Väyrynenite

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Väyrynenite
Vayrynenite-177599.jpg
Red, parallel intergrown prismatic väyrynenite crystals from Paprok, Nuristan Province, Afghanistan (size: 1.7 cm × 1.4 cm × 0.6 cm)
General and classification
chemical formula
  • MnBe [OH | PO 4 ]
  • Mn 2+ Be (PO 4 ) (OH)
Mineral class
(and possibly department) 		Phosphates, arsenates and vanadates
System no. to Strunz
and to Dana 		BA.05 ( 8th edition : VII / B.01)
05.41.04.03
Similar minerals Tourmaline, topaz, kunzite, morinite, eosphorite
Crystallographic Data
Crystal system monoclinic
Crystal class ; symbol monoclinic prismatic; 2 / m
Space group P 2 1 / c (No. 14)Template: room group / 14
Lattice parameters a  = 5.4044  Å ; b  = 14.5145 Å; c  = 4.7052 Å
β  = 102.798 °
Formula units Z  = 4
Frequent crystal faces {001}, {010}, {110}
Physical Properties
Mohs hardness 5
Density (g / cm 3 ) 3.22 (measured); 3.23 (calculated)
Cleavage very perfect after {010}; good after {100}; indistinct after {001}
Break ; Tenacity uneven; brittle
colour rose red, salmon pink, pale pink, brownish pink, greenish, pale gray; pink to colorless in transmitted light
Line color White
transparency translucent to translucent
shine Glass gloss
Crystal optics
Refractive indices n α  = 1.638 to 1.640
n β  = 1.658 to 1.662
n γ  = 1.664 to 1.667
Birefringence δ = 0.026 to 0.028
Optical character biaxial negative
Axis angle 2V = 46 ° to 55 ° (measured); 51 ° to 57 ° (calculated)
Pleochroism clearly from X = orange via Y = red to Z = dark red
Other properties
Chemical behavior very slowly soluble in HCl, HNO 3 and H 2 SO 4
Special features very rare chatoyance (cat's eye effect)

Väyrynenit [ ˈvæɥryneˌnɪt ] audio sample ? / i is a very rarely occurring mineral from the mineral class of " phosphates , arsenates and vanadates " with the chemical composition MnBe [OH | PO 4 ] and is therefore chemically a manganese - beryllium phosphate with an additional hydroxide ion . Audio file / audio sample

Väyrynenite crystallizes in the monoclinic crystal system , but rarely forms short to long prismatic crystals that can reach sizes of up to 6 cm. Väyrynenite is mostly found in the form of massive to fine-grained aggregates . In its pure form, Väyrynenite is red or pink in various shades, but it can take on a greenish to pale gray color due to inclusions and non-formula atoms .

The type locality of the mineral is in 1935 in the former parish Eräjärvi discovered pegmatite of Viitaniemi far from Orivesi , landscape Pirkanmaa , Finland , has been mined in the since the late 1930s potassium feldspar.

Etymology and history

Orange-brown eosphorite with pink väyrynenite needles. Chamachhu, Gilgit-Baltistan , Pakistan (step size: 4.1 cm × 2.7 cm × 2.6 cm)

Väyrynenit had already been collected in 1939 by Oleg von Knorring (1915–1994) in Viitaniemi and recognized as a possible new mineral.

The Finnish-American geochemist Alex Alexis von Volborth , who discovered the mineral in Viitaniemi in the summer of 1949 and temporarily referred to it as a "red" unknown mineral because of its raspberry-like color, is considered to be the first to describe Väyrynenite . In 1954, together with Erika Stradner, he described it as Väyrynenit both in the Anzeiger of the Austrian Academy of Sciences and in the printed version of his dissertation that followed. Volborth named the mineral after Heikki Allan Väyrynen (1888-1956), professor of mineralogy and geology at the Helsinki University of Technology in Finland (now Aalto University ), who wrote the first book on the geology of Finland.

Mary Mrose and Oleg von Knorring give the English pronunciation of the name as "vĭ́'-rĭ-nĕ-nite".

