Hetaerolite

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Hetaerolite
Hetaerolite, Zincite-274438.jpg
Black, shiny crystals of Hetaerolite with yellow, radially radiated zincite from the Sterling Mine, Sterling Hill, Ogdensburg , Sussex County (New Jersey) , USA
Field of view 3.1 mm × 2.5 mm
General and classification
chemical formula ZnMn 3+ 2 O 4
Mineral class
(and possibly department)
Oxides and hydroxides
System no. to Strunz
and to Dana
4.BB.10 ( 8th edition : IV / B.02)
07.02.07.02
Crystallographic Data
Crystal system tetragonal
Crystal class ; symbol ditetragonal-dipyramidal; 4 / m  2 / m  2 / m
Space group I 4 1 / amd (No. 141)Template: room group / 141
Lattice parameters a  = 5.72  Å ; c  = 9.24 Å
Formula units Z  = 4
Physical Properties
Mohs hardness 6 ( VHN 100 = 528-707)
Density (g / cm 3 ) measured: 5.18; calculated: [5.21]
Cleavage indistinct after {001}
Break ; Tenacity uneven; brittle
colour brownish black to black; dark reddish brown in transmitted light
Line color dark brown
transparency opaque, translucent edges
shine Metallic luster
Crystal optics
Refractive indices n ω  = 2.340
n ε  = 2.140
Birefringence δ = 0.200
Optical character uniaxial negative

Hetaerolite is a seldom occurring mineral from the mineral class of "oxides and hydroxides" with the chemical composition ZnMn 3+ 2 O 4 and thus, chemically speaking, a zinc - manganese - oxide . Structurally, however, Hetaerolite belongs to the group of spinels .

Hetaerolite crystallizes in the tetragonal crystal system and develops pyramidal crystals of up to one centimeter in size, but also occurs in the form of grape or kidney, stalactitic or fibrous mineral aggregates . The mineral is generally opaque and only translucent along thin edges. The surfaces of the brownish black to black crystals show a metallic sheen .

Etymology and history

Hetaerolite was first discovered in the “Passaic Mine” on Sterling Hill near Ogdensburg in Sussex County in the US state of New Jersey. The first description was in 1877 by Gideon Emmet Moore (1842–1895). He named the mineral based on its association with the mineral chalcophanite, discovered three years earlier in the same type locality , after the ancient Greek word έταίρος [etairos] for 'partner'.

The type material is in the Mineralogical Museum of Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts (USA) under catalog no. 134145 kept.

classification

The current classification of the International Mineralogical Association (IMA) counts the hetaerolite to the spinel supergroup , where together with chromite , cochromite , coulsonite , cuprospinel , dellagiustaite , deltalumite , franklinite , gahnite , galaxite , guit , hausmannite , hercynite , jakobsite , maghemite , Magnesiochromite , magnesiocoulsonite , magnesioferrite , magnetite , manganochromite , spinel , thermoerogenite , titanomaghemite , trevorite , vuorelainenite and zincochromite form the spinel subgroup within the oxispinelle.

Already in the outdated 8th edition of the mineral classification according to Strunz , the Hetaerolite belonged to the mineral class of "oxides and hydroxides" and there to the department of "compounds with M 3 O 4 - and related compounds", where it together with hausmannite and the now discredited vredenburgite the "Hausmannit series" with the system no. IV / B.02 formed.

In the last revised and updated Lapis mineral directory by Stefan Weiß in 2018 , which, out of consideration for private collectors and institutional collections, is still based on this classic system of Karl Hugo Strunz , the mineral was given the system and mineral number. IV / B.05-40 . In the "Lapis system" this corresponds to the department "Oxides with a metal: oxygen ratio = 3: 4 (spinel type M 3 O 4 and related compounds)", where Hetaerolite together with Filipstadite , Harmunite , Hausmannite, Hydrohetaerolite , Iwakiite , Morocite , Tegengrenit , Wernerkrauseit and Xieit form an independent but unnamed group.

The 9th edition of Strunz's mineral systematics, valid since 2001 and updated by the International Mineralogical Association (IMA) until 2009, also classifies Hetaerolite in the oxides division with the ratio “metal: oxygen = 3: 4 and comparable”. However, this is further subdivided according to the relative size of the cations involved , so that the mineral can be found according to its composition in the sub-section "With only medium-sized cations", where it only forms the "Hausmannite group" together with hausmannite, hydrohetaerolite and the iwakiite, which was discredited in 2018 “With the system no. 4.BB.10 forms.

The systematics of minerals according to Dana , which is mainly used in the English-speaking world , assigns the Hetaerolite to the class of "oxides and hydroxides" and there in the department of "multiple oxides". Here it can be found in the unnamed group 07.02.07 within the sub-section “Multiple oxides (A + B 2+ ) 2 X 4 , spinel group”.

Chemism

The idealized, theoretical composition of Hetaerolite (ZnMn 3+ 2 O 4 ) consists of 27.33 wt .-% zinc (Zn), 45.92 wt .-% manganese (Mn) and 26.75 wt .-% oxygen ( O).

Mineral samples from Sterling Hill, New Jersey, on the other hand, showed additional foreign admixtures of iron (0.24% Fe 2 O 3 ), magnesium (0.49% MgO) and silicon (0.18% SiO 2 ).

Crystal structure

Hetaerolite crystallizes tetragonally in the space group I 4 1 / amd (space group no. 141) with the lattice parameters a  = 5.72  Å and c  = 9.24 Å and 4 formula units per unit cell . Template: room group / 141

Education and Locations

Hetaerolite (black, bottom left), chlorophoenicit (beige-colored speckles) and zincite (yellow-orange) on hodgkinsonite (dark pink) from the Sterling Mine, Sterling Hill, Ogdensburg, New Jersey, USA (field of view 4.6 mm × 5.3 mm)

Hetaerolith is likely to form secondary in hydrothermal ore - deposits . In addition to other manganese minerals such as chalcophanite , hodgkinsonite , manganite and romanèchite , but also other minerals such as calcite , franklinite , hemimorphite and willemite , occur as accompanying minerals .

