Spherocobaltite

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Spherocobaltite
Spherocobaltite-112780.jpg
Crust of spherical aggregates of neon-pink colored spherocobaltite crystals with white aragonite from Kolwezi in the Katanga Copper Crescent, Haut-Katanga , Democratic Republic of the Congo . Step size: 4 × 3.6 × 1.1 cm.
General and classification
other names
  • Spherocobaltites
  • Sphaerocobaltite
  • Cobalt calcite
  • Cobalt spath
  • Cobalt carbonate
  • Sphaerocobaltite, spherocobaltite, sperocobaltite
chemical formula Co [CO 3 ]
Mineral class
(and possibly department) 		Carbonates and nitrates - carbonates without additional anions; without H 2 O
System no. to Strunz
and to Dana 		5.AB.05 ( 8th edition : Vb / A.02)
01/14/01/05
Similar minerals cobalt-containing calcite , cobalt-containing dolomite
Crystallographic Data
Crystal system trigonal
Crystal class ; symbol ditrigonal-scalenohedral; 3  2 / m
Space group R 3 c (No. 167)Template: room group / 167
Lattice parameters a  = 4.6618  Å ; c  = 14.963 Å
Formula units Z  = 6
Frequent crystal faces {10 1 1}, {001}, {10 1 0}
Twinning observed
Physical Properties
Mohs hardness 4th
Density (g / cm 3 ) 4.02 to 4.13 (measured); 4.208 to 4.214 (calculated)
Cleavage indistinct after {10 1 1} in analogy to calcite
Break ; Tenacity coarse jet; brittle
colour Aggregates: peach blossom-colored, velvet black outside; also deep pink, dark magenta, red, often gray, brown or black on the surface. Crystals: light pink to dark pink-violet, violet-red
Line color peach blossom red; magenta to red
transparency translucent to translucent
shine Glass gloss
magnetism antiferromagnetic
Crystal optics
Refractive indices n ω  = 1.855
n ε  = 1.600
Birefringence δ = 0.255
Optical character uniaxial negative
Pleochroism clearly from O = violet red to E = rose red
Other properties
Chemical behavior Slowly soluble in cold HCl . Rapid dissolution in hot acids with bubbles.
Special features no fluorescence

Spherocobaltite is a rarely occurring mineral from the mineral class " carbonates and nitrates " (formerly carbonates, nitrates and borates ). It crystallizes in the trigonal crystal system with the idealized chemical composition Co [CO 3 ], so chemically speaking it is cobalt (II) carbonate .

Spherocobaltite only seldom develops rhombohedral crystals up to 5 mm in size, which are colored light pink to dark pink-violet or violet-red. Much more common are coarse-grained, concentric, spherical or massive mineral aggregates , which can be peach blossom - colored, deep rose-red, dark magenta-red or red and are often gray, brown or velvety black on the surface.

The type locality of Sphärocobaltits is the course "Adam Heber Flat" of "Daniel treasure trove" ( coordinates of Daniel mine ) near the formerly independent, now in Schneeberg eingemeindeten mountain town Neustädtel (Snow Mountain) in the Ore Mountains , western Erzgebirge , Saxony , Germany .

Etymology and history

Hut house, pantry and room house (from right to left) of the "Daniel Fundgrube" in Schneeberg - the spherocobaltite type locality. State in October 2014.

The mineral was first described in 1877 by the German mineralogist in the “Yearbook for Mining and Metallurgy in the Kingdom of Saxony”.

“In the company of the new Roselith occurrence, spheroids of an outwardly black velvet-like appearance can now be found in sparing quantities, but internally of an erythrine-red color, which gave the high weight 4.02 to 4.13 (22 ° Cels.), I.e. that of the cobalt flower of the same color (3.00) and also of Roselith (3.56) noticeably exceed. These results prompted me to inform Mr. Bergrath Winkler, who immediately carried out an analysis and recognized the body as cobalt carbonate. "

- Albin Julius Weisbach : Yearbook for Mining and Metallurgy in the Kingdom of Saxony (1877)

Weisbach referred to an article from 1874, in which the circumstances of the discovery of the “Roselith new deposit” are described and the exact location is named. “In September I received two steps from Mr. Tröger, Bergverwalter in Neustädtel, with the remark that after years of searching for Roselith in his pits, he finally found it in a recently opened druse of Adam Heber Flachen of the Daniel pit have guessed. "