Type material of the mineral is listed under catalog no. R11807 in the collection of the Smithsonian Institution belonging to National Museum of Natural History in Washington, DC in the United States kept.

classification

Already in the outdated, but partly still in use 8th edition of the mineral classification according to Strunz , the väyrynenite belonged to the mineral class of "phosphates, arsenates and vanadates" and there to the department of "anhydrous phosphates, with foreign anions F, Cl, O, OH", where he together with Babefphit , Bergslagit , Herderit and Hydroxylherderit the unnamed group VII / B.01 formed.

The 9th edition of Strunz's mineral systematics , which has been in effect since 2001 and is used by the International Mineralogical Association (IMA), also assigns väyrynenite to the category of “phosphates etc. with additional anions; without H 2 O “. However, this is further subdivided according to the relative size of the cations involved and the molar ratio of the additional anions to the phosphate, arsenate or vanadate complex (RO 4 ), so that the mineral can be found in the sub-section “With small and medium-sized cations” according to its composition is where it forms the unnamed group 8.BA.05 as the only member .

The systematics of minerals according to Dana , which is mainly used in the English-speaking world , assigns Väyrynenit to the class of "phosphates, arsenates and vanadates" and there in the category of "anhydrous phosphates etc., with hydroxyl or halogen". Here it is together with Herderite, Hydroxylherderite and Bergslagite of the "Herderite group" with the system no. 41.05.04 within the subsection “ Anhydrous phosphates etc., with hydroxyl or halogen with (AB) 2 (XO 4 ) Z q ”.

Chemism

Analysis of the väyrynenite from Viitaniemi gave mean values ​​of 34.01% MnO; 5.92% FeO; 0.53% CaO; 13.85% BeO; 0.20% Na 2 O; 0.04% K 2 O; 0.40% Al 2 O 3 ; 39.98% P 2 O 5 ; 4.93% H 2 O + ; 0.19% H 2 O - and an insoluble residue of 0.06%.

The empirical formula (Mn 2+ 0.84 Fe 2+ 0.14 Ca 0.02 ) Σ = 1.00 Be 0.98 (PO 4 ) 0.99 (OH) 0.96 , which leads to MnBe (PO 4 ) (OH) was idealized. This ideal formula requires contents of 40.32% MnO; 14.22% BeO; 40.34% P 2 O 5 and 5.12% H 2 O. Inclusions of beryllonite, herderite, hurlbutite, apatite and / or muscovite are likely to be responsible for the non-formula elements.

In the analysis of väyrynenite at various other sites, low but verifiable levels of fluorine and always significant levels of Fe 2+ were found. The Pakistani crystals from "Shigar" and "Gilgit" are richest in iron, väyrynenite from the pegmatite "Animikie Red Ace" in Wisconsin / USA is the poorest in iron, väyrynenite from the type locality lies in between.

  • Estes, Maine: (Mn 0.709 Fe 0.315 ) 1.014 Be 1.000 (PO 4 ) 0.990 (OH 0.969 F 0.031 ) 1.000
  • Shigar, Pakistan: (Mn 0.739 Fe 0.274 ) 1.013 Be 1.000 (PO 4 ) 0.993 (OH 0.974 F 0.026 ) 1.000
  • Gilgit, Pakistan: (Mn 0.748 Fe 0.240 Ca 0.003 ) 0.991 Be 1.000 (PO 4 ) 0.998 (OH 0.999 F 0.001 ) 1.000
  • Sassi, Pakistan: (Mn 2+ 0.78 Fe 2+ 0.23 Mg 0.01 ) Be (PO 4 ) (OH 0.92 F 0.08 )
  • ARA, Wisconsin: (Mn 0.991 Fe 0.032 Ca 0.021 ) 1.044 Be 1.000 (PO 4 ) 0.986 (OH 0.980 F 0.020 ) 1.000
  • Viitaniemi, Finland: (Mn 0.84 Fe 0.14 Ca 0.02 ) 1.00 Be 0.98 (PO 4 ) 0.99 (OH) 0.96
  • Viitaniemi, Finland: (Mn 0.88 Fe 0.08 Mg 0.01 ) Σ0.97 Be 1.02 (PO 4 ) 1.00 (OH) 1.02

As a result, mixed crystal formation with a still hypothetical, fluorine-dominant end member with the formula MnBe [F | PO 4 ] appears to be quite possible. Since Fe 2+ is also present in larger quantities, mixed crystal formation with an Fe 2+ -dominant end member with the formula Fe 2+ Be [OH | PO 4 ] is likely.

