Fluorapophyllite (K)

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Fluorapophyllite (K)
Apophyllite- (KF) -131740.jpg
Radial-rayed fluorapophyllite (K) crystals from Rahuri near Ahmednagar , India (size: 6.8 cm × 5.9 cm × 4.5 cm) converging to form a spherical aggregate (" disco ball " )
General and classification
other names
  • Fluorapophyllite
  • Apophyllite (KF)
  • Ichthyophthalmit (fish-eye stone)
chemical formula
  • KCa 4 [(F, OH) | (Si 4 O 10 ) 2 ] • 8H 2 O
  • KCa 4 Si 8 O 20 (F, OH) • 8H 2 O
Mineral class
(and possibly department) 		Silicates and germanates ( phyllosilicates )
System no. to Strunz
and to Dana 		9.EA.15 ( 8th edition : VIII / H.01)
72.03.01.01
Crystallographic Data
Crystal system tetragonal
Crystal class ; symbol ditetragonal-dipyramidal; 4 / m  2 / m  2 / m
Space group P 4 / mnc (No. 128)Template: room group / 128
Lattice parameters a  = 8.963  Å ; c  = 15.804 Å
Formula units Z  = 2
Frequent crystal faces {110}, {101}, {001}
Twinning rarely after {111}
Physical Properties
Mohs hardness 4.5 to 5
Density (g / cm 3 ) 2.33 to 2.37 (measured); 2.37 (calculated)
Cleavage very perfect after {001}, bad after {110}
Break ; Tenacity uneven; brittle
colour colorless, white, pink, yellow, green
Line color White
transparency translucent to translucent, opaque
shine Glass luster, mother-of-pearl luster on {001} and on cleavage surfaces
Crystal optics
Refractive indices n ω  = 1.530 to 1.536
n ε  = 1.532 to 1.538
Birefringence δ = 0.002
Optical character uniaxial positive, abnormal biaxial
Other properties
Chemical behavior Easily decomposed by acids such as HCl and HNO 3 to form a slimy residue
Special features Flakes open when heated

Fluorapophyllite- (K) is a rarely occurring mineral from the group of apophyllites within the mineral class of "silicates and germanates" with the chemical composition KCa 4 [(F, OH) | (Si 4 O 10 ) 2 ] · 8H 2 O and From a chemical point of view, it is therefore a water-containing potassium - calcium - silicate with additional fluoride or hydroxide ions . Structurally it belongs to the layered silicates . The constituents fluoride and hydroxide ions indicated in the round brackets can represent each other in the formula , but are always in the same proportion to the other constituents of the mineral.

Fluorapophyllite- (K) crystallizes in the tetragonal crystal system and develops up to 20 cm large, dipyramidal, prismatic, isometric-pseudocubic or tabular crystals , which are either colorless or show white, pink, yellow or green hues. The surfaces have a glass-like gloss , while the base and cleavage surfaces have a more mother-of-pearl shimmer.

Like all minerals of the apophyllite group, fluorapophyllite (K) is often found in the presence of zeolites as secondary formations in the former cavities of almond stones or drusen in basalts , phonolites or other basic volcanic rocks and in some ore deposits as a late hydrothermal formation.

Etymology and history

Idiomorphic, transparent fluorapophyllite (K) crystal from the Jalgaon district , Maharashtra, India (size: 7.5 cm × 4.7 cm × 3.2 cm)

"Apophyllite" was first mentioned in Sweden in 1784 by Carl Rinman, the son of Sven Rinman , as "Zeolite from Hellesta" and was given the trivial names "Gässten" and "Brausestein". As an independent mineral, apophyllite was first described by José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva as "Ichthyophthalme", ​​the original occurrence of "Ichthyophthalm" being the island of Utö in the southern Stockholm archipelago . Abraham Gottlob Werner incorporated the name into "Fischaugenstein". The name refers to the pearlescent sheen of the base surface, which resembles a cooked fish eye. In 1801, René-Just Haüy originally considered an apophyllite from Iceland to be a variety of the mesotype established by him and named it "Mésotype époinlée", but four years later referred to the mineral with regard to its behavior in front of the solder pipe (after the Greek word ἀπόφύλλίζω [apophyllizo ] for "defoliate") as apophyllite.

Although the name “apophyllite” has stood for a single mineral for over 200 years, after the discovery of hydroxyapophyllite in 1978, the IMA assigned new names to these two “apophyllites” . The apophyllites with F> (OH) were henceforth called fluorapophyllite, apophyllites with (OH)> F hydroxyapophyllite. “Apophyllite” could still be used for indefinite representatives of the mixed crystal series. In 2008 Ernst Burke renamed the representatives of the apophyllite group, whereby fluorapophyllite became "apophyllite (KF)". This renaming was reversed in 2015 and the dominant monovalent cation was added to the mineral name as a suffix in brackets and the dominant non-tetrahedral anion was added to the mineral name as a prefix to delimit the individual species . The mineral name recognized by the IMA has since been fluorapophyllite- (K).

