Hydroxyl herderite

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Hydroxyl herderite
Herderite-Muscovite-t07-50a.jpg
Purple-colored hydroxyl herderite crystals up to 3 cm in size on columnar muscovite from Barra de Salinas near Coronel Murta, Minas Gerais, Brazil (size: 5.7 cm × 3.1 cm × 3.0 cm)
General and classification
other names
  • Hydro herderite
  • Hydroxyl herderite
chemical formula
  • CaBe [(OH, F) | PO 4 ]
  • CaBe (PO 4 ) (OH)
Mineral class
(and possibly department) 		Phosphates, arsenates and vanadates
System no. to Strunz
and to Dana 		8.BA.10 ( 8th edition : VII / B.01)
05.41.04.02
Similar minerals Herderite, Topaz, Euclas
Crystallographic Data
Crystal system monoclinic
Crystal class ; symbol monoclinic prismatic; 2 / m
Space group P 2 1 / a (No. 14, position 3)Template: room group / 14.3
Lattice parameters a  = 9.79  Å ; b  = 7.66 Å; c  = 4.80 Å
β  = 90.0 °
Formula units Z  = 4
Frequent crystal faces {100}, {010}, {001}, {120}, {110}, {012}, {011}, {021}, {102}, {113}, {112}, {111}, { 1 12}, { 1 11}, { 1 23}
Physical Properties
Mohs hardness 5 to 5.5
Density (g / cm 3 ) 2.95 (measured); 2.94 to 2.97 (calculated)
Cleavage indistinct after {110}
Break ; Tenacity slightly mussel-like; brittle
colour colorless, gray, brown, pale yellow, greenish white, light blue, violet; colorless in transmitted light; Alexandrite-like color change from blue-green or blue in daylight to lavender or light purple in incandescent light
Line color White
transparency translucent to translucent
shine Glass gloss to semi-glass gloss, resin gloss
Crystal optics
Refractive indices n α  = 1.59 to 1.615
n β  = 1.61 to 1.634
n γ  = 1.62 to 1.643
Birefringence δ = 0.02 to 0.028
Optical character biaxial negative
Axis angle 2V = 70 ° to 77 ° (measured)
Pleochroism weak to moderate from green to yellowish green
Other properties
Chemical behavior Slowly but completely soluble in hydrochloric acid (HCl)
Special features weak yellow fluorescence in short-wave UV light, possibly with bright yellow-orange-colored phosphorescence

Hydroxylherderite , obsolete u. a. Also known as Hydro-Herderite or Hydroxyl-Herderite , it is a rarely occurring mineral from the mineral class of " phosphates , arsenates and vanadates ". It crystallizes in the monoclinic crystal system with the chemical formula CaBe [(OH, F) | PO 4 ], so from a chemical point of view it is a calcium - beryllium phosphate with additional hydroxide ions . The compounds or elements F and OH indicated in the round brackets can represent each other in the formula ( substitution , diadochy), but are always in the same proportion to the other constituents of the mineral.

Hydroxylherderit is found mainly in the form of short-prismatic, according to the c-axis [001] or the a-axis [100] elongated crystals or in dicktafeligen by {001} individuals can reach up to 17 cm size. Also known are kidney to spherical, also radial fiber aggregates . Hydroxylherderite forms a complete series of mixed crystals with its much rarer fluorine-dominant analogue herderite , from which it cannot be distinguished macroscopically.

Etymology and history

Sigismund August Wolfgang Freiherr von Herder - namesake for Herderite and Hydroxylherderite

The US mineralogist and chemist Samuel Lewis Penfield is considered the first to describe hydroxyl herderite , who in 1894 recognized crystals of an unknown mineral from Paris in Maine / USA as fluorine-free herderite and, due to their similarity to herderite and the chemical composition, instead of OH from F introduced the name Hydro-Herderit (Hydroherderit). Over fifty years later, Charles Palache , Harry Berman and Clifford Frondel changed this name to hydroxyl herderite and defined the mineral as the end member of a mixed crystal series with herderite and thus as a species of its own. The basis of this definition remains unclear, as an analysis which would have proven a fluorine-dominant herderite did not exist up to this point in time. Again over fifty years the mineral was renamed Hydroxylherderite. For a long time, hydroxyl herderite was "only" considered a variety of herderite - and in 1987 it was still called that.

