Pascoit

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Pascoit
Pascoite-21719.jpg
Bright orange-colored Pascoit crystals from “Ponto No. 3 Claim ", Gypsum Valley District, San Miguel County , Colorado , USA (size: 4 cm × 3 cm × 2 cm)
General and classification
chemical formula
  • Ca 3 (V 10 O 28 ) • 17H 2 O
  • Ca 3 V 5+ 10 O 28 · 17H 2 O
  • Ca 3 [V 5+ 10 O 28 ] • 17H 2 O
Mineral class
(and possibly department) 		Oxides (hydroxides, V [5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
System no. to Strunz
and to Dana 		4.HC.05 ( 8th edition : IV / F.08)
02.47.01.01
Crystallographic Data
Crystal system monoclinic
Crystal class ; symbol monoclinic prismatic; 2 / m
Space group C 2 / m (No. 12)Template: room group / 12
Lattice parameters a  = 19.5859  Å ; b  = 10.1405 Å; c  = 10.9110 Å
β  = 120.815 °
Formula units Z  = 2
Frequent crystal faces {010}, {110}, {1 1 0}, {111}, { 1 1 1}, {131}
Physical Properties
Mohs hardness ≈ 2.5
Density (g / cm 3 ) 2.455 (measured); 2.465 (calculated)
Cleavage clearly after {010}
Break ; Tenacity clamshell; not specified
colour dark red-orange to yellow-orange, dirty yellow with partial dehydration
Line color cadmium yellow
transparency translucent
shine Glass to semi-diamond gloss
Crystal optics
Refractive indices n α  = 1.775
n β  = 1.815
n γ  = 1.825
Birefringence δ = 0.050
Optical character biaxial negative
Axis angle 2V = 50 ° to 56 °
Pleochroism clearly from X  = light cadmium yellow via Y  = cadmium yellow to Z  = orange
Other properties
Chemical behavior easily soluble in cold water; easily melts to form a deep red liquid

Pascoite is a very rarely occurring mineral from the mineral class of " oxides (as well as hydroxides , V [5,6] - vanadates , arsenites , antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites , selenites , tellurites and iodates )". It crystallizes in the monoclinic crystal system with the idealized chemical composition of Ca 3 (V 10 O 28 ) · 17H 2 O and is therefore chemically seen a hydrous calcium - decavanadate , the structurally to the [6] Sorovanadaten (Gruppenvanadaten) belongs.

The type locality of Pascoits is 30 km northwest of Huayllay and 40 km southwest of Cerro de Pasco preferred vanadium deposit of "Ragra Mine" ( "Minasragra") ( coordinates of the V-deposit Minasragra ) in District Huayllay , Province of Pasco , Region Pasco (until 1944 in Junín Department), Peru .

Originally, the mineral was found at its type locality mainly in the form of crusty aggregates of tiny grains and clusters of grains, which rarely reveal tiny crystal faces. Tiny, slat-shaped crystals with beveled end faces were also later identified in the granular crusts.

Etymology and history

Orange pascoit crystals. "Ponto No. 3 Claim ", Gypsum Valley District, San Miguel Co., Colorado, USA (size: 5 cm × 2.5 cm × 1 cm)

On November 20, 1905, an expedition of the United States Geological Survey led by the American geologist and mineralogist Donnel Foster Hewett and José J. Bravo discovered the Mina Ragra - which later turned out to be the world's largest vanadium - deposit should prove. Hewett was also the first to examine the mineralogy of the deposit and published several papers on it. Among the minerals he observed and brought with him to the USA was one that had not formed on the surface of the earth, but exclusively in the exploratory tunnels after they had been excavated. A preliminary analysis of this mineral had already been made in the US Geological Survey laboratory.

Several years later, William Francis Hillebrand re- examined the material that Hewitt had brought from Peru to the United States. In addition to the first description of the two minerals hewettite and metahewettite , another new mineral was also identified. In 1914, the first scientific description of all three minerals was made by a team of US mineralogists and chemists with William Francis Hillebrand, Herbert Eugene Merwin and Fred E. Wright in the US science magazine " Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society ". The third, encountered by Hewitt only underground mineral was by the authors Pascoite ( English Pascoite called). They named the mineral after the Pasco province in Peru, where the type locality of the new mineral was located.