Type material for fluorapophyllite (K) is not defined.

classification

In the meanwhile outdated, but still in use 8th edition of the mineral systematics according to Strunz , fluorapophyllite (K) belongs to the mineral class of "silicates and germanates" and there to the department of "phyllosilicates", where together with hydroxyapophyllite (K) and fluorapophyllite (Na) the apophyllite group with system no. VIII / H.01 .

The 9th edition of Strunz's mineral systematics , which has been in effect since 2001 and is used by the International Mineralogical Association (IMA), also assigns fluorapophyllite (K) to the class of "silicates and germanates" and there in the department of "phyllosilicates" " a. This section is, however, further subdivided according to the structure of the layers, so that the mineral, according to its structure, can be found in the sub-section “Simple tetrahedral networks with 4, 5, (6) and 8 participating rings”, where it can be found together with hydroxyapophyllite (K ) and fluorapophyllite (Na) the apophyllite group with the system no. 9.EA.15 forms.

The systematics of minerals according to Dana , which is mainly used in the English-speaking world , assigns fluorapophyllite (K) to the class of "silicates and germanates" and there in the department of "layered silicate minerals". Here it is together with hydroxyapophyllite (K), fluorapophyllite (Na) and carletonite in the " apophyllite group (4- and 8-membered rings) " with the system no. 72.03.01 within the sub-section " Layered silicates: two-dimensional, unlimited layers with rings other than six-membered: 3-, 4-, or 5-membered rings and 8-membered rings ".

Chemism

Apophyllite with a green color due to vanadium contained in traces from the Bombay Quarry, Mumbai District, Maharashtra, India (size: 7.6 cm × 6.6 cm × 2.9 cm)

Fluorapophyllite- (K) has (based on 20 oxygen atoms per formula) the measured composition (K 0.85 Na 0.16 ) Σ = 1.01 Ca 4.05 (Si 7.83 Al 0.07 ) Σ = 7 , 90 O 20 F 1.05 · 8.1H 2 O, which was idealized to KCa 4 Si 8 O 20 F · 8H 2 O and contents of 5.19% K 2 O, 24.73% CaO, 52.98 % SiO 2 as well as 2.09% F and 15.89% H 2 O required.

Fluorapophyllite- (K) is the fluorine-dominant analog of the hydroxyl-dominated hydroxyapophyllite- (K), with which it forms a continuous mixed crystal row with variably exchangeable fluoride ions (fluorapophyllite (K)) and hydroxide ions (hydroxyapophyllite (K)). Fluorapophyllite (K) and hydroxyapophyllite (K) cannot be distinguished from one another either visually or by X-ray diffraction and in most cases also by optical methods. They can only be precisely assigned by chemical analysis.

In some apophyllites containing ammonium, up to 25% of the stoichiometric K + has been replaced by NH 4 + . It is possible that there is another mixed crystal row between fluorapophyllite- (K) and a hypothetical end link fluorapophyllite- (NH 4 ).

In particular, Indian apophyllites from highly porous basalts, which have maximum contents of 600 to 750 ppm vanadium , have contents of 1600 ppm vanadium and 350 ppm manganese in their trace elements . It has been shown that tetravalent vanadium in the form of the vanadyl ion (VO 2+ ) is responsible for the green color of the Indian apophyllites and also for their dichroism .

Crystal structure

Structure of the minerals of the apophyllite group: __ Ca 2+ , __ ( Na , K ) + , __ O 2− , __ F - , __ H + , __ Si 4+

Fluorapophyllite- (K) crystallizes in the tetragonal crystal system in the space group P 4 / mnc (space group no. 128) with the lattice parameters a  = 8.963  Å and c  = 15.804 Å as well as two formula units per unit cell . Template: room group / 128

Fluorapophyllite- (K) has an unusual single-layer structure, which consists of endless layers or networks of SiO 4 tetrahedra parallel (001) (see also the adjacent figure). In contrast to the six-membered rings of the mica group, these layers are made of four- and eight-membered rings of corner-sharing [SiO 4 ] 4- - tetrahedra constructed. The rings of four point alternately (alternately) up and down with respect to the c-axis. The layers are linked to one another by large calcium ions that connect two oxygen atoms , one (F, OH) ion and two H 2 O molecules from each of the adjacent layers . The connection of the H 2 O molecules with the oxygen atoms of the SiO 4 tetrahedra takes place via hydrogen bonds . Each (F, OH) ion is surrounded by four calcium ions lying in the same plane, while each potassium ion is surrounded by eight H 2 O molecules. The tetrahedral layers change continuously in this manner with layers from the large cations of calcium and potassium , as well as F - / OH - and H 2 consist O molecules. The arrangement of the layers parallel (001) explains the very perfect cleavage of the fluorapophyllite (K) in this direction.