An excerpt from the type publication appeared in the same year in the New Yearbook for Mineralogy, Geology and Palaeontology edited by Gustav von Leonhard and Hanns Bruno Geinitz . Weisbach described the mineral under the name Kobaltspath , but in the following text suggested the "international name" spherocobaltite for the new mineral:

"For this our cobalt spar, corresponding to the names calcite, magnesite, siderite, the name cobaltite would be recommended as more international, if the Beudantian" cobaltine "had not found general acceptance for the bright cobalt: therefore I believe the name" spherocobaltite "conforming to spherosiderite to have to give preference. "

- Albin Julius Weisbach : Yearbook for Mining and Metallurgy in the Kingdom of Saxony (1877)

The name (from ancient Greek σφαῖρα sphaira , German 'ball' over Latin sphaera with the same meaning) refers to the shape of the mineral aggregates and the cobalt content . Charles Palache , Harry Berman and Clifford Frondel rejected the name spherocobaltite in the 7th edition of "The System of Mineralogy" because of the (unintentionally) suggested - but nonexistent! - Relationship to cobaltite as well as the use of the shape of the aggregates for the official mineral name instead of an educational variety. Instead, they used the new name Cobalto-Calcite .

"This name is unsatisfactory because of the suggested relation to cobaltite and the use of the mode of aggregation as a species rather than as a varietal designation and is here replaced by the name cobalto-calcite."

"This name is unsatisfactory because of the proposed relationship to cobaltite and the use of the type of aggregation as a species and not as a variety designation and is replaced here by the name cobalto-calcite."

- Charles Palache , Harry Berman and Clifford Frondel : The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana

However, this was an unfortunate choice, since calcites have been named with this term since the 19th century , which are colored pink by low cobalt content. Consequently, the "Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names" changed the International Mineralogical Association in 1980 (IMA) the name to " Spherocobaltite, not cobaltocalcite or nodular cobaltite " - another unfortunate decision because the original name Sphärocobaltit and not Spherocobaltit was . Spherocobaltite is still the official name of the IMA for this mineral.

Type material of the mineral is in the "Geoscientific Collections" at the Technical University Bergakademie Freiberg in Freiberg , Saxony , Germany (catalog no. 15183 at location "b 8.1").

classification

In the 8th edition of the mineral classification by Strunz the Sphärocobaltit belonged to the common mineral class of "carbonates, nitrates and borates" and then to the Department of "carbonates" where he together with calcite , gaspeite , magnesite , otavite , rhodochrosite , siderite and Smithsonit the "Calcite group" with the system no. Vb / A.02 within the sub-section “Anhydrous carbonates without foreign anions ”.

In the last revised and updated Lapis mineral directory by Stefan Weiß in 2018 , which, out of consideration for private collectors and institutional collections, is still based on this outdated system of Karl Hugo Strunz , the mineral received the system and mineral number. V / B.02-070 . In the "Lapis system" this corresponds to the section "Anhydrous carbonates [CO 3 ] 2- , without foreign anions", where spherocobaltite together with vaterite , calcite, magnesite, siderite, rhodochrosite, smithsonite, gaspéit and otavite also form the "calcite Group "(V / B.02).

The 9th edition of Strunz's mineral systematics , which has been in effect since 2001 and was updated by the IMA until 2009, assigns spherocobaltite to the “carbonates and nitrates” class, which has been reduced by the borates, and to the “carbonates without additional anions” section; without H 2 O “. This is further subdivided according to the group affiliation of the cations involved , so that the mineral can be found according to its composition in the subsection "alkaline earth (and other M 2+ ) carbonates", where it can be found together with calcite, gaspéit, magnesite, otavite, rhodochrosite , Siderite and Smithsonite the "Calcite group" with the system no. 5.AB.05 forms.

The systematics of minerals according to Dana classifies the spherocobaltite like the old Strunz'sche systematics in the common class of "carbonates, nitrates and borates" and there in the department of "anhydrous carbonates". Here it is together with calcite, magnesite, siderite, rhodochrosite, smithsonite, otavite and gaspéit in the "calcite group (Orthorhombic: Pmcn )" with the system no. 01/14/01 to be found in the subsection of " Anhydrous carbonates with simple formula A + CO 3 ".

