Sederholmit
Sederholmit | |
---|---|
General and classification | |
chemical formula |
|
Mineral class (and possibly department) |
Sulfides and sulfosalts (including selenides, tellurides, arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides, sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites) |
System no. to Strunz and to Dana |
02.CC.05 ( 8th edition : II / B.09a) 02.08.11.03 |
Crystallographic Data | |
Crystal system | hexagonal |
Crystal class ; symbol | dihexagonal-dipyramidal; 6 / m 2 / m 2 / m |
Space group | P 6 3 / mmc (No. 194) |
Lattice parameters | a = 3.62 Å ; c = 5.29 Å |
Formula units | Z = 2 |
Physical Properties | |
Mohs hardness | 2.5 to 3 |
Density (g / cm 3 ) | calculated: 7.06 |
Cleavage | is missing |
colour | copper-pink, yellow to orange-yellow on polished surfaces |
Line color | not defined |
transparency | opaque (opaque) |
shine | Metallic luster |
Sederholmit is a very rarely occurring mineral from the mineral class of " sulfides and sulfosalts " with the chemical composition NiSe in the modification β-NiSe and thus chemically a nickel selenide . As close relatives of the sulfides, the selenides are placed in the same class.
Sederholmit crystallizes in the hexagonal crystal system , but has so far only been found under an ore microscope in the form of grains in Clausthalite and closely associated with Wilkmanite in Penroseit clusters. The surfaces of the non-transparent ( opaque ) and copper-pink mineral, which also appears yellow to orange-yellow on polished surfaces, have a metallic sheen .
Etymology and history
The synthetic compound β-NiSe was already presented in 1956 by Fredrik Grønvold (1924–2015) and Einar Jacobsen (1927–2000) and its hexagonal structure of the NiAs type was deciphered in 1960 by Johannes-Erich Hiller and W. Wegener.
Sederholmit was first discovered as a natural mineral formation together with kullerudite , mäkinenite , trüstedtite and wilkmanite in mineral samples from the Kitka valley near Kuusamo in the Finnish landscape of northern Ostrobothnia and described in 1964 by Yrjö Vuorelainen (1922–1988), A. Huhma and TA Häkli. They named the mineral after the Finnish petrologist Jakob Johannes Sederholm (1863-1934), the former director of the Geological Survey of Finland.
The official confirmation of the International Mineralogical Association (IMA) of Sederholmit as an independent mineral type took place in 1967 with the approval of the Commission on new Minerals, Nomenclature and Classification (CNMNC) of over 60%.
A storage location for the type material of the mineral is not known.
classification
Already in the outdated 8th edition of the mineral classification according to Strunz , the Sederholmit belonged to the mineral class of "sulfides and sulfosalts" and there to the department of "sulfides with [the molar ratio ] M (metal): S (sulfur) r = 1: 1", where he together with Achávalit (Achavalit) Breithauptit , Freboldit , Imgreit (discredited) Jaipurit , Kotulskit , Langisit , Nickelin , pyrrhotite , Smythit and troilite the "NiAs-series" with the system number. II / B.09a .
In the Lapis mineral directory according to Stefan Weiß, which, out of consideration for private collectors and institutional collections, is still based on this old form of Karl Hugo Strunz's system , the mineral was given the system and mineral number. II / C.20-50 . In the "Lapis system" this corresponds to the section "Sulphides with [the molar ratio] metal: S, Se, Te ≈ 1: 1", where Sederholmit together with Breithauptite, Freboldite, Hexatestibiopanickelite , Kotulskite, Langisite, Nickelin, Sorosit , Stumpflite , Sudburyit and Vavřínit and in the notes to Cherepanovit , polarity , Ruthenarsenit , Sobolevskit and Wassonit the "Nickelin group" is (as of 2018).
