Arseniosiderite

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Arseniosiderite
Arseniosiderite-d06-152a.jpg
Arseniosiderite in Romanèchite from Romanèche-Thorins near La Chapelle-de-Guinchay, Saône-et-Loire, Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, France (step size: 6.4 cm × 6.2 cm × 5.6 cm)
General and classification
other names
  • Arsenocrocite
  • Mazapilith
chemical formula
  • Ca 2 Fe 3 3+ [O 2 | (AsO 4 ) 3 ] • 3H 2 O
  • Ca 2 Fe 3 3+ O 2 (AsO 4 ) 3 • 3H 2 O
  • Ca 3 Fe 3+ 4 (OH) 6 (H 2 O) 3 [AsO 4 ] 4
  • Ca 3 Fe 5 (AsO 4 ) 4 (OH) 9 · 8H 2 O
Mineral class
(and possibly department) 		Phosphates, arsenates and vanadates
System no. to Strunz
and to Dana 		8.DH.30 ( 8th edition : VII / D.30)
08.22.04.03
Crystallographic Data
Crystal system monoclinic
Crystal class ; symbol monoclinic prismatic; 2 / m
Space group A 2 / a (No. 15, position 4)Template: room group / 15.4
Lattice parameters a  = 17.76  Å ; b  = 19.53 Å; c  = 11.30 Å
β  = 96.0 °
Formula units Z  = 12
Physical Properties
Mohs hardness 4.5
Density (g / cm 3 ) 3.58 to 3.60 (measured); 3.78 (calculated)
Cleavage very perfect after (001)
Break ; Tenacity fibrous; brittle
colour golden yellow to yellow brown, reddish brown, brown, black; reddish brown to brownish yellow in transmitted light
Line color ocher yellow
transparency opaque, translucent edges
shine Semi-metallic gloss to silk gloss
Crystal optics
Refractive indices n α  = 1.792 to 1.815
n β  = 1.870 to 1.898
n γ  = 1.870 to 1.898
Birefringence δ = 0.078 to 0.083
Optical character biaxial negative
Axis angle 2V = small, close to 0
Pleochroism strong from X = almost colorless to pale brownish or brownish red to Y = Z = brownish red to dark brownish red
Other properties
Chemical behavior very easily soluble in warm acids

Arseniosiderite is a rarely occurring mineral from the mineral class of " phosphates , arsenates and vanadates ". It crystallizes in the monoclinic crystal system with the idealized composition Ca 2 Fe 3 3+ [O 2 | (AsO 4 ) 3 ] · 3H 2 O, so it is chemically a water-containing calcium - iron - arsenate with an additional peroxide ion O 2 2− .

Arseniosiderite is a typical secondary mineral and is formed in arsenic-containing non-ferrous metal deposits through the oxidation of arsenic-containing secondary minerals that were previously formed. It rarely occurs in the form of idiomorphic crystals up to 2 mm in size. It is much more common in the form of flattened fibers, in radial aggregates and felt to granular masses.

The type locality for arseniosiderite is the Romanèche-Thorins manganese deposit, which has been idle since 1957, near La Chapelle-de-Guinchay , Saône-et-Loire department , Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region , France .

Etymology and history

Brown arseniosiderite with blue-green boothite from the Copper Basin District, Lander County, Nevada / USA (step size: 8.8 cm × 6.1 cm × 4.3 cm)

Arseniosiderite was first found in 1841 and recognized as a new type of mineral by the pharmacist M. Lacroix from Mâcon , an ancestor of Alfred Lacroix . The mineral was examined by Armand Dufrénoy , determined as iron arsenate and named after the chemical composition of arsenic and the ancient Greek word σίδηρος [ sideros ] for "iron" as Arsénio-sidérite .

Since Arseniosiderit easily with the already for but Löllingit assigned name Arsenosiderit could be confused, led Ernst Friedrich Glocker the name for the new mineral 1847 Arsenokrokit one. This refers to the ancient Greek words κρὀκη [ kroke ] for “fiber” and κρὀκος [ krokos ] for “saffron” and alludes to both the radial fibrous form and the color of the mineral.

