Hewettit

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Hewettit
Hewettite-135163.jpg
Deep red hewettite crystals from the "Vanadium Queen Mine" in La Sal Creek Canyon, Paradox Valley District, Paradox Valley, San Juan County , Utah , USA (field of view: 4 mm)
General and classification
chemical formula
  • CaV 6 O 16 • 9H 2 O
  • CaV 5+ 6 O 16 • 9H 2 O
  • Ca [V 5+ 6 O 16 ] • 9H 2 O
Mineral class
(and possibly department) 		Oxides (hydroxides, V [5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
System no. to Strunz
and to Dana 		4.HE.15 ( 8th edition : IV / F.09)
47.03.01.01
Crystallographic Data
Crystal system monoclinic
Crystal class ; symbol monoclinic prismatic; 2 / m
Space group P 2 1 / m (No. 11)Template: room group / 11
Lattice parameters a  = 12.290  Å ; b  = 3.590 Å; c  = 11.174 Å
β  = 97.24 °
Formula units Z  = 1
Physical Properties
Mohs hardness "Extremely soft"
Density (g / cm 3 ) 2.51 to 2.61 (measured); 2.67 (calculated)
Cleavage not specified
Break ; Tenacity not specified; not specified
colour deep red (mahogany red), chocolate brown after exposure to light; red to orange in transmitted light
Line color brownish red
transparency transparent
shine Silk to diamond gloss
Crystal optics
Refractive indices n α  = 1.770
n β  = 2.180
n γ  = 2.350 to 2.400
Birefringence δ = 0.580 to 0.630
Optical character biaxial negative
Axis angle 2V = 64 °; "medium-sized"
Pleochroism strongly from X  =  Y  = yellow-orange to Z  = dark red
Other properties
Chemical behavior several color changes when heated; slightly soluble in water; easily melts to form a deep red liquid

Hewettite is a rarely occurring mineral from the mineral class of the " oxides (as well as hydroxides , V [5,6] - vanadates , arsenites , antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites , selenites , tellurites and iodates )". It crystallizes in the monoclinic crystal system with the idealized chemical composition CaV 6 O 16 · 9H 2 O and is therefore chemically seen a hydrous calcium - vanadate , the structurally to the V [5,6] -Vanadaten and thence to the Phyllovanadaten (Schichtvanadaten) is .

The type locality of Hewettits is 30 km northwest of Huayllay and 40 km southwest of Cerro de Pasco preferred vanadium deposit of "Ragra Mine" ( "Minasragra") ( coordinates of the V-deposit Minasragra ) in the district Huayllay , Province of Pasco , Region Pasco (until 1944 in Junín Department), Peru .

Originally, the mineral was found at its type locality mainly in the form of lumpy and tuberous aggregates up to the size of a small apple. Later it was also observed in the fillings of fractures and crevices, in coatings and crusts made of fibers or in microscopic needles. More recent finds from other deposits show needle-like and fibrous, parallel [010] intertwined crystals up to 2 cm in length.

Etymology and history

D. Foster Hewett discovered the vanadium deposit "Minas Ragra" and was the first to investigate its minerals. The mineral hewettite was named in his honor.

On November 20, 1905, an expedition of the United States Geological Survey led by Donnel Foster Hewett and José J. Bravo discovered the Minas Ragra - which later turned out to be the world's largest vanadium deposit - in the area of ​​the Hacienda Quisque near Cerro de Pasco in Peru should prove. Hewett was also the first to examine the mineralogy of the deposit and published several papers on it. Among the minerals he observed and brought with him to the USA was one that was relatively common at the time of his stay in Minas Ragra and formed near the surface.

Several years later, William Francis Hillebrand re- examined the material that Hewitt had brought from Peru to the United States. In addition to the first description of the two minerals pascoite and metahewettite , another new mineral was also identified. In 1914, the first scientific description of all three minerals was made by a team of US mineralogists and chemists with William Francis Hillebrand, Herbert Eugene Merwin and Fred E. Wright in the US science magazine " Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society ". The Hewitt in "Minas Ragra" only near the surface encountered mineral was by the authors Hewettit ( English Hewettite called). They named it after its discoverer, the US geologist and mineralogist Donnel Foster Hewett (June 24, 1881 to February 5, 1971), "... who has done so much to make the Minasragra occurrence known" ( German:  " ... der so much for the discovery of the occurrence Minasragra did ” ).