The type of material for Pascoite is in the collection of "Mineralogical and Geological Museum" of Harvard University in Cambridge , Massachusetts , USA, (catalog number 101701) and in the collection of the Smithsonian Institution belonging to National Museum of Natural History , Washington, DC , USA (Catalog numbers NMNH-87662 and NMNH-93297).

classification

In the 8th edition of the mineral systematics according to Strunz , which is now outdated, but still in use , the pascoite belonged to the mineral class of "oxides and hydroxides" and to the department of "vanadium hydroxides", where it together with huemulite and hummerite (as well as magnesiopascoite and rakovanite ) the Pascoit-Hummerit group with system no. IV / F.08 .

The valid since 2001 and used by the International Mineralogical Association (IMA) [[Systematics of Minerals according to Strunz (9th edition) #C. [6] -Group Vanadates (Sorovanadates) | 9. Edition of Strunz's mineral system]] assigns the pascoite to the mineral class of "oxides (as well as hydroxides, V [5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites and iodates)" and there in the department the "V [5,6] -Vanadate". This is further subdivided according to the structure of the vanadate complexes, so that the mineral can be found according to its structure in the sub-section "[6] -Group vanadates (Sorovanadates)", where together with pascoite and magnesiopascoite the pascoite group with system no. 4.HC.05 forms.

The systematic of minerals according to Dana , which is mainly used in the English-speaking world , assigns the pascoit to the class of "phosphates, arsenates and vanadates" and there to the category of "vanadium oxy salts". There it can be found together with Magnesiopascoit in the unnamed group 47.02.01 within the subdivision " Vanadium Oxy Salts (VmOn) ".

Chemism

The first wet chemical analysis on Pascoit of the type locality gave 64.6% V 2 O 5 ; 0.3% MoO 3 ; 12.6% CaO; 7.8% H 2 O + ; 13.8% H 2 O - and 0.9% undefined (total 100.0%), from which Hillebrand and colleagues determined the (now incorrect) idealized formula Ca 2 V 6 O 17 11H 2 O, which contains 63, 76% V 2 O 5 ; 13.10% CaO and 23.14% H 2 O (total 100.0%) required.

Mean values from three microprobe analyzes on Pascoit from the Prachovice quarry in the Czech Republic yielded 71.62% V 2 O 5 ; 13.68% CaO; 0.12% MgO; 0.11% SiO 2 and 24.41% H 2 O (total 109.94%). From this, based on 13 apfu (atoms per formula unit), the empirical formula (Ca 3.06 Mg 0.04 ) Σ = 3.10 (V 5+ 9.88 Si 0.02 ) Σ = 9.90 O 27 , 84 · 17H 2 O determined, which can be simplified to Ca 3 (V 10 O 28 ) · 17H 2 O and contents of 5.71% V 2 O 5 ; 12.16% CaO and 22.13% H 2 O (total 100.00%) required.

Pascoit is one of twelve minerals recognized by the IMA with the element combination Ca – V – O – H. Others include calciodelrioite , Ca (VO 3 ) 2 · 4H 2 O; Hendersonite , (Ca, Sr) 1.3 V 6 O 16 • 6H 2 O; Hewettit , CaV 6 O 16 • 9H 2 O; Hydropascoite , Ca 3 (V 10 O 28 ) • 24H 2 O; Melanovanadite , Ca (V 5+ , V 4+ ) 4 O 10 · 5H 2 O; Metahewettite , CaV 6 O 16 • 3H 2 O; Metarossite , Ca (V 2 O 6 ) • 2H 2 O; Pandoraite-Ca , CaV 4+ 5 V 5+ 2 O 16 • 3H 2 O; Pintadoite , Ca 2 (V 2 O 7 ) • 9H 2 O; Rossite , Ca (VO 3 ) 2 • 4H 2 O; and Simplotite , CaV 4+ 4 O 9 · 5H 2 O. Of these, only hydropascoite contains the [V 10 O 28 ] 6- decavanadate polyanion, but has different water of crystallization contents. Hydropascoit is therefore the water-rich analogue of the less water-free pascoite.