Esper S. Larsen later assumed that the arseniosiderite and the Mazapilite described in 1889 by George Augustus Koenig from the "Jesus Maria Mine" in the Mazapil Mining District, Zacatecas, Mexico, are identical, which was also demonstrated in 1937 by William F. Foshag. For the mineral, "arseniosiderite" is the oldest name given to preference. Finally, Paul Brian Moore and Jun Ito in 1974 demonstrated the isotype of arseniosiderite, robertsite and mitridatite.

Type material is not defined for the mineral. Because it was discovered and first described before 1959 (more than 170 years ago), arseniosiderite is one of the minerals that are designated as grandfathered by the International Mineralogical Association (IMA) .

classification

Already in the outdated, but partly still in use 8th edition of the mineral systematics according to Strunz , arseniosiderite belonged to the mineral class of "phosphates, arsenates and vanadates" and there to the department of "water-containing phosphates with foreign anions", where together with colfanite , mitridatite , Pararobertsite , Robertsite , Sailaufit and Xanthoxenit the arseniosiderite group named after him with the system no. VII / D.30 formed.

The 9th edition of Strunz's mineral systematics , which has been in effect since 2001 and is used by the International Mineralogical Association (IMA), also assigns arseniosiderite to the category of “phosphates etc. with additional anions; with H 2 O “. However, this is further subdivided according to the relative size of the cations involved and the molar ratio of the other anions (OH etc.) to the phosphate, arsenate or vanadate complex (RO 4 ), so that the mineral is classified in the sub-section “With large and medium-sized cations; (OH etc.): RO 4  <1: 1 “can be found, where together with colfanite, mitridatite, pararobertsite, robertsite and sailaufite the“ mitridatite group ”with the system no. 8.DH.30 forms.

The systematics of minerals according to Dana , which is mainly used in the English-speaking world , assigns arseniosiderite to the class of "phosphates, arsenates and vanadates" and there to the category of "water-containing phosphates, etc., with hydroxyl or halogen". Here it is together with mitridatite and robertsite in the " mitridatite group " with the system no. 42.08.04 within the sub-section " Water-containing phosphates etc., with hydroxyl or halogen with (AB) 7 (XO 4 ) 4 Z q × x (H 2 O) ".

Chemism

A wet chemical analysis of arseniosiderite from a heap near the north shaft of the “Ojuela Mine”, Mapimí, Durango, Mexico, showed contents of 14.44% CaO; 32.71% Fe 2 O 3 ; 0.12% FeO; 0.28% PbO; 0.61% MgO; 42.67% As 2 O 5 and 9.34% H 2 O with an insoluble residue of 0.40%. From this analysis the formula Ca 2 Fe 3 3+ O 2 (AsO 4 ) 3 · 3H 2 O was idealized, the contents of 31.92% Fe 2 O 3 ; 14.94% CaO; Requires 45.94% As 2 O 5 and 7.20% H 2 O.

In 2010, Mario Gomez and co-workers detected (OH) groups in arseniosiderite from Romanèche using ATR infrared spectroscopy , but could not confirm the presence of peroxide ions using Raman spectroscopy . As a result, they favor the formula Ca 3 Fe 5 (AsO 4 ) 4 (OH) 9 · 8H 2 O for arseniosiderite .

Arseniosiderite is the As 5+ -dominant analogue of the P 5+ -dominated mitridatite, with which it forms a continuous row of mixed crystals . It further provides the Fe 3+ - and As 5+ -dominant analogous to Mn 3+ - and P 5+ -dominated Robertsit represent, with which it also forms a continuous series of solid solutions. After all, it is also the water-rich analogue of colfanite, which is one mole less H 2 O.

Another, as yet unnamed Ca-Fe 3+ arsenate was described from two pits in the Black Forest , which cannot be visually distinguished from arseniosiderite and forms adhesions with it. After Kurt Walenta initially emphasized a similarity with arseniosiderite, he later considered a relationship with Wallkilldellite- (Fe) possible.