Type material of the mineral is not defined. According to other information, the type material of the hydroxyl herderite is located at Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut , United States (Catalog No. Brush 1971, 1972, 1974, 1975).

classification

Already in the outdated, but partly still in use 8th edition of the mineral classification according to Strunz , the hydroxyl herderite belonged to the mineral class of "phosphates, arsenates and vanadates" and there to the department of "anhydrous phosphates, with foreign anions F, Cl, O, OH", where he together with Babefphit , Bergslagit , Herderit and Väyrynenit formed the unnamed group VII / B.01 .

The 9th edition of Strunz's mineral systematics , which has been in effect since 2001 and is used by the International Mineralogical Association (IMA), also assigns hydroxyl herderite to the category of “phosphates etc. with additional anions; without H 2 O “. However, this is further subdivided according to the relative size of the cations involved and the molar ratio of the additional anions to the phosphate, arsenate or vanadate complex (RO 4 ), so that the mineral can be found in the sub-section “With small and medium-sized cations” according to its composition is, where only together with Bergslagit and Herderit the "Herderit group" with the system no. 8.BA.10 forms.

The systematics of minerals according to Dana , which is mainly used in the English-speaking world , assigns hydroxyl herderite to the class of "phosphates, arsenates and vanadates" and there to the category of "anhydrous phosphates, etc., with hydroxyl or halogen". Here he is the namesake of the "Herderit Group" with the system no. 41.05.04 and the other members Bergslagit, Herderit and Väyrynenit can be found in the subsection " Anhydrous phosphates etc., with hydroxyl or halogen with (AB) 2 (XO4) Zq ".

Chemism

The analysis of the "Hydro-Herderite" from Paris, Maine / USA, showed contents of 34.04% CaO; 16.13% BeO; 44.05% P 2 O 5 ; 5.85% H 2 O and only traces of fluorine , which were idealized to the formula CaBePO 4 OH. Of the hydroxyl herderites investigated by Peter B. Leavens, Pete J. Dunn, and Richard V. Gaines, one from the Palermo # 1 mine near North Groton, New Hampshire, has the lowest fluorine content and the highest proportion of hydroxyl herderite at 98 mole percent. Contents of 34.17% CaO; 43.14% P 2 O 5 and 0.19% fluorine measured.

The formula of the pure hydroxyl end member CaBePO 4 OH requires contents of 34.82% CaO; 15.53% BeO, 44.06% P 2 O 5 and 5.59% H 2 O.

Hydroxylherderite is the hydroxyl-dominant analogue of the fluorine-dominated herderite, with which it forms a continuous series of mixed crystals . A fluorine content of 5.86% by weight characterizes the center of the mixed crystal row. Crystals with a fluorine content of less than 5.86% by weight are hydroxyl herderite; if the value is greater than 5.86% by weight, it is herderite.

Crystal structure

Hydroxylherderite crystallizes monoclinically in the space group P 2 1 / a (space group no. 14, position 3) with the lattice parameters a  = 9.79  Å ; b  = 7.66 Å; c  = 4.80 Å and β = 90.0 ° as well as four formula units per unit cell . Template: room group / 14.3

The crystal structure of the Hydroxylherderits consists of layers of corner-sharing BeO 3 (OH, F) - and PO 4 - tetrahedra , by layers of edge-sharing CaO in the direction of the c-axis [001] 6 (OH, F) 2 - polyhedra are connected. Each tetrahedron layer contains alternating PO 4 and BeO 3 (OH, F) polyhedra, which form a framework of centrosymmetrical rings of four and eight parallel (001). The CaO 6 (OH, F) 2 polyhedra can best be described as slightly distorted tetragonal antiprisms that - over common edges - form a layer of rings of six. Despite its pronounced layer structure, hydroxyl herderite is only indistinctly cleavable.