Chemically, Väyrynenite can be regarded as an Mn 2+ -dominant analogue of the Ca-dominated hydroxyl herderite, CaBe [OH | PO 4 ], but which has a completely different crystal structure.

Crystal structure

Crystal structure of Väyrynenite, projected perpendicular [001]

Väyrynenite crystallizes monoclinically in the space group P 2 1 / c (space group no. 14) with the lattice parameters a  = 5.4044  Å ; b  = 14.5145 Å; c  = 4.7052 Å and β = 102.798 ° as well as four formula units per unit cell . Template: room group / 14

In the crystal structure of Väyrynenite, (Be φ4 ) tetrahedra are linked to neighboring (Be φ4 ) tetrahedra via common corners to form a zigzag chain that extends in the direction of the a-axis [100]. This chain is decorated on its periphery with PO 4 tetrahedra, which are linked by common corners to each of two different (Be φ4 ) tetrahedra and in this way form bands along the c-axis [001]. The [Be 2 (OH) 2 (PO 4 ) 2 ] n 4n tapes which the [Be 2 (OH) 2 (SiO 4 ) 2 chains in] Euklas , Albe [OH | SiO 4 ], are similar, are connected in the direction of the b-axis [010] by Mn 2+ (and Fe 2+ ) in octahedral coordination. The resulting layers parallel (001) are linked to neighboring layers in the direction [001] by common corners (O atoms) of PO 4 tetrahedra and the {(Mn, Fe) φ6 } octahedra, as well as by hydrogen bonds . The only weak bonds between the layers cause the very perfect cleavage of the varrynenite according to {010}.

Väyrynenite has structural similarities with Euclas, but does not crystallize with the same structure as this and is therefore not isotype to it.

properties

morphology

Short prismatic väyrynenite crystal from Paprok, Afghanistan (size: 1.7 cm × 1.4 cm × 0.6 cm)

Väyrynenite occurs in crystals up to 6 cm in size, which are short or long prismatic along the c-axis and can have strong differences in costume and habit . At the type locality, Väyrynenite only forms ingrown crystals, while in the Pakistani and Afghan sites, however, grown, but mostly broken crystals. Both crystal ends are only very rarely present. The costume of the very rare crystals of the type locality consists of the prism {110} or {120} forming the supporting form as well as the pinacoid {010} and the basic pinacoid {001}. The surfaces of the prism are often striped vertically (i.e. parallel to the c-axis) or even grooved. Väyrynenite crystals from Chitral, on the other hand, are much more extensive. In addition to the surface shapes mentioned above, the prisms {210}, { 1 21}, { 1 11} and { 1 31} as well as the pinacoids {011} and {021} were found on this material . The prism {120} and the pinacoid { 1 21} are decisive for the costume . The affiliation to the monoclinic crystal system can usually be clearly recognized by the well-developed crystals, especially on the head surfaces (see the crystal drawings opposite).

  • Costume and habitus of Väyrynenite crystals (the same colors mean the same surface shapes)

  • Väyrynenite crystal, head shot

  • Väyrynenite crystal, normal arrangement, strongly striped parallel [001]

  • Väyrynenite crystal, rotated 180 ° from the normal setup

  • Väyrynenite crystal, side view (rotated 130 ° from normal position)

  • Väyrynenite crystal of poor area from the Viitaniemi type locality

At the Scandinavian sites, Väyrynenite usually only forms massive to granular aggregates or inconspicuous pink spots in the mineral transformations. The transformation from the primary beryllium phosphates into hurlbutite-hydroxylherderite-väyrynenite aggregates up to 20 cm in size can usually be seen clearly, as described below from the Swedish pegmatites on the island of Rånö:

"At Norrö and Rånö the beryllium-phosphates are probably quite rare since only a few specimens have been found. One of these samples consists of an aggregate of diverging and strongly altered beryl crystals. At one end, the beryl crystals are rather fresh turning into a zone of a white hurlbutite / hydroxyl-herderite mixture continuing into pale brown hurlbutite / hydroxyl-herderite / väyrynenite, an finally, more or less pure, pink colored väyrynenite towards the other end . The length of this aggregate is about 20 cm. "