Crystal structure

Arseniosiderite crystallizes monoclinically in space group A 2 / a (space group no. 15, position 4) with the lattice parameters a  = 17.76  Å ; b  = 19.53 Å; c  = 11.30 Å and β = 96.0 ° as well as twelve formula units per unit cell . Template: room group / 15.4

In the crystal structure of Arseniosiderits form FeO 6 - octahedron with common edges trigonal Neuner-rings formed by AsO 4 - tetrahedra are linked to corner sharing into layers in parallel (001). The layers are in turn connected to one another by [7] Ca polyhedra and water molecules.

properties

Label for the arseniosiderite level shown in the info box
Arseniosiderite-Romanechite-262117.jpg
Arseniosiderite-Romanechite-262118.jpg


morphology

Arseniosiderite rarely forms idiomorphic and then needle-like crystals that can reach sizes of up to 2 mm. Mostly it occurs in the form of spherical, radial-fiber to radial-radial aggregates, in felt to granular masses as well as coarse. In fibrous aggregates, the fibers are often irregularly matted. The individual fibers are flattened according to (001) and can be removed like asbestos . Fridolin Sandberger described the arseniosiderite from the former copper mines in Neubulach near Calw in Baden-Württemberg in the form of "spheres with a dense core, but tapering outwards in silky-glossy, fine-grained masses".

Pseudomorphoses of arseniosiderite after other arsenate minerals are relatively common, e.g. B. for sharp-edged scorodite crystals from the “Ojuela Mine”, Mapimí, Mexico, and for bariopharmacosiderite from the gold deposit “Mokrsko-West”, Czech Republic . According to Sandberger von Neubulach in groups of hollow pseudomorphoses based on chocolate-brown rhombohedral siderite crystals.

physical and chemical properties

Arseniosiderite crystals are golden-yellow to yellow-brown, reddish-brown, brown, maroon or black, the fibrous aggregates being lighter in color, while the granular and dense aggregates are dark brown to black. It is known that aggregates, which are brownish-yellow when fresh from the mountain, become darker in the air. The line color of the mineral, however, is always ocher yellow. The surfaces of the opaque arseniosiderite, which is only transparent to the edges, show a silky sheen in fibrous aggregates, and semi-metallic luster in coarse grainy aggregates. Arseniosiderite has a high refraction (n α  = 1.792 to 1.815; n β  = 1.870 to 1.898; n γ  = 1.870 to 1.898) and a high birefringence (δ = 0.078 to 0.083). In transmitted light, arseniosiderite is reddish brown to brownish yellow and shows a strong pleochroism from X = almost colorless to pale brown or brownish red to Y = Z = brownish red to dark brownish red.

Arseniosiderite has a very perfect cleavage according to (001). Due to its brittleness , however , it breaks like amblygonite , with the fracture surfaces being uneven or fibrous. With a Mohs hardness of 4.5, the mineral is one of the medium-hard minerals and, like the reference minerals fluorite (hardness 4) and apatite (hardness 5), can be scratched more or less well with a pocket knife. Fibrous aggregates are much softer with a Mohs hardness of 1.5 and, like the reference minerals talc (hardness 1) and gypsum (hardness 2), can be scraped or scratched with a fingernail to a greater or lesser extent.

The measured density for arseniosiderite varies between 3.58 and 3.60 g / cm³ depending on the processor, the calculated density is 3.78 g / cm³. Arseniosiderit is neither in the long term nor in the short wavelength UV light , a fluorescent .

Arseniosiderite is easily soluble in hot acids and less soluble in cold acids. In the glass bulb it releases water, which does not react acidic, and melts on coal to form a gray magnetic slag.

Education and Locations

Arseniosiderite is formed in the oxidation zone of ore deposits from previously formed arsenic-containing minerals such as scorodite or arsenopyrite . Typical accompanying minerals are beudantite , carminite , scorodite, dussertite , pharmacolite , pitticit , adamin , pharmacosiderite , symplesite , erythrin , arsenopyrite, lollingite , romanechite, goethite , hematite and quartz .

Arseniosiderite has so far (as of 2018) been described as a rare mineral formation from around 200 sites. The type locality for arseniosiderite is the "Romanèche-Thorins" manganese deposit, 10 km southwest of Mâcon, discovered in 1750 and dropped since 1957 near La Chapelle-de-Guinchay in the Saône-et-Loire department, Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region, France which, as the former largest manganese deposit in France, delivered 400,000 tons of MnO 2 during its active time .