The crystal water is expelled in two steps between 310 and 334 ° C and 430 and 450 ° C.

properties

morphology

Apophyllite with longitudinal stripes, created by building errors with the formation of adjacent sub-individuals
Fluorapophyllite (K) crystals with crenellated terminations on stilbite Ca from the Nashik district, India (size: 17.2 cm × 11.4 cm × 8.4 cm)

Fluorapophyllite- (K) almost always forms grown crystals up to 20 cm in size, which essentially appear in four different basic types with the main surface shapes {110}, {101} and {001} (see also the corresponding graphics). When comparing with historical crystal drawings, it must be noted that the arrangement of the crystals in modern drawings is rotated by 45 ° compared to the previous morphological orientation.

In addition to prismatic to isometric, pseudo-cubic crystals with the habit-defining, mostly in equilibrium surface shapes {110} and {001}, there are crystals that appear dipyramidal due to the dominance of {101} and tabular due to the dominance of {001}. Due to the simultaneous occurrence of {110} and {210}, the surfaces of {110} often show clear and deep stripes parallel to the edges and rounding. In contrast to this is the opinion, which was already held at the end of the 19th century, that the striation of the apophyllite is caused by structural defects with the formation of countless adjacent sub-individuals, with the individual blocks being offset by 1 ° to 3 °, as the crystal drawing on the right shows.

The surfaces of {001} are often matt, rough or run out into countless individual sub-individuals. Fluorapophyllite- (K) occasionally forms twins with the twin axis normal to (111) and the adhesion surface also normal to (111), consequently approximately parallel ( 1 1 3) (old arrangement!). Furthermore, reference must be made to the radially radiating fluorapophyllite (K) aggregates from Momin Akhada near Rahuri not far from Ahmednagar in India , whose spherical appearance is reminiscent of so-called disco balls .

  • Costume and habit of fluorapophyllite (K) crystals (the same colors mean the same surface shapes)

  • prismatic

  • prismatic-dipyramidal

  • dipyramidal prismatic

  • dipyramidal

  • isometric

  • tabular

  • prismatic crystal

  • prismatic-dipyramidal crystal

  • dipyramidal prismatic crystal

  • dipyramidal crystal

  • isometric crystal

  • thick tabular crystal

  • thin tabular crystals

physical and chemical properties

In its pure form, fluorapophyllite- (K) is colorless and water-clear-transparent. Due to multiple light refraction due to lattice construction defects or polycrystalline formation, the crystals are more often white, whereby the transparency decreases accordingly, or show pink, yellowish or greenish tones due to foreign atoms such as vanadium or due to inclusions of other minerals (e.g. celadonite , hematite ). The line color of the fluorapophyllite (K), however, is always white. The surfaces of the translucent to transparent crystals have a strong glass-like sheen on all surfaces , whereas on the surfaces of {001} and on cleavage surfaces they have a pearlescent sheen .

Fluorapophyllite- (K) has a very perfect cleavage according to {001}, but breaks due to its brittleness similar to amblygonite , whereby the fracture surfaces are uneven. With a Mohs hardness of 4.5 to 5, fluorapophyllite (K) is one of the medium-hard minerals that, like the reference minerals fluorite and apatite, can be scratched more or less easily with a pocket knife. The measured density for fluorapophyllite (K) is 2.33 to 2.37 g / cm³, depending on the author, the calculated density is 2.37 g / cm³.

In thin section Fluorapophyllit- (K) is colorless and has abnormal interference colors on. Characteristic of the mineral is a remarkably low birefringence and a variation of the optical character from positive to negative, which can often be observed in the same crystal . Fluorapophyllite (K) is often optically anomalous and biaxial. The mineral's optical anomalies have long been known; In addition to the biaxial nature, they express themselves in the division of fields and the "apophyllite rings", a special color in the interference figures. Apophyllite is strongly pyroelectric in such a way that when the heated crystal cools, the ends of its main axis are charged positively and the central regions are negatively charged.

Fluorapophyllite- (K) shows a clear reaction before the soldering tube due to the splitting off of the crystal water . The crystals puff up in a characteristic way and melt easily to form white, blistered enamel , whereas on charcoal they form a clear, transparent ball. The flame only turns violet in the vicinity of the sample. In the small flask it becomes dull when water is released; Fluorine reaction. By hydrochloric acid and nitric acid , it is easy, by sulfuric acid hard decomposable to give a slimy forms to gallerteartiger residue, which is more difficult to attack after annealing. The powder reacts strongly alkaline even after annealing.

Modifications and varieties

Fluorapophyllite (K) crystals from many localities are zoned continuously or discontinuously. For example, “fluorapophyllite” crystals from the “Sampo Mine” near Takahashi on Honshū in Japan always have a core made of fluorapophyllite- (Na) on which a more or less thin border of fluorapophyllite- (K) has grown. In the Fengjiashan mine in China, the core of the “apophyllite” crystals consists of fluorapophyllite (Na) with (Na 0.8 K 0.2 ) and the edge area of ​​formula-pure fluorapophyllite (K) with (K 1.0 ).

