Systematics of minerals according to Strunz (9th edition)

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This is a systematic list of all previously known minerals (status: 2009) based on the new systematics (9th edition) by Hugo Strunz , most of which are also recognized as independent mineral types by the International Mineralogical Association (IMA) .

The previous and since 1977 obsolete mineral systematics according to Strunz can be found under the systematics of minerals according to Strunz (8th edition) and the systematics used mainly in English-speaking countries is the systematics of minerals according to Dana . An alphabetical directory of recognized minerals and mineral groups as well as alternatively known mineral names ( synonyms , mining names ) and varieties is kept in the list of minerals . A general overview of the mineral classes can be found in the main article Systematics of Minerals .

Particularly marked status deviating from recognition as an independent mineral: (H) = Hypothetical mineral ( synthetic , anthropogenic or similar), (I) = Intermediate link in a mixed series (e.g. plagioclase , albite - anorthite series), (N) = Published without approval by the IMA / CNMNC, (Q) = Questionable, (Rd) = Redefined approved by the CNMNC, (Rn) = Renamed with approval by the CNMNC

1. Elements

A metals and intermetallic compounds

A. Copper cupalite family

B. zinc-brass family

C. Indium-tin family

D. Mercury amalgam family

E. iron-chromium family

F. Platinum Group Elements (PGE)

G. PGE metal alloys

B Metallic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus compounds

See also: carbides , silicides , nitrides , phosphides

A. Carbide

B. Silicides

C. Nitrides

D. Phosphides

C Semi-metals (metalloids) and non-metals

A. Arsenic group elements

B. Carbon-silicon family

C. Sulfur-Selenium-Iodine

D Non-metallic carbon compounds and nitrogen compounds

A. Non-metal carbides

B. Non-metal nitrides

2. Sulfides and sulfosalts (sulfides, selenides, tellurides, arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides, sulfarsenides, sulfantimonides, sulfbismutides)

A Alloys and alloy-like compounds

A. Compounds of semi-metals with copper (Cu), silver (Ag), gold (Au)

B. Nickel-semi-metal alloys

C. Alloys of semi-metals with platinum group elements (PGE)

B metal sulfides, M: S> 1: 1 (mainly 2: 1)

A. with copper (Cu), silver (Ag), gold (Au)

B. with nickel (Ni)

C. with rhodium (Rh), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt) etc.

D. with mercury (Hg), thallium (Tl)

E. with lead (Pb), bismuth (Bi)

C metal sulfides, M: S = 1: 1 (and similar)

A. with copper (Cu)

B. with zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), silver (Ag) etc.

C. with nickel (Ni), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co) etc.

D. with tin (Sn), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg) etc.

D metal sulfides with M: S = 3: 4 and 2: 3

A. M: S = 3: 4

B. M: S = 2: 3

C. M: S variable

E metal sulfides with M: S ≤ 1: 2

A. M: S = 1: 2; with Cu, Ag, Au

B. M: S = 1: 2, with Fe, Co, Ni, PGE etc.

C. M: S = 1:> 2

Arsenic sulphides, alkalis; Sulphides with halides, oxides, hydroxides, H 2 O

A. with As, (Sb), S

B. with alkalis (without Cl etc.)

C. with Cl, Br, I (halide sulfides)

D. with O, OH, H 2 O

G sulfarsenides, sulfantimonides, sulfbismutides

A. Island sulfarsenides (Neso-sulfarsenides) etc., without additional sulfur (S)

B. Island sulfarsenides (Neso sulfarsenides) etc., with additional sulfur (S)

C. Poly-sulfarsenides

H sulfosalts with SnS as a model

Deformed (As, Sb, Bi) S 6 octahedra with distinct (As, Sb, Bi) S 3 pyramids.