“In Norrö and Rånö, the beryllium phosphates are obviously quite rare, as only a few specimens have been found. One of these stages consists of an aggregate of diverging and highly transformed beryl crystals. At one end, the beryl crystals are still relatively fresh. They merge into a zone of a mixture of white hurlbutite / hydroxylherderite, which continues over pale brown hurlbutite / hydroxylherderite / väyrynenite, to more or less pure pink-colored väyrynenite at the other end of the aggregate. The length of this unit is approx. 20 cm. "

- Per Nysten, Lars Gustafsson : Beryllium phosphates from the Proterozoic granitic pegmatite at Norrö, southern Stockholm archipelago, Sweden
Pink acicular varynite aggregates on eosphorite. Chamachhu, Pakistan (field of view: 1 cm)

Occasionally the mineral has also been found in thin-needle aggregates. Due to the nature of the formation, pseudomorphoses are relatively common at the Scandinavian sites . Pseudomorphoses from varrynenite to beryllonite and pseudomorphoses of fine-grain varrynenite-hydroxylherderite-apatite-muscovite mixtures according to beryl have been described.

physical and chemical properties

Väyrynenite crystals are rose-red, salmon-pink, pale pink, brownish-pink or pale-gray, but their line color is always white. A faint cat-eye effect was found on a 4.6 mm large and 0.62 ct cabochon from the area east of Shengus in northern Pakistan.

The surfaces of the translucent to transparent crystals show a glass or resin- like sheen . Väyrynenite has medium refraction and birefringence (δ = 0.026-0.028). In transmitted light, Väyrynenite is pink to colorless and shows a clear pleochroism from X = orange to Y = red to Z = dark red, from pale pink-orange to pink to yellowish-orange, from pink to straw yellow, or from pink to orange Väyrynenite crystals of the type locality are not pleochroic.

Väyrynenite has three different cleavages : a very perfect according to {010}, a good one according to {100} and an indistinct one according to {001}. It breaks but similar because of its brittleness Amblygonit , wherein the fractured surfaces are formed uneven. The mineral has a Mohs hardness of 5 and is therefore one of the medium-hard minerals that can be scratched with a pocket knife as well as the reference mineral apatite . The measured density for vayrynenite is 3.22 g / cm³, the calculated density is 3.23 g / cm³.

In front of the soldering tube, the väyrynenite puffs up and melts to a dark brown, magnetic, bubbled glass. The mineral is very slowly soluble in cold hydrochloric acid (HCl), nitric acid (HNO 3 ) and sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ). Väyrynenit is neither in the long term nor in the short wavelength UV light , a fluorescent .

Education and Locations

At the type locality, Väyrynenite arose from a close, fine-grained intergrowth of (hydroxyl) herderite and hurlbutite (herderite-hurlbutite-symplektite) where it borders on rubidium-containing microcline, montebrasite and quartz. Väyrynenite belongs to the latest formations and indicates the high manganese content of the last hydrothermal solutions. It is at the end of the late hydrothermal transformation series beryllonite → hurlbitite → herderite → moraesite, whereby this process can be easily followed in the thin section. Elsewhere, väyrynenite is generally understood as an alteration product of beryl , triplite and triphyline in complex zoned granite pegmatites .

Typical accompanying minerals of Väyrynenits are Herderit (more likely Hydroxylherderit ) Hurlbutit , Beryllonit , rubidiumhaltiger microcline , the muscovite -Varietät Gilbertit, quartz , topaz , cäsiumhaltiger , pink beryl (varieties Morganite and / or Vorobieffit ), manganese fluorapatite and Morinit .

Väyrynenite has been described as a very rare mineral formation so far (as of 2018) from around 20 sites. The type locality is the granite pegmatite ( lithium cesium tantalum pegmatite type ) from Viitaniemi not far from the city of Orivesi in the Finnish Pirkanmaa region, which is not only known for its extraordinary phosphate mineralization with lithium, manganese, iron and beryllium, but also for its type locality in addition to väyrynenite for Viitaniemiit represents.