Okieit , Mg 3 [V 10 O 28 ] · 28H 2 O, is the Mg 2+ -dominant and clearly richer in water of crystallization analogue to Ca 2+ -dominated and less watery Pascoit. Magnesiopacoite, Ca 2 Mg (V 10 O 28 ) · 16H 2 O, is an analogue of pascoite that is less watery and in which one calcium atom is replaced by a magnesium aroma.

Crystal structure

Pascoit crystallizes in the monoclinic crystal system in the space group C 2 / m (space group no. 12) with the lattice parameters a = 19.5859  Å , b = 10.1405 Å, c = 10.9110 Å and β = 120.815 ° as well as two formula units per unit cell . Template: room group / 12

Crystal structure of Pascoit

  • spatial representation in the standard crystallographic orientation

  • with viewing direction parallel to the a * axis

  • looking parallel to the b-axis

  • with viewing direction parallel to the c * axis

Color legend: __ V     __ Ca     __ O     __ H

In the crystal structure of pascoite (compare the structural representations on the right) the structural unit (or the anionic complex) consists of the decavanadate polyanion (or oxyanion) [V 10 O 28 ] 6– , as it is in hummerite and countless synthetic ones Vanadates is found. The decavanadate polyanion complex is formed from ten distorted octahedra with common edges. The connection of the decavanadate groups takes place via an interstitial complex which is formed by the cationic {Ca 3 (H 2 O) 17 } 6+ group. All oxygen atoms of the interstitial complex occur in (H 2 O) groups, in contrast to the structural unit, which contains no hydrogen atoms. There are two discrete Ca atoms in the interstitial complex.

At each specific C1 position, the central atom is connected to the four fully occupied oxygen positions O10 2 and O11 2, which form an equatorial plane. In addition, the Ca1 cation is linked to several combinations of the two half-occupied O13 X positions, which form the “apices” of the polyhedron . Ca1 can be linked to two trans -O13A atoms, which leads to Ca1O 6 coordination. Alternatively, the Ca1 atom can be linked to one O13A on one side of the equatorial plane and two O13B atoms on the opposite side, resulting in Ca1O 7 coordination. Finally, the central atom can be connected to the two O13B atoms on either side of the equatorial plane, resulting in the Ca1O 8 coordination. The Ca2 atom in Ca2O 7 coordination is also linked to disordered oxygen atoms and forms a Ca2O 7 polyhedron. Ca2 is connected to the oxygen atoms O1, O5, O14 (× 2) and O15; In addition, Ca2 is connected to two oxygen atoms O12 X - either O12A or O12B. The central cation can be bound to two O12A atoms, two O12B atoms or one O12A and one O12B atom, thus completing the Ca2O 7 polyhedron.

Studies of the structure of phases with the decavanadate polyanion structural unit and with simple mono-, di- and trivalent cations in the interstitial complex show that the sum of the bonds emanating from the interstitial cations with the number of (H 2 O) groups per Correlated cation.

properties

"The brilliant orange crusts of pascoite that form on the blue-black vanadium oxide pockets in the Colorado mines make a striking underground display under the miner's lamp."

"The shiny orange crusts of the pascoite that formed on the blue-black vanadium oxide in the Colorado mines are an impressive sight when illuminated with the miner's lamp."

- Howard Tasker Evans Jr .: The crystal chemistry an mineralogy of vanadium

morphology

At its type locality, pascoite was mainly found in the form of crusty aggregates of tiny grains and clusters of grains, which rarely reveal tiny crystal faces. Later, tiny, slat-shaped crystals with beveled end faces were identified in the granular crusts, on which , according to Harry Berman , the flat shapes {010}, {110}, {1 1 0}, {111}, { 1 1 1} and {131} have been identified. The prism {1 1 0} is parallel to the c-axis [001] and the prism {111} parallel {10 1 }.

physical and chemical properties

Pascoit crystals are dark red-orange to yellow-orange in color. With partial dehydration, their color changes to a dirty yellow. The line color of the pascoit is indicated as cadmium yellow . The surfaces of the translucent crystals show a characteristic glass-like to semi-diamond-like sheen . Pascoit has a high light refraction (n α  = 1.775; n β  = 1.815; n γ  = 1.825) and a high birefringence (δ = 0.050) corresponding to this glass to semi-diamond gloss . The optically biaxially negative pascoit has an optical axis angle 2V of 50 ° to 56 ° and a strong dispersion with r> v. In transmitted light, the mineral shows yellowish to orange tones with a clear pleochroism from X  = light cadmium yellow to Y  = cadmium yellow to Z  = orange.