The type of material for Hewettit is in the collection of the Smithsonian Institution belonging to National Museum of Natural History , Washington, DC kept, USA, (catalog number NMNH-87459). Due to its discovery and first description before 1959, Hewettite is one of the minerals that the International Mineralogical Association (IMA) calls grandfathered .

classification

In the meantime outdated, but still partially in use 8th edition of the mineral classification by Strunz of Hewettit belonged to the mineral class of "oxides and hydroxides" and then to the family of "Vanadium hydroxides" where he along with Barnesit , Corvusit , Fernandinit , Grantsit , Hendersonit , Metahewettit , Metarossit and Rossit the Rossit-Hewettit group with the system number IV / F.09 formed.

The 9th edition of Strunz's mineral systematics, which has been in effect since 2001 and is used by the International Mineralogical Association (IMA), assigns hewettite to the mineral class of "oxides (as well as hydroxides, V [5,6] - vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, Bismutites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites and iodates) ”and there in the section of“ V [5,6] -Vanadates ”. However, this is further subdivided according to the structure of the vanadate complexes, so that the mineral can be found according to its structure in the sub-section "Layer vanadates (Phyllovanadates)", where together with metahewettite the hewettite group with the system no. 4.HE.15 forms.

The systematics of minerals according to Dana , which is mainly used in the English-speaking world , assigns Hewettite to the class of "phosphates, arsenates and vanadates" and there to the department of "vanadium oxy salts". Here it is. Here it is as the namesake of the Hewettit group with the system no. 47.03.01 and the other members barnesite, grantsite, hendersonite and metahewettite can be found within the sub-section " Vanadium oxy salts (water-containing) ".

Chemism

The first wet chemical analysis on Hewettit of the type locality yielded 68.19% V 2 O 5 ; 1.21% V 2 O 4 ; 1.56% MoO 3 ; 7.38% CaO; 0.15% Na 2 O; 21.33% H 2 O (total) as well as 0.11% Fe 2 O 3 and 0.17 insoluble components (total 100.10%), from which Hillebrand and colleagues used the idealized formula CaO 3V 2 (which is still valid today) O 5 · 9H 2 O and CaV 6 O 16 · 9H 2 O were determined. This formula requires contents of 71.43% V 2 O 5 ; 7.34% CaO and 21.23% H 2 O (total 100.00%). In 1937, Waldemar Theodore Schaller determined the composition 71.20% V 2 O 5 on a hewettite also from Minas Ragra ; 0.43% V 2 O 4 ; 0.99% MoO 3 ; 7.15% CaO and 21.04% H 2 O (total 100.81%), which is still cited today as the standard analysis for Hewettit.

Hewettite is one of twelve minerals recognized by the IMA with the element combination Ca – V – O – H. Others include calciodelrioite , Ca (VO 3 ) 2 · 4H 2 O; Hendersonite , (Ca, Sr) 1.3 V 6 O 16 • 6H 2 O; Hydropascoite , Ca 3 (V 10 O 28 ) • 24H 2 O; Melanovanadite , Ca (V 5+ , V 4+ ) 4 O 10 · 5H 2 O; Metahewettite , CaV 6 O 16 • 3H 2 O; Metarossite , Ca (V 2 O 6 ) • 2H 2 O; Pandoraite-Ca , CaV 4+ 5 V 5+ 2 O 16 • 3H 2 O; Pascoite , Ca 3 (V 10 O 28 ) • 17H 2 O; Pintadoite , Ca 2 (V 2 O 7 ) • 9H 2 O; Rossite , Ca (VO 3 ) 2 • 4H 2 O; and Simplotite , CaV 4+ 4 O 9 · 5H 2 O.

Metahewettite, CaV 6 O 16 · 3H 2 O, is the analogue of hewettite with a lower water content. Barnesite , (Na, Ca) V 6 O 16 • 3H 2 O, is the Na-Ca dominant analog and hendersonite , (Ca, Sr) 1.3 V 6 O 16 • 6H 2 O, is the Ca, Sr dominant Analogous to Ca-dominated hewettite - however, hewettite is clearly richer in crystal water.