Due to the large number of sites, only the most important and well-known localities that have provided the best specimens can be listed here. In France, in addition to the type locality, also from the former silver mine “La Verrière” (Montchonay), Les Ardillats , former canton Beaujeu , Département Rhône , Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region .

In Germany from Neubulach near Calw, from the “ Grube Clara ” in the Rankach valley near Oberwolfach , from the “Grube Michael” in the hamlet near Reichenbach not far from Lahr , from the “Grube Sophia” in the Böckelsbach valley near Wittichen not far from Schenkenzell and from the “Grube Silberbrünnle” in the Haigerach Valley near Gengenbach , all in the Black Forest , all in Baden-Württemberg .

In Bavaria from the “Steinbruch Stahl” near Dörrmorsbach not far from Aschaffenburg and from the “Steinbruch Fuchs” on the Hartkoppe near Sailauf not far from Hösbach , both in the Spessart , Lower Franconia . In Saxony-Anhalt from the “Enlightened Luck” mine near Hasserode not far from Wernigerode , Harz .

In Saxony in Schneeberg from the pits “Daniel”, “Rappold”, “Sauschwart” and “Roter Berg” near Neustädtel and Pucher-Richtchacht in Wolfgangmaßen as well as “God's Destiny” on the Graul near Schwarzenberg , all in the Ore Mountains .

In Austria from the “Knichtelager” in the Löllinger Revier, Hüttenberger Erzberg near Hüttenberg , Sankt Veit an der Glan district , Carinthia ; from Straßegg near Gasen not far from Birkfeld , the Brunngraben area of ​​the Schönberg copper deposit near Flatschach not far from Knittelfeld and from “Samer”, Kothgraben near Maria Buch-Feistritz , Stubalpe , all of Styria . Finally also from the Großstroheim (Fuchsmeier) quarry near Eferding in Upper Austria . In Switzerland from the "Falotta mine" near Tinizong (Tinzen), Oberhalbstein in the Albula valley , Graubünden .

In Europe from England from "Carrock" and "Caldbeck Fells", Cumbria , from the "Penberthy Croft Mine" at St Hilary in Cornwall and the "Willsworthy Mine" (Huckworthy Bridge Mine) at Sampford Spiney in the Tavistock District in Devon . From several sites in Greece , including the "Hilarion Mine" ( modern Greek Ορυχείο Ιλάριον ), the "Shaft No. 132 "of the" Christiana Mine ", both in the area of ​​the Kamariza Mines near the village of Agios Konstantinos (Kamariza) ( modern Greek Αγ. Κωνσταντίνος (Καμάριζα), Λαύρι ) not far from Plaka in the area of Sounion , as well as the Sounion Mine No. 6 ("Exi Mine"), Agia Varvara Mines (St Barbara Mines) ( modern Greek Ορυχείο Έξι ", Αγ. Βαρβάρα, Σούνιο ), all in the mining district Lavrion , Attica region .

In Africa from the Tsumeb Mine near Tsumeb , Oshikoto region , Namibia , various locations in the mining area of ​​Bou Azzer near Taznakht (Tazenakht) and the “Bou Skour Mine”, Bou Skour District, Jbel Sarhro , both in the Ouarzazate province in the Drâa region -Tafilalet in southern Morocco .

From a number of sources in the United States . These include the "Sterling Mine" at Sterling Hill in the Franklin Mining District near Ogdensburg , Sussex Co. , New Jersey ; the "Mohawk Mine" in San Bernardino County and the "Kalkar Quarry" quarry near Santa Cruz in the Santa Cruz Co. , both California . Also from the "Gold Hill Mine" at Gold Hill in the Gold Hill District in the Deep Creek Mountains , Tooele County , and from the "Mammoth Mine" and neighboring pits in the Tintic District near Mammoth in the East Tintic Mountains, Juab County , all in Utah . In Mexico from the "Jesús María Mine" near Mazapil in the Municipio Mazapil, Zacatecas ; from the "Mina Ojuela" near Mapimí , Municipio de Mapimí , Durango and from the "Animas Mine" near La Mur not far from Trincheras in the Municipio de Trincheras , Sonora .