A. With Cu, Ag, Fe (without Pb)

B. With Cu, Ag, Fe, Sn and Pb

C. Only with lead (Pb)

D. With thallium (Tl)

E. With alkalis, H 2 O

F. With SnS and PbS archetype structural units

J sulfosalts with PbS as a model

(As, Sb, Bi) S 6 octahedra

A. Chains combined into leaves

B. Galena derivatives with lead (Pb)

C. Galena derivatives with thallium (Tl)

K sulfarsenates

A. Sulfarsenates with (As, Sb) S 4 tetrahedra

B. Sulpharsenates with additional sulfur

L unclassified sulfosalts

A. without Pb

B. with Pb

M oxysulfosalts

A. Oxysulfosalts of alkalis and alkaline earths

3. Halides

A Simple halides without H 2 O

A. M: X = 1: 1 and 2: 3

B. M: X = 1: 2

C. M: X = 1: 3

B Simple halides with H 2 O

A. M: X = 1: 1 and 2: 3

B. M: X = 1: 2

C. M: X = 1: 3

D. Simple halides with H 2 O and additional OH

C Complex halides

A. Borofluoride

B. Island aluminofluoride (Neso-aluminofluoride)

C. Group aluminofluorides (Soro-aluminofluorides)

D. Chain aluminofluorides (Ino-aluminofluorides)

E. Layered Aluminofluoride (Phyllo-Aluminofluoride)

F. Framework aluminofluoride (tecto-aluminofluoride)

G. aluminofluorides with CO 3 , SO 4 , PO 4

H. Silicofluoride

J. With MX 6 complexes; M = Fe, Mn, Cu

D Oxyhalides, hydroxyhalides and related double halides

A. With Cu etc., without Pb

B. With Pb, Cu etc.

C. With Pb (As, Sb, Bi) without Cu

D. with ed

E. with rare earth elements (REE)

4. Oxides (hydroxides, V [5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)

A metal: oxygen = 2: 1 and 1: 1

A. Cation: Anion (M: O) = 2: 1 (and 1.8: 1)

B. Cation: Anion (M: O) = 1: 1 (and up to 1: 1.25); with only small to medium sized cations

C. Cation: Anion (M: O) = 1: 1 (and up to 1: 1.25); with large cations (± smaller)

B metal: oxygen = 3: 4 and comparable

A. With small and medium sized cations

B. With only medium-sized cations

C. With medium and large cations

D. With only large cations

C metal: oxygen = 2: 3, 3: 5 and comparable

A. With small cations

unoccupied

B. With medium-sized cations

C. With large and medium-sized cations

D metal: oxygen = 1: 2 and comparable

A. With small cations: silica family

B. With medium-sized cations; Chains of linked octahedra

C. With medium-sized cations; Layers of edge-linked octahedra

D. With medium-sized cations; Frame of linked octahedra

E. With medium-sized cations; With different polyhedra

F. With large (± medium) cations; dimer and trimer edge-sharing octahedra

G. With large (± medium-sized) cations; Chains of linked octahedra

H. With large (± medium) cations; Layers of edge-linked octahedra

J. With large (± medium) cations; multifaceted (polyhedral) frameworks

K. With large (± medium-sized) cations; Tunnel structures

L. With large (± medium-sized) cations; Typical fluorite structures

M. With large (± medium-sized) cations; unclassified

E metal: oxygen ≤ 1: 2

A.

F hydroxide (without V or U)

A. Hydroxides with OH, without H 2 O; corner-linked tetrahedra

B. hydroxides with OH, without H 2 O; isolated octahedra

C. hydroxides with OH, without H 2 O; corner-sharing octahedra

D. hydroxides with OH, without H 2 O; Chains of edged octahedra

E. hydroxides with OH, without H 2 O; Layers of edge-linked octahedra

F. hydroxides with OH, without H 2 O; different polyhedra

G. hydroxides with OH, without H 2 O; unclassified

H. Hydroxides with H 2 O ± (OH); isolated octahedron

J. Hydroxides with H 2 O ± (OH); edge-sharing octahedra

K. Hydroxides with H 2 O ± (OH); Chains of linked octahedra

L. hydroxides with H 2 O ± (OH); Layers of edge-linked octahedra

M. Hydroxides with H 2 O ± (OH); unclassified

N. hydroxides with H 2 O ± (OH); Edge-linked frameworks and / or shared octahedra

G uranyl hydroxide

A. Without additional cations

B. With additional cations (K, Ca, Ba, Pb, etc.); with predominantly UO 2 (O, OH) 5 pentagonal polyhedra

C. With additional cations; with UO 2 (O, OH) 6 hexagonal polyhedra

HV [5,6] vanadates

A. V [> 4] island vanadates (nesovanadates)

unoccupied

B. Uranyl Group Vanadates (Sorovanadates)

C. [6] -Group Vanadates (Sorovanadates)

D. Chain Vanadates (Inovanadates)

E. Layer vanadates (phyllovanadates)

F. Framework vanadates (tectovanadates)

G. Unclassified Vanadium Oxides

J arsenites, antimonites, bismutites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites; Iodates