Chemism

Average values from ten microprobe analyzes on spherocobaltite from Bou Azzer in Morocco yielded 39.82% CoO; 4.56% MgO; 4.00% NiO; 2.26% CaO; 2.09% FeO; 0.53% MnO; 0.20% Na 2 O; (Total 53.44%, C was not measured, but calculated from the difference and stoichiometry). On the basis of three oxygen atoms, the empirical formula is calculated from this (Co 0.68 Mg 0.15 Ni 0.07 Ca 0.05 Fe 0.04 Mn 0.01 ) Σ = 1.00 CO 3 , which is can be idealized to CoCO 3 . This idealized formula requires 63.00% CoO and 37.00% CO 2 .

Other analyzes (e.g. in Charles Palache , Harry Berman and Clifford Frondel 1951) show that spherocobaltite almost always contains measurable proportions of the non-formula elements calcium, nickel and iron.

The only combination of elements Co – C – O has only spherocobaltite among the currently known minerals. Chemically similar are Comblainit , Ni 4 Co 2 (OH) 12 [CO 3 ] · 3H 2 O; Julienite , Na 2 [Co (SCN) 4 ] • 8H 2 O; and Kolwezite , CuCo (CO 3 ) (OH) 2 ; as well as cobalt-containing varieties of calcite, (Ca, Co) CO 3 ; Dolomite, (Ca, Mg, Co) CO 3 ; Rhodochrosite, (Mn, Co) CO 3 ; and smithsonite, (Zn, Co) CO 3 .

From a chemical point of view, spherocobaltite is the cobalt-dominant analogue of Ca-dominated calcite, Ni-dominated gaspéite, Mg-dominated magnesite, Cd-dominated otavite, Mn-dominated rhodochrosite, Fe-dominated siderite and Zn-dominated Smithsonite. Mixed crystals exist between all these components , but in nature there are only a few of these minerals complete mixed crystal rows. So exist z. B. between spherocobaltite and calcite miscibility gaps. Cobalt-rich dolomite, Ca (Mg, Co) (CO 3 ) 2 , and Co-rich calcite, (Ca, Co) CO 3 , can contain up to 20 mol% Co and up to 2 mol% Co, respectively Install crystal lattice. However, a complete series of mixed crystals was detected between spherocobaltite and magnesite, which is also due to the great similarity of the ionic radii for Co 2+ (0.745 Å) and octahedrally coordinated Mg 2+ (0.72 Å).

Crystal structure

Spatial representation of the structure of spherocobaltite in cation-centered polyhedral representation and standard crystallographic orientation. The orange outline shows the unit cell. Color legend:   __ Co __ C __ O

Spherocobaltite crystallizes in the trigonal crystal system in the space group R 3 c (space group no. 167) with the lattice parameters a = 4.6581  Å and c = 14.958 Å as well as six formula units per unit cell . These crystallographic data compiled by Donald L. Graf in the Crystallographic tables for the rhombohedral carbonates were determined on naturally formed spherocobaltite. Franz Pertlik, on the other hand, used cobalt (II) carbonate synthesized under hydrothermal conditions for a single crystal structure analysis of the spherocobaltite and determined the lattice parameters with a = 4.6618 Å and c = 14.963 Å. Template: room group / 167

The crystal structure of spherocobaltite consists of layers of planar, parallel (0001) aligned CO 3 groups, each C atom being surrounded by three O atoms as in an equilateral triangle. Furthermore, layers are six-coordinate Co [6] - octahedra with shared corners which alternate in direction [0001]. Each oxygen atom of a CO 3 group connects a Co [6] atom of the underlying layer with a Co [6] atom of the layer above, thereby forming a three-dimensional network.

Spherocobaltite is isotypic (isostructural) with its Ca, Ni, Mg, Cd, Mn, Fe 2+ and Zn analogues calcite, gaspéite, magnesite, otavite, rhodochrosite, siderite and smithsonite - so all of these minerals have one identical crystal structure.

Cobalt carbonate single crystals (spherocobaltite) can be grown in aqueous lithium chloride solutions at high temperatures and pressures. The complex formed in the CoCO 3 -H 2 O-LiCl system transports the dissolved compound components from the dissolution zone to the growth zone . CoCO 3 is stable in the calcite structure up to at least 56 GPa and 1200 K. At 57 GPa and after laser heating above 2000 K, CoCO 3 partially decomposes and forms cobalt (II) oxide . These values ​​suggest that carbonates can be stable in the calcite-type structure at lower cladding conditions if the radius of the cation incorporated into the carbonate structure is equal to or less than that of Co 2+ (0.745 Å).

properties

morphology

Flat rhombohedral, disc-shaped spherocobaltite crystals on quartz. Agoudal Center Quarry, Bou Azzer Mining District, Taznakht , Ouarzazate , Drâa-Tafilalet , Morocco