Also from the "Mina Negra" near Cosca north of Ollague, Nor Lípez Province , Potosí Department , Bolivia , and from several sites in Australia . These include the "Dome Rock Copper Mine", Boolcoomatta Reserve, Olary Province, South Australia , and the "Kintore Opencut" of the famous "Broken Hill" deposit (Broken Hill South Mine) near Broken Hill in Yancowinna Co ., New South Wales .

use

Because of its rarity, arseniosiderite is a sought-after mineral by mineral collectors, but otherwise of no practical importance.

See also

literature

  • Armand Dufrénoy : Description de l'arsénio-sidérite, nouvelle espèce d'arséniate de fer . In: Annales des mines . tape 2 , 1842, p. 343–346 ( rruff.info [PDF; 328 kB ; accessed on July 20, 2018]).
  • Arseniosiderite . In: John W. Anthony, Richard A. Bideaux, Kenneth W. Bladh, Monte C. Nichols (Eds.): Handbook of Mineralogy, Mineralogical Society of America . 2001 ( handbookofmineralogy.org [PDF; 66 kB ; accessed on July 20, 2018]).
  • Charles Palache , Harry Berman , Clifford Frondel : Arseniosiderite [Ca 3 Fe 4 (AsO 4 ) 4 (OH) 4 · 4H 2 O (?)] . In: The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana: Yale University 1837-1892 . Halides, Nitrates, Borates, Carbonates, Sulfates, Phosphates, Arsenates, Tungstates, Molybdates, etc. 7th edition. tape II . John Wiley and Sons, New York, London, Sydney 1951, ISBN 0-471-19272-4 , pp. 953-955 (English).
  • Hans Jürgen Rösler : Textbook of Mineralogy . 4th revised and expanded edition. German publishing house for basic industry (VEB), Leipzig 1987, ISBN 3-342-00288-3 , p. 639 .
  • Friedrich Klockmann : Klockmann's textbook of mineralogy . Ed .: Paul Ramdohr , Hugo Strunz . 16th edition. Enke, Stuttgart 1978, ISBN 3-432-82986-8 , pp. 652 (first edition: 1891).