The 9th edition of Strunz's mineral systematics , which has been valid since 2001 and was last updated by the IMA in 2009, also assigns Sederholmit to the division of "Metal sulfides, M: S = 1: 1 (and similar)". However, this is further subdivided according to the predominant metals in the compound, so that the mineral can be found according to its composition in the sub-section "with nickel (Ni), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co) etc.", where it can be found together with Achávalit , Breithauptit, Hexatestibiopanickelit , Jaipurit , Kotulskit , Langisit , Nickelin, Freboldit, Sobolevskit, Stumpflit , Sudburyit , Vavřínit and Zlatogorit the "nickelin group" with the system no. 2.CC.05 forms.
The systematics of minerals according to Dana , which is mainly used in the English-speaking world , assigns Sederholmit to the class of "sulfides and sulfosalts" and there in the department of "sulfide minerals". Here it is in the " Nickelin group (hexagonal: P6 3 / mmc) " with the system no. 08/02/11 within the subsection of "Sulphides - including selenides and tellurides - with the composition A m B n X p , with (m + n): p = 1: 1".
Chemism
According to the ideal (theoretical) composition of Sederholmit (NiSe), the mineral consists of nickel (Ni) and selenium (Se) in a molar ratio of 1: 1. This corresponds to a mass fraction of 42.64 wt.% Ni and 57.36 wt .-% Se.
The analysis of the type material from Kuusamo in Finland, on the other hand, showed a slightly different composition of 36.8% by weight Ni and 61.3% by weight Se and additional admixtures of 1.9% by weight cobalt (Co).
Crystal structure
Sederholmit crystallizes isotypically with nickel line (NiAs) in the hexagonal crystal system in the space group P 6 3 / mmc (space group no. 194) with the lattice parameters a = 3.62 Å and c = 5.29 Å and two formula units per unit cell .
Modifications and varieties
The compound NiSe is trimorphic and occurs in nature in addition to the hexagonally crystallizing sederholmitite (β-NiSe) as well as trigonally crystallizing mäkinenite (γ-NiSe). The amorphous modification α-NiSe is only known synthetically so far.
Education and Locations
Sederholmit forms in calcite - veins in uranium Albititen and sills ( Sill ) from albite - diabase in Slate , where he in paragenesis occurs with Clausthalit, Penroseite and Wilkmanit.
Apart from its type locality Kitka Valley and the vicinity of the nearby town of Kuusamo in North Ostrobothnia , Finland, no other location for Sederholmit is known (as of 2020).
See also
literature
- Y. Vuorelainen, A. Huhma, A. Häkli: Sederholmite, wilkmanite, kullerudite, mäkinenite, and trüstedtite, five new nickel selenide minerals . In: Comptes Rendus de la Société Géologique de Finlande . tape 36 , 1964, pp. 113–125 (English, rruff.info [PDF; 650 kB ; accessed on August 9, 2020]).
- Michael Fleischer : New mineral names . In: American Mineralogist . tape 50 , 1965, pp. 519–522 (English, rruff.info [PDF; 322 kB ; accessed on August 9, 2020]).
- Erling Røst, Egil Vestersjø: On the system Ni-Se-Te . In: Acta Chemica Scandinavica . tape 22 , 1968, p. 2118–2134 , doi : 10.3891 / acta.chem.scand.22-2118 (English, actachemscand.org [PDF; 1.4 MB ; accessed on August 9, 2020]).
- Fredrik Grønvold: Heat capacities and thermodynamic properties of the Ni 1-x Se phase from 298 to 1050 ° K . In: Acta Chemica Scandinavica . tape 24 , 1970, pp. 1036-1050 , doi : 10.3891 / acta.chem.scand.24-1036 (English, actachemscand.org [PDF; 1.4 MB ; accessed on August 9, 2020]).
Web links
- Sederholmit. In: Mineralienatlas Lexikon. Stefan Schorn u. a., accessed on August 9, 2020 .
- American-Mineralogist-Crystal-Structure-Database - Sederholmite. In: rruff.geo.arizona.edu. Accessed August 9, 2020 (English).
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Malcolm Back, William D. Birch, Michel Blondieau and others: The New IMA List of Minerals - A Work in Progress - Updated: July 2020. (PDF; 2.44 MB) In: cnmnc.main.jp. IMA / CNMNC, Marco Pasero, July 2020, accessed August 9, 2020 .