The spherocobaltite of the first discovery forms spheroids, which show a coarse radial structure in the break and show excellent curvilinearity on the individual stems. Examining the surface of the spheroids under the microscope reveals a multitude of small crystals, the free ends of which represent combinations of a flat rhombohedron - possibly {10 1 0} - and the base {0001} in such a way that the bases touch the spheroidal surface of the aggregates , so the main axes of the individuals coincide with the longitudinal directions of the stems. In other words, the mostly grape-like and spherical aggregates occasionally show rough surfaces, which consist of microscopic rhombohedra with the base. Rice grain-shaped aggregates reminiscent of Smithsonite come from Aghbar in the Moroccan mining district of Bou Azzer. Other units are usually designed in the shape of a cock's comb, compact, radial or concentric. Furthermore, spherocobaltite is massive or crust-forming.

Spherocobaltite crystals with typical "pseudo-surfaces". Schneeberg, Saxony / Germany

Clear crystals are said to have been unknown until 1930. In contrast, there is a stage from the mineralogical collection of the TU Bergakademie Freiberg, labeled by Albin Weisbach in 1899, with excellently formed short prismatic crystals, whose costume is also indicated on the label. In 1957, decades after the first description, the Saxon mineralogist Emil Fischer identified crystals whose crystal costume consists of the rhombohedron {10 1 0} and which are delimited in the prism zone by six pseudo-isosceles triangles. Other crystals have pseudo-surfaces which roughly correspond to the hexagonal prism {11 2 0}, but are actually made up of the surface shapes {10 1 1}, {08 8 1} and others (compare the crystal drawings on the right). Crystals from Bou Azzer and Agoudal are sharp-edged, rhombohedral to disc-shaped and reach edge lengths of up to 2 mm. Furthermore, there are also lenticular curved to saddle-shaped curved crystals reminiscent of rhodochrosite, which come together to form rosette-shaped aggregates, and variants shaped like flat siderite rhombohedra. Twinning is known.

Carlos Pimentel and colleagues grew epitaxial (oriented) intergrowths of spherocobaltite (and otavite) on the {10 1 4} surfaces of dolomite in highly supersaturated solutions at room temperature . Such or similar epitaxies do not seem to exist in nature.

physical and chemical properties

The rare crystals of spherocobaltite are violet-red or light pink to dark pink-violet, whereby the color depends not only on the size of the crystals but also on the type of matrix and the accompanying minerals (hererogenite). Spheroid mineral aggregates are peach blossom-colored inside and velvety black outside; other aggregates can be colored deep rose-red, dark magenta-red or red and on the surface often turned gray, brown or velvety black. The line color of the spherocobaltite, however, is peach blossom red or magenta to red. The surfaces of the translucent to transparent crystals show a characteristic glass-like sheen . According to this glass luster, spherocobaltite has a medium to high light refraction ( n ε  = 1.600; n ω  = 1.855) and - like many carbonates - extremely high birefringence (δ = 0.255). In the transmitted light, the uniaxially negative spherocobaltite is reddish in various tones and shows a clear pleochroism from ω = violet red to ε = rose red.

In analogy to calcite, spherocobaltite exhibits indistinct cleavage according to {10 1 1}. Due to its brittleness , the mineral breaks like prehnite or tremolite , with the fracture surfaces being coarse jet. Spherocobaltite has a Mohs hardness of 4 and is one of the medium-hard minerals that, like the reference mineral fluorite (hardness 4), can be easily scratched with a pocket knife. The measured density for spherocobaltite is 4.02 to 4.13 g / cm³, the calculated density is 4.208 to 4.214 g / cm³.

Spherocobaltite is antiferromagnetic . He is not in the long wavelength even in the short wavelength UV light , a fluorescent .

“When heated in a small flask, the red mineral turns black before the glowing heat occurs; in the cold it is little attacked by hydrochloric acid and nitric acid , but in the warm it is dissolved with vigorous development of carbonic acid bubbles. "

Education and Locations

The Kamoto Mine in the Kolwezi Mining District, Haut-Katanga, DR Congo

Sphärocobaltit formed in the oxidation zone of hydrothermal , Cobalt ores leading deposits as a rare oxidation product of cobalt arsenides . Spherocobaltite itself can transform itself here into heterogenite , Co 3+ O (OH) - a mineral which was formerly known under the name "stainierite". The world's best spherocobaltite crystals come from the “Mashamba West Mine” in the Democratic Republic of the Congo . Due to its color, spherocobaltite is often confused with cobalt-containing calcite or cobalt-containing dolomite.