Pascoit has a clear cleavage according to {010}. It breaks in a similar way to quartz , with the fracture surfaces being shell-shaped. Pascoite has a Mohs hardness of ≈ 2.5 and is one of the soft to medium-hard minerals that can be easily scratched with a pocket knife, just as easily as the reference minerals calcite (hardness 3) with a copper coin or fluorite (hardness 4). The measured density for natural Pascoit crystals is 2.455 g / cm³, the calculated density was found to be 2.465 g / cm³.

Pascoit is readily soluble in cold water , H 2 O, and easily melts to form a deep red liquid. At room temperature there is practically no loss of water as long as the air humidity is not reduced to values ​​close to zero. In the case of partial dehydration via P 2 O 5 , the color does not remain orange, but changes to dirty yellow. After subsequent rehydration in humid air, the color of the pascoit is lighter yellow - without a trace of the original orange.

Education and Locations

As of 2019, the Pascoit has been described as a rare mineral formation from around eighty sites. The type locality for Pascoite is 30 km northwest of Huayllay and 40 km southwest of Cerro de Pasco preferred vanadium deposit of "Ragra Mine" ( "Minasragra", "Minas Ragra") in the District Huayllay , Province of Pasco , Region Pasco (to 1944 in Junín Department), Peru .

Minas Ragra belongs to the asphalt or bitumen deposits that are embedded in Mesozoic sediments and are to be understood in the broadest sense as metamorphic organic matter. Minas Ragra, the largest of these deposits in the Andes, is a funnel-shaped form, which consists in its central part from coke which coarse parts fine-grained Patrónits contains that of Quisqueit is surrounded. The quisqueit is a vanadium-rich, brown coal-like mass that turns into gray slate . Rich ores from the oxidation zone of Minas Ragra contain up to 20% V 2 O 5 . Patrónit, a vanadium sulfide with the formula VS 4 , also has its type locality in Minas Ragra. The minor rock of the Minas Ragra is formed by clay slates, sandstones and Cretaceous limestone with thin banks. The vanadium in Minas Ragra is bound to vanadium-bearing hydrocarbons ( bitumen , asphalt, etc.). The bitumen from Minas Ragra is a variety with a high sulfur content ( quisqueit ) in which vanadium forms segregations in the form of inclusions and veins of the vanadium sulfide patrónite . Investigations of the bitumen have shown that it consists of different phases with varying sulfur contents which may indicate successive periods of hydrocarbon mobilization.

Just one year after its discovery in 1905, the deposit was exploited under the Vanadium Corporation of America and developed into the world's leading vanadium supplier. In 1914, 75% of all vanadium ores mined worldwide came from Minas Ragra in Peru. Later, vanadium was only a by-product of uranium mining - the most important uranium ore mineral was carnotite. In 1955 the mine was abandoned.

Pascoite is a typical secondary mineral and was only formed as efflorescence on the tunnel walls at its type locality after the vanadium deposit had been excavated. At other sites it is formed as a leachate of vanadium oxides close to the surface by groundwater. At its type locality, Pascoit is only accompanied by Hewettit. Typical accompanying minerals in other deposits and deposits are carnotite , Metarossit , montroseite , Rossit , Lasalit , Corvusit , Sherwoodit , Ansermetit , Duttonit and Coffinit .

In addition to the type locality, there are other sites for Pascoit. They include:

  • the “Luniao Mine” in the Yuhang District , Hangzhou Sub- Provincial City , Zhejiang Province , People's Republic of China
  • the "Pit No. 21 “(shaft No. 21) in Háje near Hřiměždice not far from Příbram , Středočeský kraj , Czech Republic
  • the limestone quarry "Prachovice", Pardubický kraj , East Bohemia , Czech Republic
  • the "Liebenbergite slag dump " not far from the village of Agios Konstantinos (Kamariza) ( modern Greek Αγ. Κωνσταντίνος (Καμάριζα) ) not far from Plaka, mining district Lavrion , Attica region , Greece
  • the "Miniera di Molinello" and the "Miniera di Gambatesa" ("Miniera di Valgraveglia") on Monte Copello near Reppia, both in Val Graveglia near Ne , metropolitan city of Genoa , Liguria , Italy
  • the Cu, Co and Ni vanadium-uranium concretions of the Red Bed outcrop " Littleham Bay " near Budleigh Salterton , East Devon District , Devon , England , United Kingdom
  • the "Zona No. 1 Mine “(Zona No. 1 Property) in the Carrizo Mountains (Carrizo Range) near Carrizo (Arizona) , Apache County , Arizona , USA
  • the “4b Mine”, the “Mesa No. 1 Mine ", the" Mesa No. 5 Mine ”, and the“ Mesa No. 6 Mine ”, all in the Lukachukai Mountains, Apache Co., Arizona, USA
  • the "Monument No. 2 Mine “at Monument No. 2 Channel, Yazzi Mesa, Monument Valley , Apache Co., Arizona, USA
  • the "Garfield Mine" and the "Rifle Mine" (with Oriole Claims; Rifle Creek Mine; North Star Claims), both in the East Rifle Creek Area, Garfield Co. , Colorado , USA
  • the "La Sal No. 2 Mine ”at Beaver Mesa and the“ Packrat Mine ”at Gateway in the Gateway District, both in Mesa County , Colorado, USA
  • the "Blue Streak Mine" in the Bull Canyon District, Montrose County , Colorado , USA
  • the “American Eagle Mine”, the “Peanut Mine” in Bull Canyon and the “Mill No. 1 ”, all in the Uravan District, Montrose Co., Colorado, USA
  • the "Bitter Creek Mine" and the "Henry Clay Mine" (Henry Clay claim), Long Park, both in Paradox Valley, Uravan District, Montrose Co., Colorado, USA
  • the "Arrowhead Tunnel" (Arrowhead Prospect; O'Neill's Claim), Bull Pen Canyon, San Miguel Co., Colorado, USA
  • the "Willhunt Property", Gypsum Valley District, San Miguel Co., Colorado, USA
  • the "Jo Dandy Mine" (Lone Wolf; Edward; Unpatented Claims: Joe Dandy; Wesley; Nifty), Lower San Miguel District, San Miguel Co., Colorado, USA
  • the “Burro Mine” (C-SR-13 Mesa), the “Cougar Mine” (Cougar Ventures C-SR-15), the “Deremo Mine” (Deremo - Snyder Mine; Deremo Shafts; Snyder Shaft), the “St Jude Mine "in Gypsum Valley, the" Sunday Mine ", the" Veta Mad Mine "(Veta Glad Mine) and the" West Sunday Mine ", all in the Slick Rock District, San Miguel Co., Colorado, USA
  • the “Sunday Number Two Mine” belonging to the Carnation Mine Group and the “Mucho Grande Mine”, both in the Uravan District, San Miguel Co., Colorado, USA
  • the South Pit of the "Getchell" Mine at Adam Peak in the Potosi District, Osgood Mountains, Humboldt Co. , Nevada , USA
  • the "Dysart No. 1 deposit "(Rio de Oro deposit), the" Mary No. 1 Mine ", the" Poison Canyon Mine "in the Poison Canyon Area, the" Sandstone Mine ", the" Section 10 Mine ", the" Section 15 Mine "and the" Section 22 Deposit ", all in the Ambrosia Lake Sub-district, all in the Grants District, McKinley County , New Mexico , USA
  • the "Church Rock No. 1 Deposit “in the Church Rock Sub-district, Grants District, McKinley Co., New Mexico, USA
  • the “Shadyside Mine” belonging to the “Eastside Mines” in the Shiprock District, San Juan Co. , New Mexico, USA
  • the "Edgemont Uranium District" in Fall River County , South Dakota , USA
  • the North Mesa Nos exploration tunnels belonging to the North Mesa Mine Group. 9 & 10 ”in the Temple Mountain area, San Rafael District (San Rafael Swell), Emery County , Utah , USA
  • the "Butler No. 2 Mine “on Crescent Creek in the Henry Mountains, Garfield Co. , Utah, USA
  • "Polar Mesa" in the Polar Mesa District, Grand County , Utah, USA
Crust of intense orange pascoite crystals. "D-Day No. 2 Mine “in the Thompsons District (SE Thomsons), Grand Co., Utah, USA
  • the AEC No. 2, the “Black Ape Mine” (Rich Lode), “Black Jack” (Black Beauty; Yellowbird), the “D-Day No. 2” belonging to the D-Day Mine Group. 1 Mine ”,“ Johns Incline ”, the“ McCoy Group ”, the Telluride Mine near Mollie Hogans, the“ Rube Mine ”(Blacky No. 2),“ Blackstone Incline ”on The Poison Strip as well as various UV deposits without their own name , all in Thompsons District (SE Thomsons), Grand Co., Utah, USA
  • the "Little Eva Mine" at Yellow Cat Mesa in the Thompsons District (SE Thomsons), Grand Co., Utah, USA
  • the "Parco Mine Group", Yellow Cat Mesa in the Thompsons District (SE Thomsons), Grand Co., Utah, USA
  • the "Mi Vida Mine" (Utex Mine) in the Big Indian District (Big Indian Wash - Lisbon Valley Area), San Juan Co. , Utah, USA
  • the "Basin No. 1 Mine "(Basin & Kiev), the" Big Hole Mine "(Cliffhouse)," Cottonwood "(Easter; Birthday; Shale), the" Found no. 2 claim "and" Last Chance ", all in the Cottonwood Canyon District ( N. of Bluff), San Juan Co., Utah, USA
  • the "Pandora Mine" and the "Vanadium Queen Mine", both near La Sal in the La Sal District (Paradox Valley District), San Juan Co., Utah, USA
  • the "Blue Cap Mine" in Lion Canyon, La Sal District (Paradox Valley District), San Juan Co., Utah, USA
  • the "Firefly-Pigmay Mine" and the "Little Peter Mine", La Sal Quadrangle, San Juan Co., Utah, USA
  • the “West Cliff House No. 8 Mine “in Montezuma Canyon, San Juan Co., Utah, USA