A. Arsenites, Antimonites, Bismutites; without additional anions, without H 2 O

B. arsenites, antimonites, bismutites; with additional anions, without H 2 O

C. arsenites, antimonites, bismutites; without additional anions, with H 2 O

D. arsenites, antimonites, bismutites; with additional anions, with H 2 O

E. Sulphites

F. Selenites without additional anions; without H 2 O

G. Selenites with additional anions; without H 2 O

H. Selenite without additional anions; with H 2 O

J. Selenites with additional anions; with H 2 O

K. Tellurite without additional anions; without H 2 O

L. Tellurite with additional anions; without H 2 O

M. Tellurite without additional anions; with H 2 O

N. Tellurite with additional anions; with H 2 O

K iodates

A. iodates without additional anions; without H 2 O

B. iodates with additional anions; without H 2 O

C. iodates without additional anions; with H 2 O

D. iodates with additional anions; with H 2 O

5. Carbonates and Nitrates

A carbonates without additional anions; without H 2 O

A. Alkali carbonates

B. Alkaline earth (and other M 2+ ) carbonates

C. Alkali and alkaline earth carbonates

D. With rare earth elements (REE)

B carbonates with additional anions; without H 2 O

A. With Cu, Co, Ni, Zn, Mg, Mn

B. With alkalis etc.

C. With alkaline earth cations

D. With rare earth elements (REE)

E. With Pb, Bi

F. With Cl, SO 4 , PO 4

C carbonates without additional anions; with H 2 O

A. With medium sized cations

B. With large cations (alkali and alkaline earth carbonates)

C. With rare earth elements (REE)

D carbonates with additional anions; with H 2 O

A. With medium sized cations

B. With large and medium sized cations

C. With large cations

E uranyl carbonate

A. UO 2  : CO 3 = 1: 1

B. UO 2  : CO 3 <1: 1 - 1: 2

C. UO 2  : CO 3 = 1: 3

D. UO 2  : CO 3 = 1: 4

E. UO 2  : CO 3 3 = 1: 5

F. UO 2  : CO 3 > 1: 1

G. With SO 4 or SiO 4

N nitrates

A. Without OH or H 2 O

B. With OH

C. With H 2 O

D. With OH (etc.) and H 2 O

6. Borates

A monoborate

A. BO 3 without additional anions; 1 (Δ)

B. BO 3 with additional anions; 1 (Δ) + OH etc.

C. B (O, OH) 4 , with and without additional anions; 1 (T), 1 (T) + OH, etc.

B diborates

A. Island diborates (Neso diborates) with double triangles B 2 (O, OH) 5 ; 2 (2Δ); 2 (2Δ) + OH etc.

B. Island diborates (Neso diborates) with double tetrahedra B 2 O (OH) 6 ; 2 (2T)

C. Chain and ribbon diborates (inodiborates) with triangles and / or tetrahedra

D. Framework diborates (tectodiborates) with tetrahedra

C triborate

A. Island triborates (Neso triborates)

B. Chain and ribbon triborates (Ino triborates)

C. Layer triborates (phyllo tripborates)

D tetraborates

A. Island tetraborates (Neso tetraborates)

B. Chain and ribbon tetraborates (Ino tetraborates)

C. Layer tetraborates (phyllo tetraborates)

unoccupied

D. Framework tetraborates (tecto-tetraborates)

  • 6.DD.05: Diomignite (discredited 2015)

E pentaborates

A. Island pentaborates (Neso pentaborates)

B. Chain and ribbon pentaborates (Ino-pentaborates)

C. Layered pentaborates (phyllo-pentaborates)

D. Framework Pentaborates (Tekto Pentaborates)

F hexaborates

A. Island hexaborates (Neso hexaborates)

B. Chain and ribbon hexaborates (Ino-hexaborates)

C. Layer hexaborates (phyllo hexaborates)

G Heptaborates and other megaborates

A. Framework heptaborates (tecto-heptaborates)

B. Layer-Nonaborate (Phyllo-Nonaborate) etc.

C. Scaffold Dodecaborate (Tekto Dodecaborate)

D. Mega framework borates

H Unclassified borates

A.