Have long been orthorhombic fluorine and potassium dominant apophyllites known. During the crystal structure analysis of an “apophyllite” from a druse in the basalt of Christmas , Arizona , it was found that the Si-O tetrahedra are slightly deformed, which reduces the symmetry from tetragonal to orthorhombic. Thus, it is an orthorhombic polymorph of Fluorapophyllit- (K) ( "Fluorapophyllit-1 O ") and the potassium-dominant analogue of sodium dominated Fluorapophyllit- (Na).

  • Tesselite: Near Nólsoy on the Faroe Islands , David Brewster found apophyllites, which showed characteristics of biaxial crystals in polarized light, and created his own species "tesselite" (from the Latin word "tessella", diminutive of tessera, cube).
  • Brünnichite: After the Danish mineralogist Morten Thrane Brünnich (1737–1827), the German naturalist and mineralogist Carl Ludwig Giesecke named a zeolite from Disko Island west of Greenland as Brünnichite. Its identity with apophyllite (then still ichthyophthalm) had already shown an analysis by Christian Gottlob Gmelin .
  • Oxahverite (Oxhaverite): Oxahverite named Brewster light gray, leek green, olive green and reddish brown crystals in petrified wood from the sources of Oxhaver near Husavik. Edward Turner proved that the only difference to apophyllite is the admixture of iron oxyhydroxides and Al 2 O 3 .
  • Albin: As Albin, Abraham Gottlob Werner differentiated the snow- and yellowish-white, hardly translucent crystals grown with and without calcite on natrolite, especially those from Aussig (Ústí n. L.), but also from the Faroe Islands and Oravița. Generally it is a weathered or altered apophyllite, pseudomorphosed or partly pseudomorphosed by calcite .
  • Xylochlor: Wolfgang Sartorius von Waltershausen named a mineral found in a brown-green fossil tree trunk in volcanic tuff between Húsavík and Halbjana-Stadr Kumbur on Iceland in the form of dipyramids colored olive-green by traces of iron after the Greek words ξύλον [xylos] for "wood" and χλωρός [chloros] for "green" as "xylochlor". The color is probably not caused by iron, but by vanadium (see above). Gustav Adolf Kenngott showed the identity with apophyllite.
  • Louisite: The leek green mineral from Blomidon in Nova Scotia , Canada , presented by Reverend D. Honeyman in 1878 , has been shown to be a mixture of radial quartz spheres in fissile apophyllite masses according to studies by Thomas Leonard Walker .

Pete Dunn and Wendell Wilson provide an overview of other historical names.

Education and Locations

Idiomorphic fluorapophyllite (K) crystals from Sankt Andreasberg in the Harz Mountains (size: 10.7 cm × 9.7 cm × 4.2 cm)
Fluorapophyllite (K) and harmotome from Korsnäs in Finland (size: 11.6 cm × 5.4 cm × 2.4 cm)
Large, green fluorapophyllite (K) crystals from Caxias do Sul , Brazil (size: 24 cm × 14 cm)
Fluorapophyllite (K) from the Upper New Street Quarry near Paterson , New Jersey, USA (size: 8.2 cm × 6.2 cm × 3.7 cm)

Fluorapophyllite (K) occurs as a secondary formation in cavities and former gas bubbles in basalt or other volcanic rocks , in drusen and miaroles in granitic rocks, in skarns and other metamorphic rocks, and as late hydrothermal formation in some mineral deposits . Accompanying minerals are almost always zeolites such as stilbit , laumontite and scolezite as well as calcite , prehnite , datolite , pectolite and quartz .

Among the around 1100 sites known for “apophyllite” worldwide so far (as of 2016), there are only approx. 320 locations in which the mineral fluorapophyllite (K) has been identified. For fluorapophyllite- (K) no type locality is shown, but the first place where this mineral was found is the Sörgrube near Hällestad not far from Finspång in the Landskap Östergötland , which corresponds to today's Swedish province of Östergötland County . Hällestad is identical to the oldest reported apophyllite occurrence by Carl Rinman.

The most beautiful, occasionally clearly pink fluorapophyllite (K) crystals in Germany come from the " Samson " and "St. Andreaskreuz “( Beerberg ), both near Sankt Andreasberg in the district of Goslar , Harz , Lower Saxony . The most important finds were the Samson main course , the Felicitaser course and the Franz Auguster course . Other German sites for the mineral are the “Kirchberg” quarry near Oberrotweil am Kaiserstuhl , the “Fohberg” (Hauri) quarry near Bötzingen , also located at the Kaiserstuhl, and the “Artenberg” quarry near Steinach not far from Haslach in the Black Forest , all in Baden-Württemberg . Also from the andesite quarry near Kreimbach-Kaulbach , Wolfstein , Rhineland-Palatinate , and from the “Quarry am Kuhlenberg” near Silbach am Winterberg , Sauerland , North Rhine-Westphalia . Further, from Ore ore deposits as Freiberg ( "Thurmhofschacht" of "Assumption mine") fire-Erbisdorf ( "Himmelsfürst repertory") Poehla (Tellerhäuser) and the deposit area Niederschlema-Alberoda , all axes .