Hydroxylherderite is isotypic to Datolith (and Herderite), i.e. H. it crystallizes with the same structure as datolith.

properties

Large-area hydroxyl herderite crystals with associated head images. On the left a simple crystal, on the right a twin crystal. The same colors mean the same surface shapes.

morphology

Hydroxylherderite can form very large crystals, which differ greatly in costume and habit . They are short prismatic according to the a-axis or the c-axis or thick-paneled according to {001}. The crystals are often very complex and extensive and therefore have a rounded appearance. They are dominated by the pinacoids {100}, {010}, {001} and {102} as well as the prisms {011}, {012}, {021}, {110}, {111}, {112}, {113} , { 1 12}, { 1 11} and { 1 23}. The crystals of the hydroxyl herderite have a mostly pseudo-orthorhombic effect due to the angle β, which deviates only insignificantly from 90 °, as well as the almost always existing twinning. The crystals from the first place of discovery in Paris and those from Topsham, both Maine / USA, are among the few representatives of the hydroxyl herderites that clearly indicate that they belong to the monoclinic crystal system (see the crystal drawings on the right). The largest crystals with up to 17 cm come from the Lavra do Xanda, Virgem da Lapa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.

Drawing of an idealized hydroxyl herderite quadruplet

Samuel Lewis Penfield was the first to draw attention to the formation of twins in hydroxylherderite crystals. Hydroxylherderite can either form twins according to {001} with {001} as the twin plane or according to {100} with {100} as the twin plane. Twinning according to {001} is v. a. known from the crystals from the "Golconda pegmatite" in Minas Gerais, twinning after {100} - although difficult to identify in many cases - shows practically all larger crystals. In addition, quadruplets according to both twin laws are known, especially from the "Golconda Pegmatit" and here from the "Lavra da Golconda Velha", which form characteristic "fishtail" contact twins (cf. the crystal drawing on the right). The twin crystals of Virgem da Lapa show on {112} and on {010} a striation caused by the formation of twins, often "curved" . Etched figures are also occasionally observed. Hydroxylherderite was found in the form of sharp-edged crystals as inclusions in other minerals.

Also known are kidney to spherical aggregates with radial fibers on the inside, which represent pseudomorphoses according to beryllonite . Spherical aggregates of thin-tabular hydroxylherderite crystals come from the Lavra do Jaime near Linópolis in Minas Gerais, Brazil.

Hydroxylherderite crystals from sites in the Fichtel Mountains and in Maine / USA

physical and chemical properties

Hydroxylherderite crystals are colorless, gray, brown, pale yellow, greenish white, light blue or violet, but their line color is always white. Crystals from Virgem da Lapa, Minas Gerais, show an alexandrite-like color change from blue-green or blue in daylight to lavender or light purple in incandescent lamp light. The surfaces of the translucent to transparent crystals show a glass or resin- like sheen . Hydroxylherderite has a medium high light and a medium high to high birefringence (δ = 0.033). The level of light refraction correlates linearly with the fluorine content of the herderite-hydroxylherderite mixed crystals. It decreases with increasing fluorine content. Chatoyance (cat's eye effect) show the up to 7 cm long, beige to light brown colored crystals from the "Lavra Olho de Gato" near Golconda not far from Governador Valadares, Minas Gerais, Brazil.

  • colorless, Erongoberge, Namibia

  • gray, Waisans Quarry, Greenwood, Maine

  • pale yellow, Jove Lauriano Claim, Minas Gerais

  • yellowish-greenish, Araçuaí, Minas Gerais

  • green, Chhappu near Skardu, Pakistan

  • blue, Xanda Mine, Virgem da Lapa

  • lavender color, Virgem da Lapa, Brazil

  • purple, Xanda Mine, Virgem da Lapa

In transmitted light, hydroxylherderite is colorless and without pleochroism , with green herderite-hydroxylherderite mixed crystals showing a weak to moderate pleochroism from green to yellowish green.