Five of the approximately 20 known sites for väyrynenite are in Scandinavia. In addition to the Viitaniemi pegmatite, in Finland these are the “Jussinvuori” and “Myllyrinne” pegmatites, which are also located in the Eräjärvi area. In Sweden , these include the “Norrö mica quarry” near Kapelludden not far from Nynäshamn or Utö , Rånö Island, Stockholm County (formerly Södermanland ), and the complex pegmatite of “Norrskogen” near Arlanda not far from Sigtuna in the Stockholm County (formerly the province Uppland ). Beryl-Väyrynenite crystal aggregates up to 20 cm in size come from Norrö, but their color is much lighter than the typical rose red. They arose from the decomposition and transformation of primary beryl into a mixture of hurlbutite and hydroxylherderite, as well as hydroxylherderite and väyrynenite.

Other European sites for Väyrynenite are the Bendada pits named after the city of Bendada near Sabugal , Guarda district , Portugal , and the pegmatite area of ​​La Fregeneda, Salamanca , Castile and León , Spain . There are no known occurrences of väyrynenite in Germany , Austria or Switzerland .

The best representatives of this type of mineral come from Asia . As early as 1976, Heinz Meixner and Werner H. Paar described väyrynenite crystals from “ Pakistan ” that were acquired at a bazaar in Chitral . The unknown location can be related to the then newly discovered Li-phosphate pegmatites in the northern Chitral Valley, Chitral District of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province , Pakistan, or to the same from nearby Afghanistan.

In the Pakistani special territory Gilgit-Baltistan (former Northern Areas) from the Chamachhu pegmatites near Chamachhu and from “Shengus” in the Haramosh Mountains; from "Nyet", "Apo Ali Gun" and from the "Namlook Mine" above the village of Dassu, all in the Braldu Valley, all in the Skardu district , all in Pakistan . Further finds are reported from the vicinity of "Sassi", a settlement on the great northern bend of the Indus River near Gilgit , Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan.

The Väyrynenite exhibiting Chatoyance is said to originate from the area of ​​Sabsar and Khargulook, approx. 10 km east of Shengus in northern Pakistan. The magnificent, approx. 3 cm large Väyrynenites described by Dudley Blauwet are said to come from pegmatites around Alchuri in the Shigar Valley, Skardu district in Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan, but the actual sites of discovery are the "Namlook Mine" further upstream in the Braldu Valley. , "Nyet" or "Apo Ali Gun" (all as the crow flies approx. 20 km northwest of Alchuri) considered more likely.

In Afghanistan from “Paprok” (gemstone-bearing spodumene pegmatites in late Triassic slates), Kamdesh district , Nuristan province . The site, mostly cited as the “Paprok Mine”, involves various pegmatite mines on the right side of the Kéhi Dara valley, south of the village of Paprok. The main mines are "Me Tunnel Madan", "KAL Tunnel Madan", "GUL Tunnel Madan" and "Al Madan", where "Madan" simply means "mine" or "mining". Cut Väyryneite come from granite pegmatites not named in the Laghman province .

In China , the mineral was extracted from the “Pegmatite No. 31 "be built mine Xikeng in pegmatite Nanping, district Yanping of the prefecture-level city of Nanping , Province Fujian described. It is a muscovite-albite-spodumene-pegmatite with economically significant contents of cesium and rare metals such as niobium and tantalum. Finally also in granite pegmatites of the tantalum deposit “Ognevka”, Qalbagebirge , East Kazakhstan Region (Schyghys Qasaqstan Oblysy), Kazakhstan .

In the United States , Väyrynenite is in the state of Maine from the locality "Estes Quarry" near West Baldwin, Baldwin , Cumberland Co. , and in the state of Wisconsin from the pegmatite "Animikie Red Ace" belonging to the Pine River pegmatites near Fern , Florence Co. , known.

use

Due to its gemological characteristics (color, transparency, refractive indices, hardness and size of the crystals), Väyrynenite is occasionally polished, although with a Mohs hardness of 5 or less it is too soft for a gemstone. Faceted stones are extremely rare and rarely exceed a weight of 0.6 ct. Grindable material comes almost exclusively from sites in Pakistan. One of the largest cut Väyryneite is a 2.02 ct marquise cut stone with the dimensions 11.19 mm × 5.20 mm × 4.90 mm. Cut Väyrynenite up to 0.17 ct are known from the Afghan province of Laghman. Pictures of polished Väyrynenite can be seen at RealGems.org. In addition, väyrynenite is a sought-after mineral among mineral collectors.