In Austria , up to 5 cm large crystals with potassium feldspar were found on the Baumgartenalpe in Floitenthal and in the Floitengrund-Stillupgrund connecting tunnel in Floitengrund , both in the Zillertal , Tyrol . Crystals of similar size come from the Großer Lienzinger at the Kratzenbergsee , Hollersbachtal as well as from the “Dunkelklamm” and the “Prehnitinsel” on the Kratzenberg , both in the Habach Valley , all in the Hohe Tauern , Salzburg . Crystals up to 3 cm in size were found in the gneiss quarries of Arvigo , Val Calanca , Misox , Graubünden and from the large zeolite find of 1873 on the “Skolezitkehle” on the Schattig Wichel (Piz Giuv), Fellital , Uri , Switzerland .

From the legendary, but now under strict protection, zeolite discovery sites such as B. at Teigarhorn, in the area Breiðdalur - Berufjörður , Suður-Múlasýsla , Austurland , Iceland . In the United Kingdom in Scotland from the "Chapel Quarry" near Raith, Fife , and from several sites on the Isle of Skye , North West Highlands . These include Dunvegan at Duirinish ; “The Storr” (cf. Old Man of Storr ) not far from Portree and Quiraing near Staffin , both on the Trotternish peninsula . In Italy a . a. from a number of sites on the "Alpe de Siusi" ( Seiser Alm ) in Val Gardena , South Tyrol , Trentino-South Tyrol , including the Alpe Cepei ( Tschapit-Alpe , Cipitbach ) and "Rio Fromm" (Frommer Lahn) , both near Castelrotto ( Castelrotto ) , as well as “Buco dell'Inferno” (Lafreider Hell) count.

From the Czech Republic from numerous sites around Ústí nad Labem (Aussig) and Děčín (Tetschen) in the Bohemian Central Uplands , e.g. B. in the Mariánská Skála and near Soutěsky (Zautig) quarries , both in Ústecký kraj , and near Česká Lípa (Bohemian Leipa) , Liberecký kraj , all in Bohemia . In Romania in Skarnen together with wollastonite from the Băița Mining District ( Băița-Bihor ) near Nucet , Bihor County , and from the Oravița-Ciclova Cu-Mo- (W) -Erzfeld, Banat , Caraș-Severin County . With laumontite and calcite from altered andesites in the Transylvanian Ore Mountains as in Săcărâmb (formerly Nagyág ) not far from Deva , and near Stanija, both Hunedoara district . Honey Yellow, to 2 cm Fluorapophyllit- (K) crystals, together with Harmotom in "Korsnäs Lead Mine" at Korsnäs , landscape Ostrobothnia , Finland found. In Sweden in extremely large crystals from the Utö gruvor, Utö , Södermanland . In Norway from the "Charlotta Mine" and other copper mines (Kobbergruver) near Sulitjelma not far from Fauske , Nordland , as well as from the "Arent Quarry", the "Tuften 1 Quarry", the "Tuften 2 Quarry", the "Almenningen Quarry" ( Treschow-Fritzøe Quarry) and other quarries in Tvedalen near Larvik , Vestfold .

In Russia from the Mo-W deposit Tyrnyaus , Baksantal , Republic of Kabardino-Balkaria , North Caucasus and in alpinotype fissures on Mount Puiva near Saranpaul , Khanty and Mansi Autonomous Okrug / Ugra , Subpolarural, Ural Federal District . From the "Komsomolskii" deposit in the Cu-Ni ore field Talnach near Norilsk , Krasnoyarsk region , Siberia , in tabular, colorless, transparent crystals up to 5 cm in size. Also from the “Danburitovyi” deposit (“Opencast mine B”) and the “Bor” opencast mine as well as the 1. Sovetskij mine, all near Dalnegorsk (formerly Tetjuche ) in the Kavalerovo mining district, Primorye , Russian Far East .

In India , world-class specimens with fluorapophyllite (K) come mainly from the quarries and other outcrops in the triangle formed by the cities of Mumbai , Pune and Nashik in Maharashtra . In most cases these crystals are colorless, white or yellowish. In different shades of green z. T. completely, z. On the other hand, crystals with only zonal colors come from the quarries of Pashan Hills, Nashik-Eklera, Jalgaon , Lonavala , Mumbai-Malad, Mumbai-Pada and Mahad or were recovered from wells (Rahuri, Bidkin). In China, fluorapophyllite (K) is from the Fe-Sn deposit "Huanggang" (Huanggangliang Mine), Hexigte-Banner , Chifeng (Ulanhad), Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region ; from the “Xiaomeiling” wollastonite deposit near Liyang in the Chinese province of Jiangsu , as well as the “Fengjiashan Mine” (Daye Copper Mine) in Daye in the Chinese province of Hubei . In Japan finds come from the "Kamioka Mine" near the city of Hida in Gifu Prefecture within the Chūbu region on Honshū .