Hydroxylherderite is indistinctly cleavable according to (110), but because of its brittleness it breaks like quartz or glass , with the fracture surfaces being half-shell. The mineral has a Mohs hardness of 5 to 5.5 and is one of the medium-hard minerals that can be scratched with a pocket knife just as easily as the reference mineral apatite . The measured density for hydroxyl herderite is 2.95 g / cm³, the calculated density is 2.94-2.97 g / cm³.

In front of the soldering tube , the hydroxyl herderite expands and melts into white enamel. It colors the flame pale green. In the closed tube the crystals turn white, decrepitate violently and give off weakly acidic water. In hydrochloric acid (HCl) it is slowly but completely soluble. Hydroxylherderite shows a faint yellow fluorescence in short-wave UV light , which may be accompanied by a bright yellow-orange-colored phosphorescence .

Education and Locations

Hydroxylherderite twin with a clear re-entrant angle from Linópolis, Divino das Laranjeiras, Doce Valley, Minas Gerais, Brazil (size: 6 cm × 4.6 cm × 1.2 cm)
Green hydroxyl herderite crystal from "Dara-i-Pech" in Afghanistan (size: 7 cm × 6 cm × 4 cm)
Green hydroxyl herderite on topaz from Dassu in the Braldu Valley, Pakistan (size: 3 cm × 2.9 cm × 2.2 cm)

Hydroxylherderite is a late-formed mineral and is formed during the pneumatolytic and / or hydrothermal phase of the crystallization of acidic plutonites . It is found in complex granite pegmatites , in peripheral old men and in miarolithic cavities associated with granites and granite pegmatites . During the investigation of different representatives of the herderite-hydroxylherderite mixed crystal series, originating from materially and genetically different Brazilian pegmatites, it turned out that the degree of differentiation of the pegmatite magma is possibly the cause of whether herderite or hydroxyl herderite is formed. Samples from pegmatites, which are rich in montebrasite and lepidolite , have low fluorine contents and consequently represent hydroxyl herderites. Samples from triphyline-rich pegmatites show medium fluorine contents and form intermediate representatives of the herderite-hydroxyl herderite mixed crystal series. Samples from muscovite and topaz-rich pegmatites have a high fluorine content and must be referred to as herderite. This relationship can be explained by the degree of differentiation of the pegmatite magma , according to which lithium-rich pegmatites show lower fluorine contents and predominance of hydroxyl herderite in the hydrothermal system, while muscovite and topaz-rich pegmatites have higher fluorine contents and a predominance of fluorine-rich herderite in the hydrothermal system.

According to other authors, hydroxyl herderite is secondary to the postmagmatic alteration in rare metal granites at comparatively low temperatures of ≈ 250 ° C. Hydroxylherderite can form through alteration of beryl or beryllonite during the calcium-rich hydrothermal crystallization (Ca metasomatosis ) that occurs at a later stage . In this case, the formation of the hydroxyl herderite - as with other beryllophosphates such. B. Parafranoletit , Ca 3 Be 2 (PO 4 ) 2 (PO 3 OH) 2 · 4H 2 O - attributed to the action of phosphorus-containing solutions on beryl or beryllonite.

Typical accompanying minerals to hydroxyl herderite are tourmaline ( elbaite ), topaz , cassiterite , albite , microcline , muscovite , lepidolite and quartz .

Hydroxylherderite has been described as a rather rare mineral formation so far (as of 2016) from around 120 sites. A type locality is not defined for the mineral, but a fluorine-free "hydro-herderite" was first described in 1894 from Paris , Maine , United States .

From sites in Germany , the "Herderite" known from Epprechtstein and Waldstein , both in the Fichtelgebirge , Upper Franconia , Bavaria , have proven to be intermediate hydroxylherderite-herderite mixed crystals with a slight dominance of OH over F. The extent to which this applies to the material from all quarries in this area (such as the “Reinersreuth” (“Köhlerloch”), “Zufurt”, “Grasymabruch” or “Schoberth” quarry) still needs an analytical review. The only analysis carried out with modern methods on "Herderite" from the type locality Ehrenfriedersdorf in the Saxon Ore Mountains showed CaBe [((OH) 0.52 F 0.48 ) | PO 4 ] also an OH-dominant mineral and thus a hydroxyl herderite.