Locations for Pascoit from Germany , Austria and Switzerland are therefore unknown.

synthesis

Pascoit can be easily synthesized by leaching the oxides of calcium and vanadium with water, resulting in an orange-colored solution with a pH of around 4.6. Evaporation of the solution at room temperature gives rise to orange-red Pascoit crystals. The mineral can also recrystallize from pascoite dissolved in water.

use

Because of its rarity, pascoite is only of interest to mineral collectors.

See also

literature

  • William Francis Hillebrand , Herbert Eugene Merwin , Fred E. Wright : Hewettite, metahewettite and pascoite, hydrous calcium vanadates . In: Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society . tape 53 , 1914, pp. 31–54 (English, rruff.info [PDF; 1.1 MB ; accessed on February 28, 2019]).
  • John M. Hughes, Michael Schindler, Carl A. Francis: The C2 / m disordered structure of pascoite, Ca 3 [V 10 O 28 ] · 17H 2 O: bonding between structural units and interstitial complexes in compounds containing the [V 10 O 28 ] 6- decavanadanate polyanion . In: The Canadian Mineralogist . tape 43 , no. 4 , 2005, p. 1379–1386 , doi : 10.2113 / gscanmin.43.4.1379 (English, rruff.info [PDF; 624 kB ; accessed on February 28, 2019]).
  • AG Swallow, FR Ahmed, William Howard Barnes: The crystal structure of pascoite, Ca 3 V 10 O 28 .17H2O . In: Acta Crystallographica . tape 21 , no. 3 , 1966, pp. 397-299 , doi : 10.1107 / S0365110X66002974 (English).
  • Pascoite . In: John W. Anthony, Richard A. Bideaux, Kenneth W. Bladh, Monte C. Nichols (Eds.): Handbook of Mineralogy, Mineralogical Society of America . 2001 ( handbookofmineralogy.org [PDF; 72 kB ; accessed on February 28, 2019]).