7.Sulfates (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates and tungstates)

A sulfates (selenates etc.) without additional anions, without H 2 O

A. With small cations

unoccupied

B. With medium-sized cations

C. With medium and large cations

D. With only large cations

B Sulphates (selenates etc.) with additional anions, without H 2 O

A. With small cations

unoccupied

B. With medium-sized cations

C. With medium and large cations

D. With only large cations

C sulfates (selenates etc.) without additional anions, with H 2 O

A. With small cations

unoccupied

B. With only medium-sized cations

C. With medium and large cations

D. With only large cations

D sulfates (selenates, etc.) with additional anions, with H 2 O

A. With small cations

unoccupied

B. With only medium-sized cations; isolated octahedra and bounded units

C. With only medium-sized cations; Chains of edge-sharing octahedra

D. With only medium-sized cations; Layers of edge-sharing octahedra

E. With only medium-sized cations; unclassified

F. With large and medium sized cations

G. With large to medium sized cations; with NO 3 , CO 3 , B (OH) 4 , SiO 4 or IO 3

E uranyl sulfate

A. Without cations

B. With medium-sized cations

C. With medium and large cations

F chromates

A. Without additional anions

B. With additional O, V, S, Cl

C. With PO 4 , AsO 4 , SiO 4

D. dichromates

G molybdates and tungstates

A. Without additional anions or H 2 O

B. With additional anions and / or H 2 O

H uranium and uranyl molybdates and tungstates

A. With U 4+

B. With U 6+

J thiosulfates

A. Thiosulfates with Pb

8. Phosphates, Arsenates, and Vanadates

A phosphates etc. without additional anions; without H 2 O

A. With small cations (some also with larger cations)

B. With medium-sized cations

C. With medium and large cations

D. With only large cations

B phosphates etc. with additional anions; without H 2 O

A. With small and medium sized cations

B. With only medium-sized cations; (OH etc.): RO 4 ≤ 1: 1

C. With only medium-sized cations; (OH etc.): RO 4 > 1: 1 and <2: 1

D. With only medium-sized cations; (OH etc.): RO 4 = 2: 1

E. With only medium-sized cations; (OH etc.): RO 4 > 2: 1

F. With medium and large cations; (OH etc.): RO 4 <0.5: 1

G. With medium and large cations; (OH etc.): RO 4 = 0.5: 1

H. With medium-sized and mostly large cations; (OH etc.): RO 4 = 1: 1

J. With medium and large cations; (OH etc.): RO 4 = 1.5: 1

  • 8.BJ.05: unoccupied

K. With medium and large cations; (OH etc.): RO 4 = 2: 1, 2.5: 1

L. With medium and large cations; (OH etc.): RO 4 = 3: 1

M. With medium-sized and large cations; (OH etc.): RO 4 = 4: 1

N. With only large cations; (OH etc.): RO 4 = 0.33: 1

O. With only large cations; (OH etc.): RO 4 ≥ 1: 1

C phosphates etc. without additional anions; with H 2 O

A. With small and large / medium sized cations

B. With only medium-sized cations; RO 4  : H 2 O = 1: 1

C. With only medium-sized cations; RO 4  : H 2 O = 1: 1.5

D. With only medium-sized cations; RO 4  : H 2 O = 1: 2

E. With only medium-sized cations; RO 4  : H 2 O ≤ 1: 2.5

F. With large and medium sized cations; RO 4  : H 2 O> 1: 1

G. With large and medium-sized cations; RO 4  : H 2 O = 1: 1

H. With large and medium-sized cations; RO 4  : H 2 O <1: 1

J. With large cations only

D phosphates etc. with additional anions; with H 2 O

A. With small (and occasionally larger) cations

B. With only medium-sized cations; (OH etc.): RO 4 <1: 1

C. With only medium-sized cations; (OH etc.): RO 4 = 1: 1 and <2: 1

D. With only medium-sized cations; (OH etc.): RO 4 = 2: 1

E. With only medium-sized cations; (OH etc.): RO 4 = 3: 1

F. With only medium-sized cations; (OH etc.): RO 4 > 3: 1

G. With large and medium-sized cations; (OH etc.): RO 4 <0.5: 1

H. With large and medium-sized cations; (OH etc.): RO 4 <1: 1