Crystal structure

Hewettite crystallizes in the monoclinic crystal system in the space group P 2 1 / m (space group no. 11) with the lattice parameters a = 12.290  Å , b = 3.590 Å, c = 11.174 Å and β = 97.24 ° and one formula unit per unit cell . Template: room group / 11

Already in 1961, Armin Weiss and colleagues pointed out that the water-rich hewettite and the water-poor metahewettite can be reversibly converted into one another, and that this change in the water content of hydration is associated with a one-dimensional inner crystalline swelling. The authors attribute this phenomenon to the fact that these vanadates must have a layered structure. Hewettite belongs to a group of minerals that chemists classify as "vanadium bronzes".

Crystal structure of Hewettit

  • spatial representation in the standard crystallographic orientation

  • looking parallel to the a-axis

  • looking parallel to the b-axis

  • looking parallel to the c-axis

Color legend: __ V     __ Ca     __ O

In the crystal structure of the Hewettits (to compare the adjacent structural representations) occur tetragonal V [4 + 1] - pyramids on common edges to [V 2 O 6 ] 2- chains similar in Munirit together. V [6] - octahedron with common edges and corners form [V 4 O 12 ] -Zweierketten as Ag 3 V 4 O 12 . The chains are linked by common corners to form [V 6 O 16 ] layers parallel (001). The repeat length of the chains is 3.65 Å.

The layer structure corresponds completely to that of Li 3 V 6 O 19 , the holotype vanadium bronze. It is relatively rigid and maintains its integrity in all structures of the Hewettit Group's minerals.

properties

morphology

At its type locality, the mineral was mainly found in the form of lumpy and bulbous mineral aggregates up to the size of a small apple. These aggregates consist of microscopic crystals with multiple growths, the longitudinal axes of the crystals either being nearly parallel or having a spiral twist. The largest crystals reach dimensions of only 100 × 8 × 3 µm. Edward Dwornik and Malcom Ross, when examining Hewettite crystals with the scanning electron microscope, found a characteristically fibrous habit not unlike that of asbestos-shaped serpentine ( chrysotile ), whereby the fibers can be tubular. Hewettite was also observed in the fillings of cracks and crevices, in coatings and crusts made of fibers or in microscopic needles. More recent finds from other deposits show needle-like and fibrous, parallel [010] intertwined crystals up to 2 cm in length. Also in radial and cluster-shaped aggregates of thin, needle-like crystals.

physical and chemical properties

The aggregates and crystals of the hewettite are deep red (mahogany red) and turn chocolate brown after exposure to light. The line color of the hewettite is indicated as brownish red. The surfaces of the transparent crystals show a characteristic silk to diamond-like sheen . Corresponding to this glass to diamond gloss, Hewettit has a high to very high light refraction (n α  = 1.770; n β  = 2.180; n γ  = 2.350 to 2.400) and a very high birefringence (δ = 0.580 to 0.630). The optically biaxial negative hewettite has a “medium-sized” optical axis angle 2V of 64 °. In transmitted light it is red to orange in color with a strong pleochroism from X  =  Y  = yellow- orange to Z  = dark red.

There is no information on cleavage , breakage and tenacity for Hewettit. Hewettit is "extremely soft", which corresponds to a Mohs hardness of probably 1 to 2. This makes it one of the soft minerals that can be scraped or scratched with a fingernail just as easily as the reference minerals talc (hardness 1) and gypsum (hardness 2). The measured density for natural hewettite crystals is 2.51 to 2.61 g / cm³, the calculated density was found to be 2.67 g / cm³.

Hewettit does not fluoresce in long or short-wave UV light . Hewettite is slightly soluble in water , H 2 O, and easily melts to form a deep red liquid. When heated, there is a loss of water, which is accompanied by several color changes from different shades of brown to bronze. If the dehydrated mineral is exposed to moisture, it only absorbs part of the original amount of water and does not show any color change. If the mineral is not stored in a moist environment, a water loss of 6H 2 O can easily occur, even without heating , until the chemical composition of the CaV 6 O 16 · 3H 2 O (“metahewettite”) phase is reached.