Very large crystals were found in “Das Antas”, Veranópolis near Bento Gonçalves , Rio Grande do Sul , Brazil . In Mexico from the "Mina la Valenciana" near Guanajuato and from the "Mina la Luz" near La Luz, both in the Municipio Guanajuato , Guanajuato , from the "Mina San Martín", San Martín-Sabinas District near San Martín, Municipio Sombrerete , Zacatecas and from the Skarn polymetallic deposit Charcas, Municipio Charcas , San Luis Potosí . From the United States from Keim's Mine and Elizabeth Mine (French Creek Mines), St. Peters, Warwick Township , Chester Co. , Pennsylvania , and Cornwall , Lebanon County , both Pennsylvania. Also from "Paterson", Passaic County , and from Bergen Hill in Hudson County , both New Jersey . With Kinoit from the "Christmas Mine" at Christmas in Dripping Spring Mts, Gila County , Arizona .

In South Africa there are good crystals from the “Palabora Mine” at Loolekop near Phalaborwa , Limpopo Province , as well as from the “Premier Mine” near Cullinan , City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality , Gauteng Province , and the “Jagersfontein Mine” near Jagersfontein, Xhariep District , Province Free State and the "Kimberley Mine" near Kimberley in the Frances Baard District , Northern Cape Province .

Fluorapophyllite (K) is also found in Australia , Chile , Canada , Costa Rica , France , Madagascar , Morocco , Namibia , Poland , Slovakia , Spain , Tajikistan , Uganda and the Ukraine as well as other locations in Brazil, Germany, India, Italy , Japan, Czech Republic, Finland, Norway, Austria, Russia, South Africa, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States.

use

Due to their size, color, luster and paragenesis, steps with fluorapophyllite (K) crystals represent formations that are primarily sought after by collectors.

Apophyllites generally form beautiful and clear crystals of high quality. Nevertheless, they are rather unsuitable for commercial use as gem stones , because they are too soft with a Mohs hardness of 4.5 to 5 and difficult to treat due to their very perfect cleavage and brittleness. For collectors, however, the mineral is occasionally offered in different shapes.

Due to its potassium content, fluorapophyllite (K) is an important mineral for 40 Ar / 39 Ar and Rb-Sr geochronology .

See also

literature

  • Paul Ramdohr , Hugo Strunz : Klockmann's textbook of mineralogy . 16th edition. Enke, Stuttgart 1978, ISBN 3-432-82986-8 , pp. 739-740 (first edition: 1891).
  • Martin Okrusch , Siegfried Matthes : Mineralogy: An introduction to special mineralogy, petrology and deposit science . 8th edition. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg 2009, ISBN 978-3-540-78200-1 , p. 154-155 (first edition: 1983).
  • Helmut Schrätze, Karl-Ludwig Weiner: Mineralogy. A textbook on a systematic basis . de Gruyter, Berlin; New York 1981, ISBN 3-11-006823-0 , pp. 803-804 (apophyllite).
  • Fluorapophyllite [Fluorapophyllite- (K)], In: John W. Anthony, Richard A. Bideaux, Kenneth W. Bladh, Monte C. Nichols (Eds.): Handbook of Mineralogy, Mineralogical Society of America , 2001 ( PDF, 77 kB )