The quarries on the slope of the Luftenberg near St. Georgen an der Gusen not far from Perg , Mühlviertel , Upper Austria , Austria , have delivered hydroxyl herderite crystals up to 4.8 cm in size. Another Austrian site for hydroxyl herderite is the lithium occurrence on the ridge of the fire ( spodumene test mining) on ​​the Weinebene deposit , Moschkogel-Weinebene area on the Koralpe , Carinthia . There are no known occurrences of hydroxyl herderite in Switzerland .

In Europe , hydroxyl herderite is also from the "Viitaniemi pegmatite" (type locality for Väyrynenite and Viitaniemiite ) in the area of Eräjärvi near Orivesi , Finland ; from the Svetlinskii pegmatite near “Svetlyi” not far from Plast , Chelyabinsk Oblast , Southern Urals , Ural Federal District , Russia ; from the "Miniera Seula" (Cava Montecatini) on Monte Camoscio near Oltrefiume not far from Baveno , Province of Verbano-Cusio-Ossola , Piedmont , Italy ; from the “Carrière de Beauvoir”, Échassières near Ébreuil , Département Allier , Auvergne , France , from the “Rožná pegmatites” near Žďár nad Sázavou , Vysočina region , Moravia , Czech Republic ; and from the “Pedreira do Carvalhal” and “Pedreira das Romãs” quarries, both near Romãs not far from Sátão , Distrito de Viseu , Portugal .

In Asia , the mineral is known from the tantalum "Ungursai" deposit on the Irtysh , Qalbagebirge , East Kazakhstan , Kazakhstan . In Afghanistan from the “Dara-i-Pech pegmatite field”, Chapa Dara district , Kunar province , and “Paprok”, Kamdesh district , Nuristan province . In the Pakistani special territory Gilgit-Baltistan (former Northern Areas) from "Bulochi" in the Astor Valley and from the Drot Valley, both in the Astore district . In the Skardu district of “Apo Ali Gun”, “Byansahpi”, “Chhappu”, “Dassu”, “Seydar” near “Hoh Nala” and “Nyet-Bruk”, all in the Braldu Valley; from “Stak Nala”, “Shengus” and “Sabsar”, all in the Haramosh Mountains; and of "Mungo" in the Shigar Valley. In the Gilgit district of “Dache” in the Haramosh Mountains, from “Chumar Bakhoor” near Nagar in the Hunza Valley, and from “Sassi”, all in Pakistan . The representatives of the Herderite-Hydroxylherderite mixed crystal series known from Pakistan have often not yet been investigated in more detail, so that their exact assignment to the end members of the mixed crystal series is unknown. Green crystals from the "Kandahar Mine" located about 35 km north of Skardu near Baha in the Braldu Valley, Gilgit-Baltistan are, according to their refractive indices, intermediate representatives of the Herderite-Hydroxylherderite mixed crystal series. The same applies to the green crystals from near Chhappu in the Braldu Valley and from the gemstone mining near Doko in the Basha Valley .

Countless colorless to white hydroxylherderite crystals from the Erongo Mountains in Namibia (size: 4.5 cm × 3.9 cm × 2.5 cm)

In Africa , hydroxyl herderite is known from miaroles in the Erongo Mountains north of Usakos , Erongo region , Namibia . The mineral was first found here around 2003 in green, twinned and characteristically striped crystals up to 3 cm in length. In 2006/2007 discovered “Mica Pocket” in beige crystals up to 4 cm in size on beryl and / or tourmaline or in colorless to matt white crystals on fluorite and / or muscovite . The mineral has also been described from the granite pegmatite worked by the “Naipa Mine”, Alto Ligonha, in the province of Zambezia , Mozambique .