Education and Locations

Hewettite has been described as a rare mineral formation so far (as of 2019) from around sixty sites. The type locality for Hewettit is 30 km northwest of Huayllay and 40 km southwest of Cerro de Pasco preferred vanadium deposit of "Ragra Mine" ( "Minasragra", "Minas Ragra") in the District Huayllay , Province of Pasco , Region Pasco (to 1944 in Junín Department), Peru .

"Minas Ragra" belongs to the asphalt or bitumen deposits that are embedded in Mesozoic sediments and are to be understood in the broadest sense as metamorphic organic matter. "Minas Ragra", the largest of these deposits in the Andes, is a funnel-shaped form, which consists in its central part from coke which coarse parts fine-grained Patrónits contains that of Quisqueit is surrounded. The quisqueit is a vanadium-rich, brown coal-like mass that turns into gray slate . Rich ores from the oxidation zone of "Minas Ragra" contain up to 20% V 2 O 5 . Patrónit, a vanadium sulfide with the formula VS 4 , also has its type locality in “Minas Ragra”. The minor rock of the "Minas Ragra" is formed by clay slates , sandstones and Cretaceous limestone with thin banks . The vanadium in "Minas Ragra" is bound to vanadium-bearing hydrocarbons ( bitumen , asphalt, etc.). The bitumen from "Minas Ragra" is a variety with a high sulfur content ( Quisqueit ) in which vanadium forms segregations in the form of inclusions and veins of the vanadium sulfide patrónite . Investigations of the bitumen have shown that it consists of different phases with varying sulfur contents which may indicate successive periods of hydrocarbon mobilization.

Just one year after its discovery in 1905, the deposit was exploited under the Vanadium Corporation of America and developed into the world's leading vanadium supplier. In 1914, 75% of all vanadium ores mined worldwide came from "Minas Ragra" in Peru. Later, vanadium was only a by-product of uranium mining - the most important uranium ore mineral was carnotite. In 1955 the mine was abandoned.

Hewettite is a typical secondary mineral and formed at its type locality in the oxidation zone of the deposit as an alteration product of patrónite. At other sites, for example in the uranium- vanadium deposits in the area of ​​the “Colorado Plateau”, it is found in the carnotite- containing sandstones, where it is an alteration product of less strongly oxidized vanadium minerals. Hewettite is only obtained from Pascoit and Remains of the original forerunner Patrónits accompanied. Typical accompanying minerals in the deposits, and occurrence of "Colorado Plateau" are Metahewettit , Corvusit , montroseite , Rauvit , Steigerit , Fervanit , Navajoit , and carnotite Tyuyamunit . As further paragenesis minerals were u. a. Opal , gypsum, roscoelite , Goldquarryit , barite , carbonatreicher fluorapatite , Kazakhstanit and Fluellit identified.

Deep red clusters of hewettite crystals from the "Vanadium Queen Mine" in La Sal Creek Canyon, Utah, USA (field of view: 2 mm)
Radial Hewettite aggregates from the "Gold Quarry Mine" (Maggie Claims), Maggie Creek District, Eureka Co., Nevada, USA (size: 6.1 cm × 5.9 cm × 2.7 cm)

In addition to the type locality, there are numerous other sites for Hewettit. They include:

  • the Jabagly Mountains (cf. Aksu-Jabagly nature reserve ) in Talas-Alatau , Shambyl Province , Kazakhstan
  • the "Kurumsak V" deposit near Aksumbe and the "Balasauskandyk V" deposit, both in Karatau , South Kazakhstan and Turkistan , Kazakhstan
  • the Monument Valley in White Canyon Monument Valley District, Apache County and Navajo County , Arizona , USA
  • the Carrizo Mountains (Carrizo Range) in Apache Co., Arizona, USA
  • the Lukachukai Mountains in Apache Co., Arizona, USA
  • the "Monument No. 2 Mine “at Monument No. 2 Channel, Yazzi Mesa, Monument Valley , Apache Co., Arizona, USA
  • the "Gallagher Vanadium & Rare Minerals Corporation Mine" (also "Gallagher Vanadium Property", "Bradsher Mine", "Stella Mine", "Vogel Mine" or "Buena Vista Mine"), Tombstone District, Tombstone Hills, Cochise Co., Arizona, USA
  • the "middle no. 2 Mine “at Monument No. 1 Channel in Mystery Valley, Monument Valley, Navajo Indian Reservation , Navajo Co., Arizona, USA
  • the "Monument No. 1 Mine “at Monument No. 1 channel, Mystery Valley, Monument Valley, Navajo Indian Reservation, Navajo Co., Arizona, USA
  • the “North Wilson Pit” and the “T Pit” of the “Union Carbide Mine” near Wilson Springs (Potash Sulfur Springs), Garland County Arkansas , USA
  • the "Packrat Mine" at Gateway in the Gateway District, both in Mesa County , Colorado , USA
  • the "Small Spot Mine" at Calamity Mesa, Uravan District, Mesa Co., Colorado, USA
  • the "Opera Box Mine" (Aztec Mine) in the Gypsum Valley, Montrose County , Colorado, USA
  • the “Starlight No.” deposit belonging to the “Greagor Group”. 8 “in Bull Canyon, Uravan District, Montrose Co., Colorado, USA
  • the "Peanut Mine" in Bull Canyon, Uravan District, Montrose County, Colorado, USA
  • the "Cripple Creek Mine" (Cripple Creek No. 1), the "Fox Group" (Fox Cistern), the "Golden Cycle Mine" (Bowen), the "La Salle Mine" (La Salle Group) and "Morrison Camp" , all in Uravan District, Montrose Co., Colorado, USA
  • the “Bitter Creek Mine”, the “JJ Mine”, the “Jo Dandy Mine” and the “Hummer Mine”, “Long Park” and the “Mineral Joe No. 1 Mine ”, all in Paradox Valley, Uravan District, Montrose Co., Colorado, USA
  • the "Veta Mad Mine" (Veta Glad Mine) and the "West Sunday Mine", both in the Slick Rock District, San Miguel County , Colorado, USA
  • the "Tiny Mine", Uravan District, San Miguel Co., Colorado, USA
  • the "Gold Quarry Mine" ("Maggie Claims", "Nevada Bureau of Mines & Geology Sample Site No. 1560", "Deep West Ore Body"), Maggie Creek Subdistrict, gold mining area of ​​the "Carlin Trend", Eureka County , Nevada , United States
  • the "Bisoni Property" (Bisoni-McKay Property) and the "Gibellini Vanadium Project" ("VanNavSan Claim") in the Fish Creek Range, both in the Gibellini District, Eureka Co., Nevada, USA
  • the "Carlin Gold Mine", at Elko in the Lynn District, Eureka Co., Nevada, USA
  • the "Goldstrike Mines", Eureka Co./Elko Co., Nevada, USA
  • the F-33 mine in the Grants District, Cibola County , New Mexico , USA
  • the "Ambrosia Lake Sub-District" in the Grants District, McKinley County , New Mexico, USA
  • the "Shiprock District" in San Juan County , New Mexico, USA
  • the "Nelson Point Mine", one of the "Eastside Mines", in the Shiprock District, San Juan Co., New Mexico, USA
  • Post Office and other locations in Crook County , Oregon , USA
  • the "Edgemont Uranium District" in Fall River County , South Dakota , USA
  • the "Get Me Rich Mine" in Craven Canyon, Edgemont Uranium District, Fall River County , South Dakota , USA
  • "Flat Top Mesa", "South Temple Wash" and "Temple Mountain", San Rafael District (San Rafael Swell), Emery County , Utah , USA
  • the "Rex No. 2 Mine “in the area of ​​Temple Mountain, San Rafael District (San Rafael Swell), Emery Co., Utah, USA
  • "Temple Rock Wash" in the San Rafael District (San Rafael Swell), Emery Co., Utah, USA
  • the Jack Claim in the La Sal District, North Mountain, La Sal Mountains, Grand County , Utah, USA
  • "Polar Mesa" in the Polar Mesa District, Grand County, Utah, USA
  • the “D-Day No.” belonging to the “D-Day Mine Group”. 2 Mine “in the Thompsons District (SE Thomsons), Grand Co., Utah, USA
  • the "Cactus Rat Mine" (Blue Bird), The Poison Strip, Thompsons District (SE Thomsons), Grand Co., Utah, USA
  • the "Vanadium Queen Mine" in the La Sal District (Paradox Valley District), San Juan County , Utah, USA
  • the "Blue Cap Mine" in Lion Canyon, La Sal District (Paradox Valley District), San Juan Co., Utah, USA
  • the “Evening Star Mine” and the “Firefly – Pigmay Mine”, both in the La Sal Quadrangle, San Juan Co., Utah, USA
  • "Holiday Mesa" in the Monument Valley District (Monumental District), Monument Valley, San Juan Co., Utah, USA
  • the "Gray Dawn Mine" (also "Little Don Mine" and "Gray Dawn"), Paradox Valley District, Paradox Valley, San Juan Co., Utah, USA
  • the "Pumpkin Buttes District" in Campbell County , Wyoming , USA
  • the "Carlile Mine" in the "Northern Black Hills District", Crook County , Wyoming, USA

