic of China) on Sutlej (Langchhen Khamba).
- The Shipka Saddle is a 1000 meter high saddle on Livingston Island in Antarctica. The glaciated valley is named Shipka Valley (Shipchenska Dolina), named after the Bulgarian researcher Lyubomir Ivanov (* 1952) in 2004.
- The name Shipka was given to a Soviet military base near Mukachevo in what is now Ukraine.
- Schipka-passet (Schipkapass) is the Swedish name of a dune trail on the Swedish island of Gotland in the Gotska Sandön National Park .
- The Schipkapass or Schwänkelberg between Dielsdorf ZH and Regensdorf is at 465 meters the highest point of the former Bülach-Baden-Bahn , which is still called Schipkapass-Bahn in insider circles . In 1877, at the time of the opening of the railway, the fighting over this pass was a daily news.
- In the Scottish city of Glasgow , a narrow railway underpass was known as the Schipka Pass . The area was a barracks area that was abandoned in the 1870s. There is still a second-hand dealer nearby who calls his premises under the Gallowgate / London street the Shipka Pass .
- Schipkapass is the name of an old pedestrian bridge over the railway system not far from the main train station in Speyer .
- As Shipka was in Bielefeld railway underpass designated at the Arndt Street; For a long time there was a restaurant with the same name very close by (Arndtstrasse and Mercatorstrasse).
- Schipkapass is the name of a narrow, picturesque opening through the city wall in Annweiler am Trifels in the Palatinate . The passage near the former Lohmühle on the Queich is also described with a notice board that refers to a veteran who told of his war acts at this point. The naming and dating of the breakthrough has not been fully clarified, however, the name has become the official street name.
- The inn Shipka Pass (Czech Šipkapas ) was a local north-west of Prague . It got its name from three German medical students who discussed the current political situation in this inn in 1877 or 1878 during the Turkish-Russian War and, after a few beers, discovered geographical similarities between the location of the bar and the location of the heatedly discussed armed conflicts at the time . On the way back to Prague, the three decided to make the restaurant known to student circles under the name Schipkapass. The ruins of the pub can be found on today's outskirts of Prague- Dejvice above the Šarka valley at ulice Zlatnice . The reputation of the restaurant was also passed on through songs ... The Schipkapass is fun and ... Yes on the Schipkapass (1930). As a result, students could have designated other places as Schipka Pass.
- In the Hessian university town of Gießen , the brewery inn Zum Schipkapass existed until 2009 in a half-timbered building that was still intact despite the war . It is unclear whether the name has anything to do with the passport described here. The name may be derived from the narrow street in which the restaurant is located. Additional seating for the adjacent businesses in the alley turned it into a "Schipkapass" for passers-by.
- In Linz on the Rhine , a side street off Mühlengasse was given the name Schipkapass . The place was a traditional destination for many student associations.
media
Filmography
- There is a four-part film made for the Soviet film company in 1954, which glorifies the battles on the Shipka Pass in a film plot, after all , the Russians played an important role here in the liberation of Eastern Europe from Turkish rule: The Heroes of the Shipka Pass ( Геройте на шипка ) ;
- Another film, entitled Decision at Schipka Pass , was shot as a co-production between Bulgaria and the Soviet Union in 1978.
Fiction
- Adda von Liliencron : Wera Paulowna or the decision in the Shipka pass. Christian magazine publisher, Berlin 1896.
- Ivan Wasow : The Landwehr soldiers on Shipka. In the poem Epopee of the Forgotten.
- Karl Hans Strobl : The Schipka Pass . (Student novel). Berlin 1908; Vienna 1914.
literature
- Walter Görlitz: Decision at the Schipka pass. The Russo-Turkish War broke out 100 years ago. Series 'Die Welt', 1977.
- At Wikisource there is a historical newspaper report from January 13, 1878 directly about the fighting at the Schipka Pass: World events / World situation 1878 (Volksblatt)
- Christian Frederik Conrad von Sarauw: The Russo-Turkish War, 1877 to 1878. Based on the published official Russian reports . Adamant Media Corporation; Reprinted 2005, ISBN 0-543-88544-5 .
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ see bg: Шипченски проход
- ↑ Herwig Wolfram: The Goths. 4th edition, CH Beck Verlag. Munich 2001. ISBN 3-406-33733-3 . P. 130.
- ↑ Herwig Wolfram: The Goths. 4th edition, CH Beck Verlag, Munich 2001, ISBN 3-406-33733-3 , p. 131.
- ↑ Homepage Experience Bulgaria ; Retrieved February 16, 2010
- ^ Karl-Otto Hoffmann: The history of the air news unit. Volume II: The World War. Part 1: The flight reporting and fighter control service 1939–1945. Vowinckel-Verlag, Neckargemünd 1968. p. 187.
- ↑ Example homepage of the Hotel Shipka on "Sunny Beach" near Varna
- ↑ Presentation of the Prunus species on the homepage of the Botanical Garden Tübingen; accessed on April 16, 2019
- ↑ Wissen.de
- ^ Rainer Siegenthaler: The "Schipkapass" -Bahn Bülach - Baden . In: Schweizer Eisenbahn-Revue (SER) 8-9 / 2002, pp. 390–396 and 10/2002, pp. 482–486.
- ↑ Website with the reference Schipkapass and photos; Retrieved February 16, 2010
- ↑ Reinhard Vogelsang: History of the City of Bielefeld, Vol. II, From the middle of the 19th century to the end of the First World War , 1st edition, Verlag für Druckgrafik Hans Gieselmann. Bielefeld 1988, ISBN 3-923830-10-6 , p. 93.
- ↑ Schipka Pass in Prague (Czech); Retrieved February 15, 2010
- ↑ Hermann Klehn, Peter W. von Sattler: Gießen - Zeitzüge , Verlag Sutton, Erfurt 2001, ISBN 3-89702-389-X
- ↑ Linz views - 'Why is it so beautiful on the Rhine?' In: Strünzer Magazin. Issue 1/2013, Linz am Rhein. P. 15.