Lavender-colored hydroxyl herderite of 2 cm in size on feldspar matrix from Virgem da Lapa, Jequitinhonha Valley, Minas Gerais, Brazil (size: 9.7 cm × 7.2 cm × 3.1 cm)

In South America v. a. from the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais . Here from the "Sapo Mine" near Ferruginha, Conselheiro Pena, the "Boa Vista pegmatite" in the Conselheiro Pena Pegmatite District; the “Córrego Frio Mine”, the “Jaime Pacheco Claim” (Lavra do Jaime), the “Jove Lauriano Claim” and the “Pamaró Mine”, all at Linópolis, Divino das Laranjeiras; the “Ênio Claim” near Laranjeiras and the “Sapucaia Mine” near Sapucaia do Norte, both near Galiléia; the Golconda pegmatite in the district of the same name near Governador Valadares ; from the “Santa Rosa Mine” and from “São Geraldo do Baixio”, both near Itambacuri; all in the Doce Valley. From the “Poço d'Antas Claim”, Piauí Valley, Taquaral, Itinga; from the “Manoel Fonseca Farm” and the “Morro Redondo Mine”, both at Coronel Murta, and from the “Lavra do Xanda” at Virgem da Lapa, all in the Jequitinhonha Valley. Also in the Jequitinhonha river valley is the pegmatite district of Araçuaí , named after the city of the same name , which delivered yellowish-green, model-shaped crystals in the 1970s. In the state of Paraíba from the "Alto-Benedito-Pegmatite" and the "Alto-do-Chagas-Claim" near Quixaba, both near Frei Martinho in the mineral province of Borborema , and from a locality a few kilometers east of Campina Grande .

Hydroxylherderite crystal aggregate from the Fletcher Quarry near Groton, Grafton County, New Hampshire, USA (size: 3.6 cm × 3.4 cm × 2.1 cm)

In the United States , hydroxyl herderite is in the state of Maine from the localities "Greenlaw Quarry", "Maine Feldspar Quarry", "Keith Quarry" and "Pulsifer Quarry & Dionne Extension" near Auburne and the Berry-Havey Quarry near Poland , all in Androscoggin County ; as well as from the "Songo Pond Quarry" and the "Bumpus Quarry" near Albany; the "Bennett Mine" at Buckfield ; the "Noyes Mountain Quarry", "Tamminen-Waisanen Quarry" and "Tiger Bill Quarries" at Greenwood ; the "Mount Rubellite Quarries" near Hebron ; from the quarries "Bell Quarry", "Crooker Gem Pegmatite Quarries", "Dunton Gem Quarry", "Nevel Quarry", "Rose Quartz Crystal Locality", all at Newry ; the "Ryerson Hill Quarries" near Paris ; the Lord Hill Quarry at Stoneham ; as well as the "Consolidated # 1 Quarry", "Consolidated # 2 Quarry" and "Fisher Quarry" quarries at Topsham, all in Oxford County . A fluorine-free hydroxyl herderite was first described by Paris in 1894. Also from the "Keyes Mica Quarries" at Orange ; the “Palemo # 1 Mine” and the “Fletcher Mine”, both at North Groton , all in New Hampshire ; the Foote Mine, Kings Mountain , Cleveland Co. , and the Lithium Corporation of America Mine at Bessemer City in Gaston County , both North Carolina ; the Tip Top Mine at Fourmile, Custer Co. , South Dakota ; from the "Rutherford No. 3 Pegmatite ”at Amelia Courthouse , Amelia County , Virginia ; the Blue Chihuahua Mine and the Marion Godshaw Memorial Quarry in Riverside County ; the “Pack Rat Mine” on Tule Mountain, the “Carmelita Mine” in the Chihuahua Valley, and the “Cryo-Genie Mine” near Warner Springs, all in San Diego County , all in California .