- ↑ a b c d e Hugo Strunz , Ernest H. Nickel : Strunz Mineralogical Tables. Chemical-structural Mineral Classification System . 9th edition. E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagbuchhandlung (Nägele and Obermiller), Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-510-65188-X , p. 85 (English).
- ↑ Sederholmite. In: mindat.org. Hudson Institute of Mineralogy, accessed August 9, 2020 .
- ↑ a b c d e f Sederholmite . In: John W. Anthony, Richard A. Bideaux, Kenneth W. Bladh, Monte C. Nichols (Eds.): Handbook of Mineralogy, Mineralogical Society of America . 2001 (English, handbookofmineralogy.org [PDF; 57 kB ; accessed on August 9, 2020]).
- ↑ a b c Stefan Weiss: The large Lapis mineral directory. All minerals from A - Z and their properties. Status 03/2018 . 7th, completely revised and supplemented edition. Weise, Munich 2018, ISBN 978-3-921656-83-9 .
- ↑ Svein Stølen, Helmer Fjellvåg: obituary: Fredrik Grønvold. In: aftenposten.no. Aftenposten , November 2, 2015, accessed August 10, 2020 (Norwegian).
- ^ Ragnar Bye, Walter Lund: Walter Lund Publications: Einar Jacobsen 1927–2000. In: Aftenposten, 2000. In: mn.uio.no. Retrieved August 10, 2020 .
- ↑ Fredrik Grønvold, Einar Jacobsen: X-Ray and Magnetic Study of Nickel Selenides in the Range NiSe to SiSe 2 . In: Acta Chemica Scandinavica . tape 10 , 1956, pp. 1440–1454 , doi : 10.3891 / acta.chem.scand.10-1440 (English, actachemscand.org [PDF; 1.6 MB ; accessed on August 10, 2020]).
- ↑ Johannes-Erich Hiller, W. Wegener: Investigations in the system nickel-selenium . In: New Yearbook for Mineralogy, Treatises . tape 94 , 1960, pp. 1147-1159 .
- ↑ a b Y. Vuorelainen, A. Huhma, A. Häkli: Sederholmite, wilkmanite, kullerudite, mäkinenite, and trüstedtite, five new nickel selenide minerals . In: Comptes Rendus de la Société Géologique de Finlande . tape 36 , 1964, pp. 113–125 (English, rruff.info [PDF; 650 kB ; accessed on August 9, 2020]).
- ^ Commission on new minerals and mineral names . In: International Mineralogical Association (Ed.): Mineralogical Magazine . tape 36 , 1967, p. 131-136 , New names approved by a large majority (60% or more) of the Commission. Sederholmite (English, rruff.info [PDF; 210 kB ; accessed on August 9, 2020]).
- ↑ Catalog of Type Mineral Specimens - S. (PDF 143 kB) In: docs.wixstatic.com. Commission on Museums (IMA), December 12, 2018, accessed August 9, 2020 .
- ↑ Ernest H. Nickel , Monte C. Nichols: IMA / CNMNC List of Minerals 2009. (PDF; 1.82 MB) In: cnmnc.main.jp. IMA / CNMNC, January 2009, accessed August 9, 2020 .
- ↑ Sederholmit. In: Mineralienatlas Lexikon. Stefan Schorn u. a., accessed on August 9, 2020 .
- ↑ David Barthelmy: Sederholmite Mineral Data. In: webmineral.com. Accessed August 9, 2020 (English).
- ^ Friedrich Klockmann : Klockmanns textbook of mineralogy . Ed .: Paul Ramdohr , Hugo Strunz . 16th edition. Enke, Stuttgart 1978, ISBN 3-432-82986-8 , pp. 447 (first edition: 1891).
- ↑ Michael Fleischer : New mineral names . In: American Mineralogist . tape 50 , 1965, pp. 519–522 (English, [1] [PDF; 322 kB ; accessed on August 9, 2020]).
- ↑ List of locations for Sederholmit in the Mineralienatlas and Mindat , accessed on August 9, 2020.