Web links

Commons : Pascoite  - collection of images, videos, and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g Pascoite. In: mindat.org. Hudson Institute of Mineralogy, accessed February 28, 2019 .
  2. ^ IMA / CNMNC List of Mineral Names; November 2018 (PDF 1.65 MB)
  3. ^ Hugo Strunz , Ernest H. Nickel : Strunz Mineralogical Tables. Chemical-structural Mineral Classification System . 9th edition. E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagbuchhandlung (Nägele and Obermiller), Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-510-65188-X , p.  257 .
  4. ↑ a b c d e f Charles Palache , Harry Berman , Clifford Frondel : Pascoite [Ca 2 V 6 O 17 · 11H 2 O] . In: The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana: Yale University 1837-1892 . Halides, Nitrates, Borates, Carbonates, Sulfates, Phosphates, Arsenates, Tungstates, Molybdates, etc. 7th edition. tape  II . John Wiley and Sons, New York, London, Sydney 1951, ISBN 0-471-19272-4 , pp. 1055-1056 (English).
  5. ^ A b c d e John M. Hughes, Michael Schindler, Carl A. Francis: The C2 / m disordered structure of pascoite, Ca 3 [V 10 O 28 ] · 17H 2 O: bonding between structural units and interstitial complexes in compounds containing the [V 10 O 28 ] 6- decavanadanate polyanion . In: The Canadian Mineralogist . tape 43 , no. 4 , 2005, p. 1379–1386 , doi : 10.2113 / gscanmin.43.4.1379 (English, rruff.info [PDF; 624 kB ; accessed on February 28, 2019]).
  6. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag William Francis Hillebrand , Herbert Eugene Merwin , Fred E. Wright : Hewettite, metahewettite and pascoite, hydrous calcium vanadates . In: Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society . tape  53 , 1914, pp. 31–54 (English, rruff.info [PDF; 1.1 MB ; accessed on February 28, 2019]).
  7. ↑ a b c d e American-Mineralogist-Crystal-Structure-Database - Pascoite. In: rruff.geo.arizona.edu. Accessed February 28, 2019 .
  8. ^ Donnel Foster Hewett : A New Occurrence of Vanadium in Peru . In: The Engineering and Mining Journal . tape  LXXXII , no. 9 , 1906, pp. 385 (English, rruff.info [PDF; 128 kB ; accessed on February 28, 2019]).
  9. ^ Donnel Foster Hewett : Vanadium deposits in Peru . In: Transactions of the American Institute of Mining Engineers . tape  40 , 1909, pp. 274-299 (English).
  10. ↑ a b Jiří Sejkora, Pavel Škácha, Viktor Venclík, Jakub Plášil: Vanad-uranová mineralizace v lomu Prachovice (Česká republika) [Vanadium-uranium mineralization in the Prachovice quarry (Czech Republic)] . In: Bull. Mineral.-petrolog. Odd. Nár. Muz. (Praha) . tape 21 , no. 2 , 2013, p. 113–130 (Czech, bullmineral.cz [PDF; 6.2 MB ; accessed on February 28, 2019]).
  11. ^ Howard Tasker Evans Jr .: The crystal chemistry and mineralogy of Vanadium . In: Robert M. Garrels, Esper S. Larsen (Eds.): Geochemistry and Mineralogy of the Colorado Plateau Uranium Ores . Geological Survey Professional Paper. 1st edition. tape  320 . United States Government Printing Office, Washington 1959, p. 91-102 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search).
  12. ↑ Localities for Pascoite. In: mindat.org. Hudson Institute of Mineralogy, accessed February 28, 2019 .
  13. ↑ List of localities for Lasalite in the Mineralienatlas and Mindat (accessed on February 24, 2019)
  14. ^ Helmut Schrätze , Karl-Ludwig Weiner : Mineralogie. A textbook on a systematic basis . de Gruyter, Berlin; New York 1981, ISBN 3-11-006823-0 , pp.  304–305 ( limited preview in Google Book Search).