Web links

Commons : Fluorapophyllite- (K)  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e Hugo Strunz , Ernest H. Nickel : Strunz Mineralogical Tables . 9th edition. E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagbuchhandlung (Nägele and Obermiller), Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-510-65188-X , p.  659 .
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Fluorapophyllite , In: John W. Anthony, Richard A. Bideaux, Kenneth W. Bladh, Monte C. Nichols (Eds.): Handbook of Mineralogy, Mineralogical Society of America , 2001 ( PDF, 77 kB )
  3. ↑ José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva : Brief statement of the properties and characteristics of some new fossils from Sweden and Norway together with some chemical remarks about them . In: General Journal of Chemistry . 4 (issue 19). Verlag S. Hirzel , Berlin 1800, p.  32 ( available online in the General Journal of Chemistry p. 32 in the Google book search).
  4. ↑ Ernest AJ Burke: Tidying up mineral names: an IMA-CNMNC scheme for suffixes, hyphens and diacritical marks . In: The Mineralogical Record . tape 39 , 2008, p. 131-135 .
  5. ↑ Frédéric Hatert, Stuart J. Mills, Marco Pasero, Peter A. Williams (2013): CNMNC guidelines for the use of suffixes and prefixes in mineral nomenclature, and for the preservation of historical names. In: European Journal of Mineralogy , Volume 25, pp. 113-115.
  6. ^ IMA / CNMNC List of Mineral Names; May 2016 (PDF; 1.6 MB)
  7. ^ AA Colville, CP Anderson, PM Black: Refinement of the crystal structure of apophyllite I. X-ray diffraction and physical properties . In: The American Mineralogist . tape 56 , 1971, p. 1222–1233 ( minsocam.org [PDF; 652 kB ]).
  8. ^ A b c William Alexander Deer , Robert Andrew Howie , Jack Zussman : Rock-forming minerals Vol. 3B: Layered silicates excluding micas and clay minerals . 2nd Edition. Geological Society, London 2009, ISBN 978-1-86239-259-5 , pp.  288-304 (first edition: 1961).
  9. ^ A b Pete J. Dunn, Wendell E. Wilson (1978): Nomenclature revisions in the Apophyllite group: Hydroxyapophyllite, Apophyllite, Fluorapophyllite. In: The Mineralogical Record , Volume 9, pp. 95-98 ( PDF, 2.85 MB ).
  10. ^ A b c Giselle F. Marriner, John Tarney, J. Ian Langford (1990): Apophyllite group: effects of chemical substitutions on dehydration behavior, recrystallization products and cell parameters. In: Mineralogical Magazine , Volume 54, pp. 567-577 ( PDF, 1.29 MB ).
  11. ^ George R. Rossman: Optical Spectroscopy of Green Vanadium Apophyllite from Poona, India . In: The American Mineralogist . tape 59 , 1974, pp. 621–622 ( minsocam.org [PDF; 223 kB ]).
  12. ^ George R. Rossman: Optical Spectroscopy . In: Grant S. Henderson, Daniel R. Neuville, Robert T. Downs (Eds.): Spectroscopic Methods in Mineralogy and Material Sciences . 1st edition. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, No. 78 . De Gruyter, Boston, ISBN 978-0-939950-93-5 , pp. 371-398 .
  13. ↑ Martin Okrusch , Siegfried Matthes : Mineralogie: An introduction to special mineralogy, petrology and deposit science . 8th edition. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg 2009, ISBN 978-3-540-78200-1 , p.  154-155 (first edition: 1983).
  14. ↑ George Y. Chao (1971): The Refinement of the Crystal Structure of Apophyllite - Determination oh the hydrogen positions by X-ray diffraction. In: The American Mineralogist , Volume 56, pp. 1234-1242 ( PDF, 468 kB ).
  15. ↑ a b c Paul Ramdohr , Hugo Strunz : Klockmanns textbook of mineralogy . 16th edition. Enke, Stuttgart 1978, ISBN 3-432-82986-8 , pp.  739-740 (first edition: 1891).
  16. ↑ Johann Rumpf: About the crystal structure of apophyllite . In: Tschermaks Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen NF Volume 2 , 1879, p. 369-391 .
  17. ^ A b Berthold Ottens : India: Minerals - Locations - Deposits . 1st edition. Christian Weise Verlag, Munich 2011, ISBN 978-3-921656-76-1 , p.  277-283 .
  18. ↑ a b c d e f Carl Hintze : Handbuch der Mineralogie. Second volume. Silicates and titanates . 1st edition. Veit & Co., Leipzig 1897, p.  1731-1745 .
  19. ^ David Brewster : On a New Optical and Mineralogical structure, exhibited in certain specimens of Apophyllite an other minerals . In: The Edinburgh Philosophical Journal . tape  1 . Publisher Archibald Constable and Company , Edinburgh 1819, p 1–8 ( available online in The Edinburgh Philosophical Journal p. 1 ff. In the Google book search).
  20. ^ Wilhelm Gottlieb Hankel : About the thermoelectric properties of Kalkspathes, Berylles, Idocrases (Vesuvianes) and Apophyllites . In: Reports on the negotiations of the Royal Saxon Society of Sciences in Leipzig. Math-physical class . tape  26 . Verlag S. Hirzel , Leipzig 1875, p. 465–472 ( available online in Reports on the Negotiations of the Royal Saxon Society of Sciences in Leipzig, pp. 465 ff. In the Google book search).
  21. ^ Carl Rinman : Experiment with zeolite or guests (shower stone) . In: The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences New Essays on Nature, Housekeeping, and Mechanics for 1784 . tape  5 . Verlag Johann Samuel Heinsius , Leipzig 1786, p. 51–68 ( available online in The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences New Treatises from the Study of Nature, Household Art and Mechanics, pp. 51 ff. In Google Book Search).