Locations for Hewettit from Germany , Austria and Switzerland are therefore unknown.

use

Due to its rarity, hewettite is only of interest to the collector of minerals.

See also

literature

  • William Francis Hillebrand , Herbert Eugene Merwin , Fred E. Wright : Hewettite, metahewettite and pascoite, hydrous calcium vanadates . In: Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society . tape 53 , 1914, pp. 31–54 (English, available online at rruff.info [PDF; 1.1 MB ; accessed on February 28, 2019]).
  • Harold T. Evans, Jr .: The crystal structure of hewettite . In: The Canadian Mineralogist . tape 27 , no. 2 , 1989, pp. 181–188 (English, available online at rruff.info [PDF; 640 kB ; accessed on March 7, 2019]).
  • Hewettite . In: John W. Anthony, Richard A. Bideaux, Kenneth W. Bladh, Monte C. Nichols (Eds.): Handbook of Mineralogy, Mineralogical Society of America . 2001 ( handbookofmineralogy.org [PDF; 71 kB ; accessed on March 7, 2019]).

Web links

Commons : Hewettite  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f Hewettite. In: mindat.org. Hudson Institute of Mineralogy, accessed March 7, 2019 .
  2. ↑ a b IMA / CNMNC List of Mineral Names; November 2018 (PDF 1.65 MB)
  3. ^ A b Hugo Strunz , Ernest H. Nickel : Strunz Mineralogical Tables. Chemical-structural Mineral Classification System . 9th edition. E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagbuchhandlung (Nägele and Obermiller), Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-510-65188-X , p.  259 .
  4. ↑ a b c d e Howard Tasker Evans, Jr .: The crystal structure of hewettite . In: The Canadian Mineralogist . tape 27 , no. 2 , 1989, pp. 181–188 (English, available online at rruff.info [PDF; 640 kB ; accessed on March 7, 2019]).
  5. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Hewettite . In: John W. Anthony, Richard A. Bideaux, Kenneth W. Bladh, Monte C. Nichols (Eds.): Handbook of Mineralogy, Mineralogical Society of America . 2001 ( handbookofmineralogy.org [PDF; 71  kB ; accessed on March 7, 2019]).
  6. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u William Francis Hillebrand , Herbert Eugene Merwin , Fred E. Wright : Hewettite, metahewettite and pascoite, hydrous calcium vanadates . In: Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society . tape  53 , 1914, pp. 31–54 (English, rruff.info [PDF; 1.1 MB ; accessed on February 28, 2019]).
  7. ↑ a b c David Barthelmy: Hewettite Mineral Data. In: webmineral.com. Retrieved March 7, 2019 .
  8. ↑ a b c d Stefan Schorn and others: Hewettite. In: mineralienatlas.de. Retrieved March 7, 2019 .
  9. ^ Donnel Foster Hewett : A New Occurrence of Vanadium in Peru . In: The Engineering and Mining Journal . tape  LXXXII , no. 9 , 1906, pp. 385 (English, available online at rruff.info [PDF; 128 kB ; accessed on February 28, 2019]).
  10. ^ Donnel Foster Hewett : Vanadium deposits in Peru . In: Transactions of the American Institute of Mining Engineers . tape  40 , 1909, pp. 274–299 ( available online at babel.hathitrust.org [accessed March 8, 2019]).
  11. ^ Roger C. Wells: Analyzes of rocks and minerals from the laboratory of the United States Geological Survey 1914-36 . In: US Geological Survey Bulletin . tape 878 , 1937, pp. 118 (English, available online at pubs.usgs.gov [PDF; 9.2 MB ; accessed on March 7, 2019]).