Accompanying minerals include roselith , erythrin and annabergite (Schneeberg, Saxony, Germany) as well as cobalt-containing calcite and cobalt-containing dolomite (deposits in the DR Congo). Other paragenesis minerals can be dolomite, quartz (also as rock crystal ), paratacamite , cobalt solder armyerite , representatives of the roselite- wendwilsonite solid solution series, hematite, heterogenite and cobaltaustinite as well as lavendulan .

Spherocobaltite has so far (as of 2019) been described by around 50 sites as a rare mineral formation. The type locality of the spherocobaltite is the ore "Adam Heber Flacher" of the "Daniel Fundgrube" not far from the formerly independent mountain town Neustädtel in the Erzgebirgskreis , western Ore Mountains , Saxony , Germany , which is now incorporated into Schneeberg . This pit is also type locality for erythrin (1719), koechlinite (1916), köttigit (1849) and safflorite (1817).

Other sites for spherocobaltite in Germany are the “Siebenschlehen Fundgrube” (“Shaft 10”) also located near Neustädtel / Schneeberg; the "Father Abraham" pit ("Schacht 139" or "Schacht 152") near Lauta in the Marienberg district , Saxon Ore Mountains, and the "Eisenzecher Zug" mine near Eiserfeld near Siegen , Siegerland , North Rhine-Westphalia .

In Switzerland , the mineral is known from the Turtmann Valley , a side valley of the Rhone Valley in the canton of Valais . Locations from Austria are unknown.

Dark chestnut brown spherocobaltite crystals on light pink calcite from the "Mashamba West Mine" near Kolwezi, Katanga Copper Crescent, Haut-Katanga, DR Congo. Step size: 8.9 x 5.6 x 3.8 cm.
Dark magenta colored spherocobaltite crystals up to 0.5 cm in size from Kolwezi, Haut-Katanga, DR Congo. Step size: 11.5 × 6.0 × 4.5 cm.
Isolated spherocobaltite crystals several millimeters in size with lavender-colored erythrin from the “Kakanda North Mine” near Kambove, Haut-Katanga, DR Congo. Step size: 6.0 × 4.0 × 4.4 cm.

Other localities for this mineral include:

Europe
Africa
  • the "Aghbar Mine" and the "Aghbar" open pit near Aghbar; the "Agoudal Center Quarry" and the "Agoudal Mines" near Agoudal; the course “Vein No. 51 “from Aït Ahmane; the course “Vein No. 2 "of the" Bou Azzer Mine "and the" Oumlil Mine "(incl. Oumlil East Mine) near Oumlil, all in the Bou Azzer District, Taznakht , Ouarzazate Province , Drâa-Tafilalet region , Morocco
  • the "Kambove Principal Mine", "Kamoya South II Mine" (or "Kamoya Sud Mine") near Kamoya, "Mindingi Mine" (Mindigi Mine) and the Shinkolobwe pits, all in the Kambove District, Haut-Katanga , DR Congo Mine (Kasolo Mine) at Likasi
  • the "L'Etoile du Congo Mine" (or "Star of the Congo Mine" or "Kalukuluku Mine") and the "Ruashi Mine" near Lubumbashi , Haut-Katanga, DR Congo
  • the "Kakanda North Mine" belonging to the Kakanda deposit in the Kambove district, Lualaba province , DR Congo (very large crystals)
  • the Kolwezi mining district , Lualaba, DR Congo, includes the “Kabolela Mine”, the “Kalongwe” deposit, the “Kamoto Principal Mine” (“Kamoto Fond Mine” or “Kamoto Mine”) near Kamoto , the Cu-Co deposit “Kansuki” near Kisamfu, the “Kolwezi Mine” and the “Musonoi Mine” (“Musonoi Extension Mine”) near Kolwezi, the “Mashamba West Mine”, the “Mupine Mine” and the “Tenke-Fungurume” area with the pits "Kansalawile" and "Mambilima"
Asia
Australia
North and South America

Precautions

The synthetic cobalt (II) carbonate has been classified as carcinogenic . According to the information material available, a risk of toxic effects on reproduction (endangering and / or damaging to fertility) must be suspected.

use

With a CoO content of around 40% by weight, spherocobaltite would be a rich and easily smeltable cobalt ore . Due to its rarity, however, the mineral is likely to find its way into smelting at most as an oxidation product of primary cobalt ore minerals such as safflorite , skutterudite , cobaltite , linneit or carrollite (e.g. in the Copperbelt in Zambia, in the Kolwezi mining district in the DR Congo, and in Bou Azzer in Morocco). Industrially produced cobalt (II) carbonate is used as a feed additive for ruminants who need cobalt to produce vitamin B12 . Cobalt (II) carbonate is also required for catalysts and pigments and forms the blue dye in certain ceramic glazes .