J. With large and medium-sized cations; (OH etc.): RO 4 = 1: 1

K. With large and medium-sized cations; (OH etc.): RO 4 > 1: 1 and <2: 1

L. With large and medium-sized cations; (OH etc.): RO 4 = 2: 1

M. With large and medium-sized cations; (OH etc.): RO 4 > 2: 1

N. With only large cations

O. With CO 3 , SO 4 , SiO 4

E uranyl phosphates and arsenates

A. UO 2  : RO 4 = 1: 2

B. UO 2  : RO 4 = 1: 1

C. UO 2  : RO 4 = 3: 2

D. Unclassified

F Polyphosphates, polyarsenates, [4] -polyvanadates

A. Diphosphates etc. without OH and H 2 O; dimer corner-sharing RO 4 tetrahedra

B. diphosphates etc. only with OH

unoccupied

C. Diphosphates etc. with only H 2 O

D. Diphosphates etc. with OH and H 2 O

E. Chain and Ribbon [4] Vanadates (Ino- [4] Vanadates)

9. Silicates and Germanates

A island silicates (nesosilicates)

A. Island silicates with no additional anions; Cations in tetrahedral [4] er coordination

B. Island silicates without additional anions; Cations in tetrahedral [4] and greater coordination

C. Island silicates without additional anions; Cations in octahedral [6] he coordination

D. island silicates without additional anions; Cations in octahedral [6] and usually larger coordination

E. Island silicates with additional (O, OH, F, H 2 O); Cations in tetrahedral [4] and mostly larger coordination

F. Island silicates with additional anions; Cations in [4] er, [5] er and / or only [6] er coordination

G. Island Silicates with Additional Anions; Cations mostly in [6] er and> [6] er coordination

H. Island silicates with CO 3 , SO 4 , PO 4 etc.

J. Island silicates with BO 3 triangles and / or B [4] , Be [4] tetrahedra, corner-dividing with SiO 4

K. Uranyl island and polysilicates with U: Si = 2: 1

B group silicates (sorosilicates)

A. Si 2 O 7 groups with no non-tetrahedral anions; Cations in tetrahedral [4] er coordination

Not occupied

B. Si 2 O 7 groups without non-tetrahedral anions; Cations in tetrahedral [4] and greater coordination

C. Si 2 O 7 groups with no non-tetrahedral anions; Cations in octahedral [6] and / or other coordination

D. Si 2 O 7 groups with additional anions; Cations in tetrahedral [4] and / or other coordination

E. Si 2 O 7 groups with additional anions; Cations in octahedral [6] and greater coordination

F. Group silicates with mixed SiO 4 and Si 2 O 7 groups; Cations in tetrahedral [4] and greater coordination

G. Group silicates with mixed SiO 4 and Si 2 O 7 groups; Cations in octahedral [6] and greater coordination

H. group silicates with Si 3 O 10 or larger anions; Cations in tetrahedral [4] and greater coordination

J. Group silicates with Si 3 O 10 , Si 4 O 11 , etc. anions; Cations in octahedral [6] and / or greater coordination

C ring silicates (cyclosilicates)

A. [Si 3 O 9 ] 6− triple single rings without island-like, complex anions

B. [Si 3 O 9 ] 6− triple single rings with island-like, complex anions

C. Branched [Si 3 O 9 ] 6− triple single rings

  • 9.CC.05: unoccupied

D. [Si 3 O 9 ] 6− triple double rings

E. [Si 4 O 12 ] 8− four single rings without island-like, complex anions

F. [Si 4 O 12 ] 8− four-single rings with island-like, complex anions

G. Branched [Si 4 O 12 ] 8− four-single rings

H. [Si 4 O 12 ] 8− four double rings

J. [Si 6 O 18 ] 12− six single rings without island-like, complex anions

K. [Si 6 O 18 ] 12− six-single rings with island-like, complex anions

L. Branched [Si 6 O 18 8] 12− six single rings

M. [Si 6 O 18 ] 12− six double rings

N. [Si 8 O 24 ] 16− eighth rings

O. [Si 9 O 27 ] 18− -Neuner rings

P. Twelve and larger rings

D chain and band silicates (inosilicates)

A. Chain and ribbon silicates with 2-periodic single chains Si 2 O 6 ; Pyroxene family

B. chain and ribbon silicates with 2-periodic single chains Si 2 O 6 ; with additionally O, OH, H 2 O; Pyroxene-related minerals