  12. ↑ Armin Weiss, Kurt Hartl, Eugen Michel: On the constitution of the vanadium minerals hewettite and meta-hewettite . In: Journal of Nature Research B . tape 16 , no. 12 , 1961, pp. 842–843 (English, available online at degruyter.com [PDF; 2.1 MB ; accessed on March 7, 2019]).
  13. ↑ Harold T. Evans, Jr., John Sampson White, Jr .: The Colorful Vanadium Minerals: a Brief Review and a New Classification . In: The Mineralogical Record . tape 18 , no. 5 , 1987, pp. 333–340 (English, available online at rruff-2.geo.arizona.edu [PDF; 1,3 MB ; accessed on March 7, 2019]).
  14. ^ A b Howard Tasker Evans, Jr., John M. Hughes: Crystal chemistry of the natural vanadium bronzes . In: The American Mineralogist . tape 75 , no. 5-6 , 1990, pp. 508–521 (English, available online at rruff-2.geo.arizona.edu [PDF; 1,3 MB ; accessed on March 7, 2019]).
  15. ^ William Howard Barnes, MM Qurashi: Unit cell and space group data for certain vanadium minerals . In: The American Mineralogist . tape 37 , no. 5-6 , 1990, pp. 407–422 (English, available online at minsocam.org [PDF; 1,2 MB ; accessed on March 7, 2019]).
  16. ^ Edward Dwornik, Malcom Ross: Application of the electron microscope to mineralogical studies . In: The American Mineralogist . tape 40 , no. 3-4 , 1990, pp. 261–274 , doi : 10.1515 / znb-1961-1219 (English, available online at minsocam.org [PDF; 1,3 MB ; accessed on March 7, 2019]).
  17. ^ A b Alice Mary Dowse Weeks, Mary E. Thompson, Identification and Occurrence of Uranium and Vanadium Minerals from the Colorado Plateaus . In: US Geological Survey Bulletin . 1009 B, 1954, p. 49–50 , doi : 10.3133 / b1009B (English, available online at pubs.usgs.gov [PDF; 2.9 MB ; accessed on March 7, 2019]).
  18. ^ A b Charles Palache , Harry Berman , Clifford Frondel : Pascoite [Ca 2 V 6 O 17 · 11H 2 O] . In: The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana: Yale University 1837-1892 . Halides, Nitrates, Borates, Carbonates, Sulfates, Phosphates, Arsenates, Tungstates, Molybdates, etc. 7th edition. tape  II . John Wiley and Sons, New York, London, Sydney 1951, ISBN 0-471-19272-4 , pp. 1060-1061 (English).
  19. ↑ Localities for Hewettite. In: mindat.org. Hudson Institute of Mineralogy, accessed March 7, 2019 .
  20. ↑ List of localities for lasalite in the Mineralienatlas and Mindat (accessed on March 8, 2019)
  21. ^ Helmut Schrätze , Karl-Ludwig Weiner : Mineralogie. A textbook on a systematic basis . de Gruyter, Berlin, New York 1981, ISBN 3-11-006823-0 , pp.  304–305 ( limited preview in Google Book Search).
  22. ^ William Francis Hillebrand : The vanadium sulphide, patronite, and its mineral associates from Minasragra, Peru . In: Journal of the American Chemical Society . tape  29 , no. 7 , 1907, pp. 1019–1029 , doi : 10.1021 / ja01961a006 (English, available online at rruff.info [PDF; 891 kB ; accessed on February 28, 2019]).
  23. ↑ Ingrid Hildegard Baumann: Patronit, VS 4 , and the mineral paragenesis of the bituminous slate from Minas Ragra, Peru . In: New Yearbook for Mineralogy, Treatises . tape 101 , no. 1 , 1964, pp. 97-108 .
  24. ^ Richard Philip Fischer: Vanadium and Uranium in Rocks and Ore Deposits . In: Robert M. Garrels, Esper S. Larsen (Eds.): Geochemistry and Mineralogy of the Colorado Plateau Uranium Ores . Geological Survey Professional Paper. 1st edition. tape 320 . United States Government Printing Office, Washington 1959, p. 219–230 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search [accessed March 8, 2019]).