See also

literature

  • Alexis Volborth, Erika Stradner: Väyrynenit BeMn [PO 4 ] (OH), a new mineral . In: Indicator of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, mathematical and natural science class . tape 91 , no. 2 , 1954, p. 21–23 ( PDF on ZOBODAT [accessed October 20, 2017]).
  • Hans Jürgen Rösler : Textbook of Mineralogy . 4th revised and expanded edition. German publishing house for basic industry (VEB), Leipzig 1987, ISBN 3-342-00288-3 , p. 627 .
  • Friedrich Klockmann : Klockmann's textbook of mineralogy . Ed .: Paul Ramdohr , Hugo Strunz . 16th edition. Enke, Stuttgart 1978, ISBN 3-432-82986-8 , pp. 627 (first edition: 1891).
  • Väyrynenite . In: John W. Anthony, Richard A. Bideaux, Kenneth W. Bladh, Monte C. Nichols (Eds.): Handbook of Mineralogy, Mineralogical Society of America . 2001 ( handbookofmineralogy.org [PDF; 66 kB ; accessed on October 21, 2017]).

Web links

Commons : Väyrynenit  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b c Hugo Strunz , Ernest H. Nickel : Strunz Mineralogical Tables . 9th edition. E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagbuchhandlung (Nägele and Obermiller), Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-510-65188-X , p.  627 .
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Väyrynenite . In: John W. Anthony, Richard A. Bideaux, Kenneth W. Bladh, Monte C. Nichols (Eds.): Handbook of Mineralogy, Mineralogical Society of America . 2001 ( handbookofmineralogy.org [PDF; 66  kB ; accessed on October 21, 2017]).
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g Vera MF Hammer: Profile Väyrynenite (Mn 2+ , Fe 2+ ) Be [(OH, F) | PO 4 ] . In: Lapis . tape 24 , no. 6 , 1999, p. 8-11 .
  4. ^ A b c d e Danielle M. Huminicki, Frank C. Hawthorne: Refinement of the crystal structure of väyrynenite . In: The Canadian Mineralogist . tape 38 , 2000, pp. 1425–1432 , doi : 10.2113 / gscanmin.38.6.1425 ( rruff.info [PDF; 1,2 MB ; accessed on September 12, 2017]).
  5. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Heinz Meixner , Werner H. Couple: Occurrence of Väyrynenite crystals from "Pakistan" . In: Journal for crystallography, crystal geometry, crystal physics, crystal chemistry . tape  143 , 1976, pp. 309-318 , doi : 10.1524 / zkri.1976.143.jg.309 .
  6. ↑ a b c d e f g Mary E. Mrose, Oleg von Knorring: The mineralogy of väyrynenite, (Mn, Fe) Be (PO 4 ) (OH) . In: Journal for crystallography, crystal geometry, crystal physics, crystal chemistry . tape 112 , 1959, pp. 275–288 , doi : 10.1524 / zkri.1959.112.jg.275 ( rruff.info [PDF; 4.7 MB ; accessed on October 20, 2017]).
  7. ↑ a b c d e JC Hanco Zwaan: Cat's-eye Väyrynenite from Pakistan . In: The Journal of Gemmology . tape 35 , no. 4 , 2016, p. 288–289 ( researchgate.net [PDF; 265 kB ; accessed on October 20, 2017]).
  8. ↑ a b c d Alexis Volborth, Erika Stradner: Väyrynenit BeMn [PO 4 ] (OH), a new mineral . In: Indicator of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, mathematical and natural science class . tape 91 , no. 2 , 1954, p. 21–23 ( zobodat.at [PDF; 265 kB ; accessed on October 20, 2017]).
  9. ↑ a b c d e f Alexis Volborth: Phosphate minerals from the lithium pegmatite from Viitaniemi, Eräjärvi, Central Finland . In: Annales Academiae Scientiarum Fennicae. Series A3, Geologica-geographica . tape 39 , 1954, pp. 1-90 .