C. Chain and ribbon silicates with branched 2-periodic single chains, Si 2 O 6 + 2SiO 3 → Si 4 O 12

D. Chain and ribbon silicates with 2-periodic double chains, Si 4 O 11 ; Amphibole family, Orthoamphibole

  • 9.DD.05: sodium anthophyllite

E. Chain and ribbon silicates with 2-periodic double chains, Si 4 O 11 ; Amphibole family, clinoamphibols

F. Chain and band silicates with 2-period multiple chains

G. Chain and band silicates with 3-periodic single and multiple chains

H. Chain and band silicates with 4-periodic single chains, Si 4 O 12

J. Chain and band silicates with 4-period double and triple chains

K. Chain and ribbon silicates with 5-periodic single chains, Si 5 O 15

L. Chain and band silicates with 5-periodic double chains, Si 10 O 28

M. Chain and band silicates with 6-periodic single chains, Si 6 O 18

N. Chain and band silicates with 6-periodic double chains

O. Chain and band silicates with 7-, 8-, 10-, 12- and 14-periodic chains

P. Transitional structures chain and band silicates - sheet silicates

Q. Unclassified chain and band silicates

E layered silicates (phyllosilicates)

A. Simple tetrahedral nets with 4-, 5-, (6-) and 8-membered rings

B. Double nets with 4 and 6-membered rings

C. Sheet silicates (phyllosilicates) with mica sheets, composed of tetrahedral and octahedral nets

D. Layered silicates (phyllosilicates) with kaolinite layers, composed of tetrahedral and octahedral nets

E. Simple tetrahedral nets of 6-membered rings, connected by octahedral nets or ribbons

F. Simple networks of 6-membered rings, connected by M [4] , M [8] etc.

G. Double nets with 6-membered rings

H. Transition structures between sheet silicate and other silicate units

J. Unclassified Phyllosilicates

F tectosilicates without zeolite H 2 O

A. Tectosilicates without additional anions

B. framework silicates (tectosilicates) with additional anions

G tectosilicates with zeolitic H 2 O; Zeolite family

A. Zeolites with chains of four-rings connected by a fifth Si

B. Chains of simply connected rings of four

C. Chains of doubly linked rings of four

D. Chains of five rings

E. Panels with 4-4-1-1 structural units

F. Leucite-type frameworks

G. Cages and double cages with rings of four, six, and eight

H. Unclassified Zeolites

H Unclassified Silicates

A. With alkali and alkaline earth elements

B. With Ti, V, Cr

C. With Mn, Fe

D. With Co, Ni

unoccupied

E. With Cu, Zn

F. With Nb, Ta, Zr

G. With REE, Th

H. With Pb

J Germanate

A.

10. Organic compounds

A salts of organic acids

A. Acetates

B. oxalates

C. Benzene Salts

D. Cyanates

B hydrocarbons

A.

C Various organic minerals

  • 10.C: Amber (mineral group)

A.

See also

Portal: Minerals  - Overview of Wikipedia content on the subject of minerals

literature

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. Y. Moelo, E. Makovicky, NN Mozgova, JL Jambor, N. Cook, A. Pring, W. couple EH Nickel, S. Graeser, S. Karup-Møller, T. Balic-Zunic, WG Mumme, F Vurro, D. Topa, L. Bindi, K. Bente, M. Shimizu: Sulfosalt systematics: a review. Report of the sulfosalt sub-committee of the IMA Commission on Ore Mineralogy. In: European Journal of Mineralogy. Volume 20, 2008, pp. 7-46.
  2. ^ Daniel Atencio, Marcelo B. Andrade, Andrew G. Christy, Reto Gieré: The Pyrochlore Supergroup of Minerals: Nomenclature. In: The Canadian Mineralogist. Volume 48 (2010), pp. 673–698 ( PDF 1.8 MB )
  3. Malcom E. Back: Fleischer's Glossary of Mineral Species . 11th edition. Mineralogical Record, Tucson, Arizona (AZ) 2014, p. 382-384 .
  4. PA Williams, F. Hatert, M. Pasero, SJ Mills: IMA Commission on New Minerals, Nomenclature and Classification (CNMNC) - Newsletter 9 . In: Mineralogical Magazine . tape 75 , no. 4 , August 2011, p. 2535–2540 (English, rruff.info [PDF; 123 kB ; accessed on September 10, 2018]).
  5. P. Bayliss: Nomenclature of the trioctahedral chlorites. In: The Canadian Mineralogist (1975), Volume 13, pp. 178-180 (but not on the IMA lists until 2009)