  25. ↑ John Parnell: Metal enrichments in organic materials as a guide to ore mineralization . In: John Parnell, Ye Lianjun, Chen Changming (eds.): Sediment-Hosted Mineral Deposits: Proceedings of a Symposium held in Beijing, People's Republic of China, July 30 - August 4, 1988 . Special Publication of the International Association of Sedimentologist. 1st edition. tape 11 . Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford 1990, ISBN 0-632-02881-5 , pp. 183–192 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search [accessed March 8, 2019]).
  26. ↑ Ekaterina A. Ankinovich, Galiya K. Bekenova, Tat'yana. A. Shabanova, Irina S. Zazubina, Sophiya M. Sandomirskaya: Mitryaevaite, Al 10 ((PO 4 ) 8.7 (SO 3 OH) 1.3 ) 10 AlF 3.3 OH 2 O, a new mineral species from a Cambrian carbonaceous chert formation, Karatau Range and Zhabagly Mountains, Southern Kazakhstan . In: The Canadian Mineralogist . tape 35 , no. 6 , 1997, pp. 1415–1419 (English, available online at rruff.info [PDF; 389 kB ; accessed on March 7, 2019]).
  27. ↑ Irving J. Witkind, Robert E. Thaden: Geology and Uranium-Vanadium Deposits of the Monument Valley Area Apache and Navajo Counties, Arizona . In: US Geological Survey Bulletin . tape 1103 , 1963, pp. 1–126 , doi : 10.3133 / b1009B (English, available online at pubs.usgs.gov [PDF; 34.0 MB ; accessed on March 7, 2019]).
  28. ↑ Anthony Kampf, Barbara P. Nash, Joe Marty, John M. Hughes: Mesaite, CaMn 2+ 5 (V 2 O 7 ) 3 12H 2 O, a new vanadate mineral from the Packrat mine, near Gateway, Mesa County, Colorado, USA . In: Mineralogical Magazine . tape 81 , no. 2 , 2017, p. 319–327 , doi : 10.1180 / minmag.2016.080.095 (English).
  29. ^ Anthony R. Kampf, Joe Marty, Barbara P. Nash, Jakub Plášil, Anatoly V. Kasatkin, Radek Škoda: Calciodelrioite, Ca (VO 3 ) 2 (H 2 O) 4 , the Ca analogue of delrioite, Sr (VO 3 ) 2 (H 2 O) 4 . In: Mineralogical Magazine . tape 76 , no. 7 , 2012, p. 2803–2817 , doi : 10.1180 / minmag.2012.076.7.12 (English, researchgate.net [PDF; 2.5 MB ; accessed on February 25, 2019]).
  30. ^ Anthony Kampf, John M. Hughes, Joe Marty, Mickey E. Gunter, Barbara P. Nash: Rakovanite, Na 3 {H 3 [V 10 O 28 ]} · 15H 2 O, a new member of the pascoite family with a protonated decavanadate polyanion . In: The Canadian Mineralogist . tape 49 , no. 2 , 2011, p. 595–604 , doi : 10.3749 / canmin.49.2.595 (English, rruff.info [PDF; 561 kB ; accessed on March 7, 2019]).
  31. ^ A b Andrew C. Roberts, Mark A. Cooper, Frank C. Hawthorne, Robert A. Gault, Martin C. Jensen, Eugene E. Foord: Goldquarryite, a new Cd-bearing phosphate mineral from the Gold Quarry mine, Eureka County , Nevada . In: The Mineralogical Record . tape 34 , no. 5 , 2003, p. 237–240 (English, available online at rruff.info [PDF; 639 kB ; accessed on March 7, 2019]).
  32. ↑ Mark A. Cooper, Frank C. Hawthorne, Andrew C. Roberts, Eugene E. Foord, Richard C. Erd, Howard T. Evans, Jr., Martin C. Jensen: Nevadaite, (Cu 2+ , Al, V 3 + ) 6 [Al 8 (PO 4 ) 8 F 8 ] (OH) 2 (H 2 O) 22 , a new phosphate mineral species from the Gold Quarry mine, Carlin, Eureka County, Nevada: description and crystal structure . In: The Canadian Mineralogist . tape 42 , no. 3 , 2004, p. 741–752 , doi : 10.2113 / gscanmin.42.3.741 (English).