As a rare mineral formation, Hetaerolite could only be proven at a few sites, whereby around 130 sites have been documented worldwide. Except at its type locality, the open pit Passaic Mine (also Passaic pit or Marshall mine ) and the nearby Sterling Mine at Sterling Hill in Ogdensburg, the mineral in place New Jersey only in the Franklin mine in the same mining settlement Franklin .

Other well-known sites in the United States of America include several pits and shafts at Bisbee and Tombstone in Cochise County as well as in the 79 Mine in Gila County , the Rowley Mine in Maricopa County , the Black Warrior Mine in Yavapai County and Superior in Pinal County of Arizona; the Santa Rosa Pits at Malpais Mesa , Lead Mountain at Barstow , Mohawk (Mohawk Hill) in Clark Mountain District, and Desert View at Fawnskin , California; at the Wolftone Mine and Tucson Mine near Leadville , Lake County of Colorado; in the iron belt of Menominee in Iron County, Michigan; in several pits in Granite County of Montana; the Candelaria Silver Mine in Mineral County and the Grand Deposit Mine in White Pine County of Nevada; in several pits in various New Mexico counties, as well as at the Gold Hill Mine in Tooele County and the Burgin Mine in Utah County of Utah.

In Germany, hetaerolite has so far been found at the Hartkoppe (Fuchs quarry) in the Bavarian municipality of Sailauf , in the quarries near Müsen and Juno near Ramsbeck as well as at the Mechernicher Bleiberg in North Rhine-Westphalia and in the Friedrichssegen mine near Bad Ems in Rhineland-Palatinate.

The only known site in Austria so far is the Emmastollen with lead-zinc mineralization at the Ratteingraben near Waitschach in Carinthia.

In Switzerland, hetaerolite is known so far only from the Chez Larze mine with magnetite-containing skarn on Mont Chemin near Martigny in the canton of Valais.

Other locations are in Australia, Belgium, Bulgaria, Chile, China, Greece, India, Iran, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Yemen, Mexico, Namibia, North Macedonia, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Zimbabwe, Spain, South Africa, Tunisia and the United Kingdom (England)

See also

literature

  • Gideon E. Moore: Preliminary notice of the discovery of a new mineral species . In: American Journal of Science and Arts . tape 114 , 1877, pp. 423 (English, rruff.info [PDF; 221 kB ; accessed on June 26, 2019]).
  • C. Frondel, EW Heinrich: New data on hetaerolite, hydrohetaerolite, coronadite, and hollandite . In: American Mineralogist . tape 27 , 1942, pp. 48–56 (English, rruff.info [PDF; 597 kB ; accessed on June 26, 2019]).
  • Richard V. Gaines, H. Catherine W. Skinner, Eugene E. Foord, Brian Mason , Abraham Rosenzweig: Dana's New Mineralogy . 8th edition. John Wiley & Sons, New York et al. 1997, ISBN 0-471-19310-0 , pp. 305-306 .

Web links

Commons : Hetaerolite  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. a b Malcolm Back, William D. Birch, Michel Blondieau and others: The New IMA List of Minerals - A Work in Progress - Updated: March 2019. (PDF 1703 kB) In: cnmnc.main.jp. IMA / CNMNC, Marco Pasero, March 2019, accessed June 26, 2019 .
  2. a b c d e Hugo Strunz , Ernest H. Nickel : Strunz Mineralogical Tables. Chemical-structural Mineral Classification System . 9th edition. E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagbuchhandlung (Nägele and Obermiller), Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-510-65188-X , p.  190 (English).
  3. a b David Barthelmy: Hetaerolite Mineral Data. In: webmineral.com. Retrieved June 26, 2019 .
  4. a b c d e f g Hetaerolite . In: John W. Anthony, Richard A. Bideaux, Kenneth W. Bladh, Monte C. Nichols (Eds.): Handbook of Mineralogy, Mineralogical Society of America . 2001 (English, handbookofmineralogy.org [PDF; 73  kB ; accessed on June 26, 2019]).
  5. a b c d Hetaerolite. In: mindat.org. Hudson Institute of Mineralogy, accessed June 26, 2019 .
  6. Catalog of Type Mineral Specimens - H. (PDF 81 kB) In: docs.wixstatic.com. Commission on Museums (IMA), December 12, 2018, accessed June 26, 2019 .
  7. Ferdinando Bosi, Cristian Biagioni, Marco Pasero: Nomenclature and classification of the spinel supergroup . In: European Journal of Mineralogy . tape 31 , no. 1 , September 12, 2018, p. 183–192 , doi : 10.1127 / ejm / 2019 / 0031-2788 (English).
  8. Stefan Weiß: The large Lapis mineral directory. All minerals from A - Z and their properties. Status 03/2018 . 7th, completely revised and supplemented edition. Weise, Munich 2018, ISBN 978-3-921656-83-9 .
  9. Ernest H. Nickel, Monte C. Nichols: IMA / CNMNC List of Minerals 2009. (PDF 1703 kB) In: cnmnc.main.jp. IMA / CNMNC, January 2009, accessed June 26, 2019 .
  10. Localities for Hetaerolite. In: mindat.org. Hudson Institute of Mineralogy, accessed June 26, 2019 .
  11. Find location list for Hetaerolite in the Mineralienatlas and Mindat ( accessed : June 26, 2019).