Due to its lack of gemological characteristics (transparency, refractive indices, hardness and size of the crystals), especially due to its low hardness, spherocobaltite is rarely ground. Only the lively color means that spherocobaltite is occasionally faceted or made into cabochons. Such stones are pure collector's items. Images of polished spherocobaltites can be seen at RealGems.org, Classicgems.net and patrickvoillot.com. In addition, spherocobaltite is a sought-after mineral by mineral collectors.

See also

literature

Web links

Commons : Spherocobaltite  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Malcolm Back, William D. Birch, Michel Blondieau and others: The New IMA List of Minerals - A Work in Progress - Updated: September 2019. (PDF 2692 kB) In: cnmnc.main.jp. IMA / CNMNC, Marco Pasero, September 2019, accessed October 4, 2019 .
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Spherocobaltite . In: John W. Anthony, Richard A. Bideaux, Kenneth W. Bladh, Monte C. Nichols (Eds.): Handbook of Mineralogy, Mineralogical Society of America . 2001 ( handbookofmineralogy.org [PDF; 63  kB ; accessed on November 3, 2019]).
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g h Charles Palache , Harry Berman , Clifford Frondel : Cobaltocalcite . In: The System of Mineralogy . of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana Yale University 1837-1892. 7th edition. II (Halides Nitrates, Borates, Carbonates, Sulfates, Phosphates, Arsenates, Tungstates, Molybdates etc.). John Wiley & Sons, New York 1951, ISBN 0-471-19272-4 , pp.  175–176 (English, rruff.info [PDF; 162 kB ; accessed on November 3, 2019] First edition: 1892).
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Albin Weisbach : Mineralogische Mittheilungen: VI. Cobalt spath . In: Yearbook for the mining and steel industry in the Kingdom of Saxony, treatises . tape  1877 , 1877, pp. 52–33 ( rruff.info [PDF; 653 kB ; accessed on November 3, 2019]).
  5. ↑ Hans Leitmeier : Cobalt carbonate (cobalt spar CoCO 3 ) . In: Cornelio August Doelter (Ed.): Handbuch der Mineralchemie . General introduction Carbon Carbonate Silicate I. 1., Softcover-Reprint edition. tape  1 . Springer, Berlin and Heidelberg 1912, ISBN 978-3-642-49766-7 , pp. 440-441 , doi : 10.1007 / 978-3-642-49766-7 .
  6. ↑ a b c d e f Hugo Strunz , Ernest H. Nickel: Strunz Mineralogical Tables . 9th edition. E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagbuchhandlung (Nägele and Obermiller), Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-510-65188-X , p.  286-287 .
  7. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k Spherocobaltite. In: mindat.org. Hudson Institute of Mineralogy, accessed November 3, 2019 .
  8. ↑ a b c d Franz Pertlik: Structures of hydrothermally synthesized cobalt (II) carbonate and nickel (II) carbonate . In: Acta Crystallographica. Section C: Crystal Structure Communications . C42, no. 1 , 1986, pp. 4–5 , doi : 10.1107 / S0108270186097524 (English, scripts.iucr.org [accessed November 3, 2019]).
  9. ↑ a b c d Georges Favreau, Jacques-Émile Dietrich: Le district cobalto-nickélifère de Bou Azzer (Maroc) - Géologie, histoire et description des espèces minérales (Special Bou Azzer) . In: Le Cahier des Micromonteurs . tape 73 , no. 3/2001 , 2001, p. 34-112 (French).
  10. ↑ a b c d Stefan Weiß: Bou Azer (Bou Azzer) - the multi-colored cobalt district . In: Christian Weise (ed.): Morocco. Minerals, mining, adventure (=  extraLapis . Band 42 ). Christian Weise Verlag, 2012, ISSN  0945-8492 , p. 74 .
  11. ↑ a b IN Kalinkina: Magnetic Heat Capacity of Antiferromagnetic Co, Ni, Mn, and Fe Carbonates . In: Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics . tape 16 , no. 6 , 1963, pp. 1432–1438 (English, jetp.ac.ru [PDF; 848 kB ; accessed on November 3, 2019]).