Web links

Commons : Arseniosiderite  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Ernst Friedrich Glocker : Generum et specierum mineralium, secundum ordines naturales digestorum synopsis, omnium, quotquot adhuc reperta sunt, mineralium nomina complectens: adjectis synonymis et veteribus et recentioribus ac novissimarum analysium chemicarum summis: systematis mineralium naturalis prodromus . 1st edition. Anton, Halae Saxonum (Halle) 1847, p.  226 (Latin).
  2. ^ George Augustus Koenig: New American Mineral Deposits . In: Journal of Crystallography, Mineralogy and Petrography . tape 17 , 1889, pp. 85-92 , doi : 10.1524 / zkri.1890.17.1.85 .
  3. ↑ a b c d e Hugo Strunz , Ernest H. Nickel : Strunz Mineralogical Tables . 9th edition. E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagbuchhandlung (Nägele and Obermiller), Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-510-65188-X , p.  511 .
  4. ↑ a b Official list of the IMA of all minerals
  5. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac Arseniosiderite . In: John W. Anthony, Richard A. Bideaux, Kenneth W. Bladh, Monte C. Nichols (Eds.): Handbook of Mineralogy, Mineralogical Society of America . 2001 ( handbookofmineralogy.org [PDF; 66  kB ; accessed on July 20, 2018]).
  6. ↑ a b c d e f Mindat - Arseniosiderite
  7. ^ A b Paul B. Moore, Jun Ito: I. Jahnsite, segelerite, and robertsite, three new transition metal phosphate species II. Redefinition of overite, an isotype of segelerite III. Isotype of robertsite, mitridatite, and arseniosiderite . In: The American Mineralogist . tape 59 , no. 1 , 1974, p. 48–59 ( rruff.info [PDF; 1.1 MB ; accessed on July 20, 2018]).
  8. ↑ a b c MA Gomez, L. Becze, RIR Blyth, JN Cutler, GP Demopoulos: Molecular and structural investigation of yukonite (synthetic & natural) and its relation to arseniosiderite . In: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta . tape 74 , 2010, pp. 5835-5851 , doi : 10.1016 / j.gca.2010.07.023 .
  9. ↑ a b c Hans Himmel: Arseniosiderite . In: Gottlob Linck (Ed.): Handbuch der Mineralogie von Dr. Carl Hintze . Borates aluminates and ferrates. Phosphates, arsenates, antimonates, vanadates, niobates and tantalates 1st part. 1st edition. tape 1 , fourth division. 1st half. Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin and Leipzig 1933, p. 1137-1139 .
  10. ^ Armand Dufrénoy : Description de l'arsénio-sidérite, nouvelle espèce d'arséniate de fer . In: Annales des mines . tape  2 , 1842, p. 343–346 ( rruff.info [PDF; 328 kB ; accessed on July 20, 2018]).
  11. ^ Esper S. Larsen : The probable identity of mazapilite and arseniosiderite . In: The American Mineralogist . tape  3 , no. 2 , 1918, p. 12–13 ( minsocam.org [PDF; 132 kB ; accessed on July 20, 2018]).
  12. ↑ a b c d William F. Foshag: Carminite and associated minerals from Mapimi, Mexico . In: The American Mineralogist . tape 22 , no. 5 , 1937, pp. 479-484 ( rruff.info [PDF; 342 kB ; accessed on July 20, 2018]).
  13. ↑ a b Kurt Walenta: A new arseniosiderite-like mineral from the Black Forest . In: The ore graves . tape 12 , no. 2 , 1998, p. 41-48 .
  14. ↑ a b Kurt Walenta: About the new arseniosiderite-like mineral from the Black Forest and its relationship to Wallkilldellite Fe . In: The ore graves . tape 20 , no. 1 , 2006, p. 15-17 .
  15. ↑ a b c Rupert Hochleitner, Henning von Philipsborn, Karl Ludwig Weiner: Minerals: Determination according to external characteristics . 3. Edition. E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart 1996, ISBN 3-510-65164-2 , p. 140-141 .
  16. ↑ a b Fridolin Sandberger : uranium mica (lime and copper) in the Fichtelgebirge, arseniosiderite in pseudomorphoses according to iron path from Neubulach near Calw in Württemberg, greenockite as a decomposition product of cadmium-containing zinc blends near Brilon in Westphalia and Neu-Sinka in Transylvania, aragonite deposits in the Franconian Lettenkohlen group . In: Yearbook for Mineralogy, Geology and Palaeontology . tape  1886 , no. I , 1886, p. 250-252 .
  17. ↑ Petr Drahota, Jan Rohovec, Michal Filippi, Martin Mihaljevič, Petr Rychlovský, Václav Červený, Zdeněk Pertold: Mineralogical and geochemical controls of arsenic speciation and mobility under different redox conditions in soil, sediment and water at the Mokrsko-West gold deposit, Czech Republic . In: Science of the Total Environment . tape 407 , 2009, p. 3372–3384 , doi : 10.1016 / j.scitotenv.2009.01.009 .
  18. ↑ a b c Charles Palache , Harry Berman , Clifford Frondel : Arseniosiderite [Ca 3 Fe 4 (AsO 4 ) 4 (OH) 4 · 4H 2 O (?)] . In: The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana: Yale University 1837-1892 . Halides, Nitrates, Borates, Carbonates, Sulfates, Phosphates, Arsenates, Tungstates, Molybdates, etc. 7th edition. tape  II . John Wiley and Sons, New York, London, Sydney 1951, ISBN 0-471-19272-4 , pp. 953-955 (English).
  19. ^ Friedrich Klockmann : Klockmanns textbook of mineralogy . Ed .: Paul Ramdohr , Hugo Strunz . 16th edition. Enke, Stuttgart 1978, ISBN 3-432-82986-8 , pp.  652 (first edition: 1891).
  20. ↑ Mindat - Number of localities for arseniosiderite
  21. ↑ a b List of sites for arseniosiderite in the Mineralienatlas and Mindat