  22. ↑ Hiroharu Matsueda, Yasunori Miura, John Rucklidge: Natroapophyllite, a new orthorhombic sodium analog of apophyllite - I. Description, occurrence, and nomenclature . In: The American Mineralogist . tape 66 , 1981, pp. 410-415 ( rruff.info [PDF; 1.4 MB ]).
  23. ^ Frank C. Hawthorne, Mark A. Cooper, Joel D. Grice, Andrew C. Roberts, William R. Cook Jr., Robert Lauf: Hubeite, a new mineral from the Daye mine near Huangshi, Hubei Province, China . In: The Mineralogical Record . tape 33 , 2002, pp. 455-471 .
  24. ^ Toshio Kato, Yasunori Miura: The crystral structure of orthorhombic apophyllite . In: Natural Sci. Report, Yamaguchi Univ., College of Arts Bull. Volume 1975 , 1991, p. 15-22 .
  25. ↑ Christian Gmelin : Analys af Ichthyophthalm . In: Kongl. Vetenskaps Academiens Handlingar för år 1816 . tape  1816 . Verlag Joh.Pehr Lindh , Stockholm 1816, p. 171–174 ( available online in Kongl. Vetenskaps Academiens Handlingar för år 1816, p. 171 ff. In the Google book search).
  26. ^ Leonard James Spencer : Eleventh list of new mineral names . In: Mineralogical Magazine . tape  21 , 1928, pp. 556–58 , doi : 10.1180 / minmag.1928.021.122.04 ( minersoc.org [PDF; 1,2 MB ]).
  27. ^ David Brewster : Description of Oxahverite, a new mineral from Oxahver, in Iceland . In: The Edinburgh Journal of Science . tape  1827 . John Thomson and T. Cadell, Edinburgh and London 1816, pp. 115–118 ( available online in The Edinburgh Journal of Science pp. 115 ff. In the Google book search).
  28. ^ Edward Turner : Analysis of Oxahverite . In: The Edinburgh Journal of Science . tape  1827 . John Thomson and T. Cadell, Edinburgh and London 1816, pp. 118–121 ( available online in The Edinburgh Journal of Science, pp. 118 ff. In Google book search).
  29. ↑ Albin. In: Abraham Gottlob Werner : Abraham Gottlob Werner's last mineral system: Edited from his estate by order of the Mining Authority and provided with explanations 1st edition, Craz & Gerlich and Carl Gerold, Freiberg and Vienna 1817, pp. 37–38. limited preview in Google Book search
  30. ↑ Wolfgang Sartorius von Waltershausen : About the volcanic rocks in Sicily and Iceland and their submarine transformation . 1st edition. Dieterichsche Buchhandlung, Göttingen 1853, p.  297–301 ( available online in About the volcanic rocks in Sicily and Iceland and their submarine transformation , p. 297 ff. In the Google book search).
  31. ↑ Gustav Adolf Kenngott : About the composition of apophyllite . In: Journal for practical chemistry . tape  89 . Johann Ambrosius Barth, Leipzig 1863, p. 449–455 ( available online in Journal for practical chemistry, pp. 449 ff. In the Google book search).
  32. ^ Reverend D. Honeyman: A new mineral (Louisite) from Blomidon, NS In: Proceedings Nova Scotian Institute Natural Science . tape 5 . John Thomson and T. Cadell, Edinburgh and London 1878, p. 15-16 ( available online in Proceedings Nova Scotian Institute Natural Science p. 16 f. In the Google book search).
  33. ^ Thomas Leonard Walker : On the nature of Louisite . In: The Proceedings and Transactions of the Nova Scotian Institute of Science . tape  16 , 1927, pp. 35-37 .
  34. ↑ Mindat - Number of localities for the apophyllite group
  35. ↑ Mindat - Number of localities for fluorapophyllite (K)
  36. ↑ a b List of locations for fluorapophyllite (K) in the Mineralienatlas and Mindat
  37. ↑ Mindat - First place of discovery of fluorapophyllite (K)
  38. ↑ Axel Hiller, Werner Schuppan: Geology and Uranium Mining in the Schlema-Alberoda Revier (Mining in Saxony, Mining Monograph Volume 14) . 1st edition. Saxon State Office for Environment, Agriculture and Geology, Dresden 2008, ISBN 978-3-9811421-3-6 , p. 48 .
  39. ^ Hans Anton Stalder, Albert Wagner, Stefan Graeser, Peter Stuker: Mineralienlexikon der Schweiz . 1st edition. Wepf & Co., Basel 1998, ISBN 3-85977-200-7 , p. 50 .
  40. ↑ Gheorghe Udubaşa, Rudolf Duda, Sándor Szakáll, Victor Kvanytsya, Ewa Koszowska, Milan Novák: Minerals of the Carpathians . 1st edition. Granit, LPrague 2002, ISBN 80-7296-014-8 , p. 310 .
  41. ↑ Thure Georg Sahama : Yellow apophyllite from Korsnäs, Finland . In: Mineralogical Magazine . tape  34 , 1965, pp. 406-415 ( rruff.info [PDF; 1.3 MB ]).
  42. ↑ Bruce Cairncross , Roger Dixon : Minerals of South Africa . 2nd Edition. Geological Society of South Africa , Linden (South Africa) 1999, ISBN 0-620-19324-7 , pp.  215 .
  43. ^ Walter Schumann: Precious stones and gemstones. All kinds and varieties. 1900 unique pieces . 16th revised edition. BLV Verlag, Munich 2014, ISBN 978-3-8354-1171-5 , pp. 222 .
  44. ↑ - Apophyllite (with picture examples of cut apophyllite)
  45. ↑ Thomas H. Fleming, Kenneth A. Foland, David A. Elliot (1990): Apophyllite 40 Ar / 39 Ar and Rb-Sr geochronology: Potential utility and application to the timing of secondary mineralization of the Kirkpatrick Basalt, Antarctica. In: Journal of Geophysical Research , Volume 104, pp. 20,081-20,095.