  10. ↑ Catalog of Type Mineral Specimens - V. (PDF 40 kB) In: docs.wixstatic.com. Commission on Museums (IMA), December 12, 2018, accessed August 29, 2019 .
  11. ^ Edward S. Grew: Mineralogy, petrology and geochemistry of beryllium: An introduction and list of beryllium minerals. In: Edward S. Grew (Ed.), Beryllium: Mineralogy, Petrology, and Geochemistry . In: Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry . tape 50 , 2002, pp. 1-76 , doi : 10.2138 / rmg.2202.50.01 .
  12. ↑ a b c d e f Alexander U. Falster, James W. Nizamoff, Gene Bearss, William B. Simmons: A second US location for väyrynenite - the Estes Quarry, West Baldwin, Maine and new data on väyrynenite from Wisconsin and Pakistan. In: Carl Francis, Marian Lupulescu, George Robinson, Sarah Hanson, Steve Chamberlain (Ed.), Contributed Papers in Specimen Mineralogy . In: The 38th Rochester Mineralogical Symposium, April 14-17, 2011 . 2012, p. 18–20 ( rasny.org [PDF; 2.6 MB ; accessed on October 25, 2017]).
  13. ↑ a b Alexander U. Falster, James W. Nizamoff, Gene Bearss, William B. Simmons: A second US location for väyrynenite - the Estes Quarry, West Baldwin, Maine and new data on väyrynenite from Wisconsin and Pakistan . In: Rocks & Minerals . tape 87 , no. 3 , 2012, p. 281–282 , doi : 10.1080 / 00357529.2012.681982 .
  14. ↑ Ray L. Frost, Andrés López, Yunfei Xi, Željka Žigovečki Gobac, Ricardo Scholz: The molecular structure of the phosphate mineral väyrynenite: a vibrational spectroscopic study . In: Spectroscopy Letters . tape 47 , 2014, p. 253-260 , doi : 10.1080 / 00387010.2013.795174 .
  15. ↑ a b c Per Nysten, Lars Gustafsson: Beryllium phosphates from the Proterozoic granitic pegmatite at Norrö, southern Stockholm archipelago, Sweden . In: Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar . tape 115 , no. 2 , 1993, p. 159-164 , doi : 10.1080 / 11035899309452747 .
  16. ^ A b Seppo I. Lahti: On the granitic pegmatites of the Eräjärvi area in Orivesi, Southern Finland (Geological Survey of Finland Bulletin 314) . 1st edition. Geologinen Tutkimuslaitos, Espoo 1981, ISBN 951-690-137-9 , p. 1–82 ( gtk.fi [PDF; 34.8 MB ; accessed on October 25, 2017]).
  17. ↑ a b c Robert C. Kammerling: Faceted Väyrynenite . In: Gems & Gemology . tape XXX , no. 2 , 1994, p. 121 ( gia.edu [PDF; 4.0 MB ; accessed on October 20, 2017]).
  18. ^ A b c Brendan M. Laurs, Eric A. Fritz: Väyrynenite from Pakistan . In: Gems & Gemology . tape XLII , no. 1 , 2006, p. 75 ( gia.edu [PDF; 6.1 MB ; accessed on October 20, 2017]).
  19. ↑ a b c d Brendan M. Laurs, Eric A. Fritz: Väyrynenite from Afghanistan . In: Gems & Gemology . tape XLII , no. 2 , 2006, p. 184-185 ( gia.edu [PDF; 6.8 MB ; accessed on October 20, 2017]).
  20. ↑ a b c Mindat - Väyrynenite (accessed October 4, 2018)
  21. ^ A b Encarnacion Roda Robles, Alfonso Pesquera Perez, Francisco Velasco Roldán, François Fontan: The granitic pegmatites of the Fregeneda area (Salamanca, Spain); characteristics and petrogenesis . In: Mineralogical Magazine . tape 63 , no. 4 , 1999, p. 535-558 , doi : 10.1180 / 002646199548709 ( researchgate.net [PDF; 2.2 MB ; accessed on October 24, 2017]).