  15. ^ William Francis Hillebrand : The vanadium sulphide, patronite, and its mineral associates from Minasragra, Peru . In: Journal of the American Chemical Society . tape  29 , no. 7 , 1907, pp. 1019–1029 , doi : 10.1021 / ja01961a006 (English, rruff.info [PDF; 891 kB ; accessed on February 28, 2019]).
  16. ↑ Ingrid Hildegard Baumann: Patronit, VS 4 , and the mineral paragenesis of the bituminous slate from Minas Ragra, Peru . In: New Yearbook for Mineralogy, Treatises . tape 101 , no. 1 , 1964, pp. 97-108 .
  17. ^ Richard Philip Fischer: Vanadium and Uranium in Rocks and Ore Deposits . In: Robert M. Garrels, Esper S. Larsen (Eds.): Geochemistry and Mineralogy of the Colorado Plateau Uranium Ores . Geological Survey Professional Paper. 1st edition. tape 320 . United States Government Printing Office, Washington 1959, p. 219–230 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search).
  18. ↑ John Parnell: Metal enrichments in organic materials as a guide to ore mineralization . In: John Parnell, Ye Lianjun, Chen Changming (eds.): Sediment-Hosted Mineral Deposits: Proceedings of a Symposium held in Beijing, People's Republic of China, July 30 - August 4, 1988 . Special Publication of the International Association of Sedimentologist. 1st edition. tape 11 . Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford 1990, ISBN 0-632-02881-5 , pp. 183–192 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search).
  19. ↑ Jiří Sejkora, Jiří Litochleb: secondary minerals from the ore zone Příbram . In: Lapis . tape 28 , no. 7/8 , 2003, p. 65 .
  20. ↑ Anthony Kampff, Barbara P. Nash, Joe Marty, John M. Hughes: Mesaite, CaMn 2+ 5 (V 2 O 7 ) 3 12H 2 O, a new vanadate mineral from the Packrat mine, near Gateway, Mesa County, Colorado, USA . In: Mineralogical Magazine . tape 81 , no. 2 , 2017, p. 319–327 , doi : 10.1180 / minmag.2016.080.095 (English).
  21. ^ Anthony R. Kampf, John M. Hughes, Joe Marty, Barbara P. Nash, Yu-Sheng Chen, Ian M. Steele: Bluestreakite, K 4 Mg 2 (V 4+ 2 V 5+ 8 O 28 ) · 14H 2 O, a new mixed-valence decavanadate mineral from the Bluestreak Mine, Montrose County, Colorado: crystal structure and descriptive mineralogy . In: The Canadian Mineralogist . tape 52 , no. 6 , 2014, p. 1007-1018 , doi : 10.3749 / canmin.1400072 (English, researchgate.net [PDF; 389 kB ; accessed on February 25, 2019]).
  22. ^ Anthony R. Kampf, Joe Marty, Barbara P. Nash, Jakub Plášil, Anatoly V. Kasatkin, Radek Škoda: Calciodelrioite, Ca (VO 3 ) 2 (H 2 O) 4 , the Ca analogue of delrioite, Sr (VO 3 ) 2 (H 2 O) 4 . In: Mineralogical Magazine . tape 76 , no. 7 , 2012, p. 2803–2817 , doi : 10.1180 / minmag.2012.076.7.12 (English, researchgate.net [PDF; 2.5 MB ; accessed on February 25, 2019]).
  23. ↑ John M. Hughes, William S. Wise, Mickey E. Gunter, John P. Morton, John Rakovan: Lasalite, Na 2 Mg 2 [V 10 O 28 ] · 20H 2 O, a new decavanadate mineral species from the Vanadium Queen mine, La Sal District, Utah: Description, atomic arrangement, and relationship to the pascoite group of minerals . In: The Canadian Mineralogist . tape 46 , no. 5 , 2008, p. 1365–1372 , doi : 10.3749 / canmin.46.5.1365 (English, rruff.info [PDF; 1.8 MB ; accessed on February 24, 2019]).
  24. ↑ Anatoly V. Kasatkin, Jakub Plášil, Joseph Marty, Atali Al Agakhanov, Dimitrii Ilyich Belakovskiy, Inna S. Lykova: Nestolaite, CaSeO 3 · H 2 O, a new mineral from the Little Eva mine, Grand County, Utah, USA . In: Mineralogical Magazine . tape 78 , no. 3 , 2014, p. 497–505 , doi : 10.1180 / minmag.2014.078.3.02 (English).
  25. ↑ AG Swallow, FR Ahmed, William Howard Barnes: The crystal structure of pascoite, Ca 3 V 10 O 28 .17H2O . In: Acta Crystallographica . tape 21 , no. 3 , 1966, pp. 397-299 , doi : 10.1107 / S0365110X66002974 (English).