  12. ↑ a b c d e f g h Esper S. Larsen: The Microscopic Determination of the Nonopaque Minerals . In: United States Geological Survey Bulletin . tape 679 , 1921, pp. 135 (English, pubs.usgs.gov [PDF; 16.6 MB ; accessed on November 3, 2019]).
  13. ^ A b Albin Weisbach : Mineralogical notes: 4. Roselith . In: Yearbook for mining and metallurgy in the Kingdom of Saxony . tape  1874 , 1874, pp. 252-254 .
  14. ↑ International Mineralogical Association: Commission on new minerals and mineral names: Without . In: Mineralogical Magazine . tape 43 , no. 4 , 1980, p. 1053-1055 (English).
  15. ↑ Type mineral catalog Germany - storage of the type level spherocobaltite. In: typmineral.uni-hamburg.de. Mineralogical Museum of the University of Hamburg, accessed on November 3, 2019 .
  16. ↑ Stefan Weiß: The large Lapis mineral directory. All minerals from A - Z and their properties. Status 03/2018 . 7th, completely revised and supplemented edition. Weise, Munich 2018, ISBN 978-3-921656-83-9 .
  17. ↑ Ernest H. Nickel, Monte C. Nichols: IMA / CNMNC List of Minerals 2009. (PDF 1703 kB) In: cnmnc.main.jp. IMA / CNMNC, January 2009, accessed September 25, 2019 .
  18. ↑ a b Spherocobaltite Bou Azzer. In: rruff.info. RRUFF Project, accessed November 3, 2019 .
  19. ^ Minerals with Co, C, O. In: mindat.org. Hudson Institute of Mineralogy, accessed November 3, 2019 .
  20. ↑ a b c Isabel F. Barton, Hexiong Yang, Mark D. Barton: The mineralogy, geochemistry, and metallurgy of cobalt in the rhombohedral carbonates . In: The Canadian Mineralogist . tape 52 , no. 4 , 2014, p. 653–669 , doi : 10.3749 / canmin.1400006 (English, researchgate.net [PDF; 863 kB ; accessed on November 3, 2019]).
  21. ↑ Dionisis Katsikopoulos, Ángeles González-Fernández, Manuel Prieto: Preliminary results upon crystallization of the calcite-spherocobaltite solid solution (Proceedings of the 11th International Congress, Athens, May 2007) . In: Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece . tape 40 , no. 2 , 2007, p. 829–838 , doi : 10.12681 / bgsg.16725 (English, researchgate.net [PDF; 5.2 MB ; accessed on November 3, 2019]).
  22. ^ A b Donald L. Graf: Crystallographic tables for the rhobohedral carbonates . In: The American Mineralogist . tape 46 , no. 11/12 , 1961, pp. 1283–1361 (English, minsocam.org [PDF; 2.1 MB ; accessed on November 3, 2019]).
  23. ^ VM Egorov, N. Yu. Ikornikova, AN Lobachev: Preparation and study of the spherocobaltite monocrystal solubility under hydrothermal conditions . In: Journal of Crystal Growth Volume . tape 36 , no. 1 , 1976, p. 138-146 , doi : 10.1016 / 0022-0248 (76) 90225-6 (English).
  24. ↑ Stella Chariton, Valerio Cerantola, Leyla Ismailova, Elena Bykova, Maxim Bykov, Ilya Kupenko, Catherine McCammon, Leonid Dubrovinsky: The high-pressure behavior of spherocobaltite (CoCO 3 ): a single crystal Raman spectroscopy and XRD study . In: Physics and Chemistry of Minerals . tape 45 , no. 1 , 2018, p. 59-68 , doi : 10.1007 / s00269-017-0902-5 (English).
  25. ↑ a b Francis Müllbauer: Sphärocobaltit. CO 3 Co . In: Gottlob Linck (Ed.): Handbuch der Mineralogie von Dr. Carl Hintze . Nitrates, iodates, carbonates, selenites, tellurites, manganites, plumbates. 1st edition. tape 1 , third division. 1st half. Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin and Leipzig 1930, p. 3249-3250 .
  26. ↑ a b c d e Georges Favreau, Jacques-Émile Dietrich, Nicolas Meisser, Joël Brugger, Lahcen Aït Haddouch, Lhou Maacha, Anthony R. Kampf, Bertrand Devonard, Halil Sarp, Gian Carlo Parodi, Stefan Weiß: Bou Azzer, Morocco . In: The Mineralogical Record . tape 38 , no. 5 , 2007, p. 345–407 (English, academia.edu [PDF; 22.8 MB ; accessed on November 3, 2019]).