  22. ^ A b Encarnación Roda-Robles, Romeu Vieira, Alfonso Pesquera, Alexandre Lima: Chemical variations and significance of phosphates from the Fregeneda-Almendra pegmatite field, Central Iberian Zone (Spain and Portugal) . In: Mineralogy and Petrology . tape 100 , no. 1–2 , 2010, pp. 23-34 , doi : 10.1007 / s00710-010-0117-7 ( researchgate.net [PDF; 537 kB ; accessed on October 24, 2017]).
  23. ↑ Mindat - Number of localities for Väyrynenite (accessed October 4, 2018)
  24. ↑ a b List of locations for väyrynenite in the Mineralienatlas and Mindat (accessed on October 4, 2018)
  25. ^ Jörgen Langhof, Erik Jonsson, Lars Gustafsson: Secondary Be-mineral i svenska granitpegmatiter - en översikt. In: Alf Olav Larsen, Torfinn Kjærnet (Eds.), Norsk mineralsymposium 2016 . In: Norsk mineral symposium . tape 2016 , 2016, ISBN 978-82-690-0271-3 , pp. 43-52 .
  26. ^ Günter Schnorrer-Köhler, Christian Rewitzer: Bendada - a phosphate pegmatite in central Portugal . In: Lapis . tape 16 , no. 5 , 1991, pp. 21-33 .
  27. ^ Thomas P. Moore: What's new in minerals (Department) Tucson Show 2005 . In: The Mineralogical Record . tape 36 , 2005, pp. 285-301 .
  28. ↑ a b Dudley Blauwet: Famous mineral localities: Alchuri, Shigar Valley, Northern Areas, Pakistan . In: The Mineralogical Record . tape 37 , 2006, p. 513-533 and 536-540 .
  29. ^ Hermann Bank, Karl Schmetzer: Pink transparent Väyrynenit, z. Partly in gem quality, from Pakistan . In: Journal of the German Gemological Society . tape 28 , no. 3 , 1979, pp. 163-164 .
  30. ↑ Gerhard Niedermayr: Spectacular finds of Väyrynenit from Nuristan, Afghanistan . In: Mineral World . tape 12 , no. 3 , 2001, p. 52-53 .
  31. ↑ Peter Lyckberg: Mineralogical treasures from the roof of the world (I): Gemstone pegmatites in Afghanistan: Paprok . In: Mineral World . tape 22 , no. 3 , 2011, p. 46-57 .
  32. ↑ Peter Lyckberg: Gem Pegmatites of Northeastern Afghanistan . In: The Mineralogical Record . tape 48 , no. 5 , 2017, p. 610-675 .
  33. ↑ Yueqing YANG, Yunxiang NI, Yongquan GUO, Nianming QIU, Chenghu CHEN, Chaofa CAI, Yaping ZHANG, Jiabing LIU, Yuexian CHEN: Rock-forming and ore-forming characteristics or the Xikeng granitic pegmatites in Fujian Province . In: Mineral Deposits . tape 6 , no. 3 , 1987, pp. 10-21 .
  34. ↑ Yueqing YANG, Yunxiang NI, Yongquan GUO, Nianming QIU, Chenghu CHEN, Chaofa CAI, Yaping ZHANG, Jiabing LIU, Yuexian CHEN: Petrogenetic and metallogenetic characteristics of the Xikeng granitic pegmatites, Fujian Province . In: Chinese Journal of Geochemistry (Acta Geochimica) . tape 7 , no. 2 , 1988, p. 120-135 , doi : 10.1007 / BF02894966 .
  35. ↑ VV Gordienko, VF Fedchenko, ML Zorina, Yu. N. Novikova, VF Chernysheva: First find of väyrynenite - MnBe [PO 4 ] (OH) - in the USSR . In: Zapiski Vsesoyuznogo Mineralogicheskogo Obshchestva . tape 102 , no. 4 , 1973, p. 432-435 . (in Russian)
  36. ↑ Alexander U. Falster, William B. Simmons, Karen L. Webber: The mineralogy and geochemistry of the Animikie Red Ace pegmatite, Florence County, Wisconsin . In: Recent Research Developments in Mineralogy . tape 1 , 1996, p. 7–67 ( researchgate.net [PDF; 18.9 MB ; accessed on October 25, 2017]).
  37. ↑ Realgems - Väyrynenit (accessed October 4, 2018)
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