  27. ↑ Thomas Witzke, Klaus Thalheim, Andreas Massanek: Erzgebirge: Mining history, mineral treasures , sites. Volume 1 - Minerals with a type locality in Saxony . 1st edition. Bode, Salzhemmendorf 2018, ISBN 978-3-942588-22-5 , p. 355-360 .
  28. ↑ Stefan Schorn and others: Sphärocobaltit. In: mineralienatlas.de. Retrieved November 3, 2019 .
  29. ↑ Carlos Pimentel Guerra, Enrico Gnecco, Carlos Manuel Pina Martínez: Epitaxial Growth and Frictional Response of Otavite and Spherocobaltite on Dolomite (10.4) Surfaces . In: The Journal of physical chemistry C . tape 122 , no. 39 , 2018, p. 22487-22493 , doi : 10.1021 / acs.jpcc.8b05963 (English).
  30. ↑ a b c d e Gilbert Gauthier, Michel Deliens: Cobalt Minerals of the Katanga Crescent, Congo . In: The Mineralogical Record . tape 30 , no. 4 , 1999, p. 255-267 (English).
  31. ↑ DL Douglass: COBALTOAN calcite and Dolomites from Katanga [Congo] . In: The Mineralogical Record . tape 30 , no. 4 , 1999, p. 269-273 (English).
  32. ↑ Localities for Spherocobaltite. In: mindat.org. Hudson Institute of Mineralogy, accessed November 3, 2019 .
  33. ↑ a b List of locations for spherocobaltite in the Mineralienatlas and Mindat (accessed on November 3, 2019)
  34. ↑ Georg Gottlob Richter [published under the abbreviation GGR]: Gazophylacium sive Catalogus Rerum Mineralium et Metallicarum ut et tam domesticorum qvam exoticorum, varia rudera urbium fructicum, qvo præsentantium una cum qvibusdam petrifactis, et lapidibus, ad regnibus minerale labore collegit / Mineralien-Cabinet Or description of the noblest Ertze / including / many located in Saxony / as well as other foreigners / similarly different things turned into stone, which with great effort / diligence / and expenses / carried together . Without, Sine Loco 1719, p. 39–40 ( sachsen.digital [PDF; 16.6 MB ; accessed on November 3, 2019]).
  35. ^ Waldemar Theodore Schaller : Koechlinite (bismuth molybdate), a new mineral . In: United States Geological Survey Bulletin . tape  610 , 1916, pp. 10–34 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search).
  36. ↑ Otto Friedrich Köttig: Zinc arsenate (containing water) from the Daniel cobalt mine near Schneeberg . In: Journal for practical chemistry . tape 48 , 1849, pp. 183–186 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  37. ↑ August Breithaupt : CAS Hoffmann's Handbuch der Mineralogie (Vol. 4.1) . Craz & Gerlach, Freiberg 1817, p.  181–182 ( limited preview in the Google book search - first description of safflorite as “Strahliger Weisser Speiskobold”).
  38. ↑ Daniel Treasure Trove. In: mindat.org. Hudson Institute of Mineralogy, accessed November 3, 2019 .
  39. ↑ Entry on cobalt (II) carbonate in the GESTIS substance database of the IFA , accessed on November 03, 2019 (JavaScript required)
  40. ↑ EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP): Scientific Opinion on safety and efficacy of cobalt carbonate as feed additive for ruminants, horses and rabbits . In: EFSA Journal . tape 10 , no. 6 , 2012, p. 2727 , doi : 10.2903 / j.efsa.2012.2727 (English, efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com [PDF; accessed on November 3, 2019]).
  41. ↑ Realgems Database - Spherocobaltite. In: www.realgems.org. Retrieved on November 3, 2019 (English, with examples of cut spherocobaltites).
  42. ↑ Classicgems Database - Spherocobaltite. In: www.classicgems.net. Retrieved on November 3, 2019 (English, with examples of cut spherocobaltites).
  43. ↑ The gemstones portal - Spherocobaltite. In: patrickvoillot.com. National Industrial Property Institute, France (INPI), accessed on November 3, 2019 (English, with examples of cut spherocobaltites).