Hydroxyl herderite has also been found in Argentina , China , Japan , Canada , Spain and Sweden .

use

Due to its gemological characteristics (color, transparency, refractive indices, hardness and size of the crystals), hydroxyl herderite is often ground, although with a Mohs hardness of 5.5 or less it is actually too soft for a gemstone. Faceted stones from Maine / USA are usually small and colorless or show only pale hues. Brazilian stones have more intense colors and can weigh 25-30 ct. A 161.09 ct cut stone originally classified as Herderite has dimensions of 57.9 mm × 27.4 mm × 17.1 mm and is believed to have come from Ouro Verde, Minas Gerais, Brazil. He is now under catalog number NMNH G10542-00 in the collection of the Smithsonian Institution belonging to National Museum of Natural History , Washington, DC In addition Hydroxylherderit is a popular with mineral collectors mineral.

See also

literature

  • Hans Jürgen Rösler : Textbook of Mineralogy . 4th, revised and expanded edition. German publishing house for basic industry (VEB), Leipzig 1987, ISBN 3-342-00288-3 , p. 627 .
  • Hydroxylherderite , In: John W. Anthony, Richard A. Bideaux, Kenneth W. Bladh, Monte C. Nichols (Eds.): Handbook of Mineralogy, Mineralogical Society of America , 2001 ( PDF, 66 kB )

Web links

Commons : Hydroxylherderite  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Samuel Lewis Penfield : On the crystallization of herderite . In: American Journal of Science . 97 (Third Series 47), 1894, pp.  329-339 .
  2. ↑ a b c d e Charles Palache , Harry Berman and Clifford Frondel : The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana: Vol. II . 7th edition. John Wiley and Sons, New York 1951, p.  820-822 .
  3. ↑ a b c d e f Hugo Strunz , Ernest H. Nickel : Strunz Mineralogical Tables . 9th edition. E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagbuchhandlung (Nägele and Obermiller), Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-510-65188-X , p.  441 .
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Hydroxylherderite , In: John W. Anthony, Richard A. Bideaux, Kenneth W. Bladh, Monte C. Nichols (Eds.): Handbook of Mineralogy, Mineralogical Society of America , 2001 ( PDF, 66 kB )
  5. ↑ a b c Mindat - Hydroxylherderite
  6. ↑ a b c Brendan M. Laurs, Elizabeth P. Quinn: Herderite from Pakistan . In: Gems & Gemology . tape XLII , 2006, p. 174-175 .
  7. ↑ a b c Samuel Lewis Penfield : About the crystal form of the Herderite . In: Journal for Crystallography and Mineralogy . tape  23 , 1894, pp. 118-130 .
  8. ↑ Stollen Troll - The Discovery of Herderit
  9. ↑ Ernest AJ Burke: Tidying up mineral names: an IMA-CNMNC scheme for suffixes, hyphens and diacritical marks . In: The Mineralogical Record . tape 39 , 2008, p. 131-135 .
  10. ↑ Hans Jürgen Rösler : Textbook of Mineralogy . 4th, revised and expanded edition. German publishing house for basic industry (VEB), Leipzig 1987, ISBN 3-342-00288-3 , p.  627 .
  11. ↑ Catalog of Type Mineral Specimens - H. (PDF 81 kB) In: docs.wixstatic.com. Commission on Museums (IMA), December 12, 2018, accessed August 29, 2019 .
  12. ↑ a b c d e f Peter B. Leavens, Pete J. Dunn, Richard V. Gaines: Compositional and refractive index variation of the herderite-hydroxyl-herderite series . In: The American Mineralogist . tape 63 , 1978, pp. 913-917 ( rruff.info [PDF; 543 kB ]).
  13. ↑ George A. Lager, GV Gibbs: A refinement of the crystal structure of herderite, CaBePO 4 OH . In: The American Mineralogist . tape 59 , 1974, pp. 919–925 ( rruff.info [PDF; 764 kB ]).
  14. ^ Hugo Strunz : Datolith and Herderit. A contribution to the knowledge of the isomorphism between silicates and phosphates . In: Journal of Crystallography and Mineralogy . tape  93 , 1936, pp. 146-150 .
  15. ↑ a b c GM Yatsevich: The crystallography of Herderite from Topsham, Maine . In: The American Mineralogist . tape 20 , 1935, pp. 426–437 ( minsocam.org [PDF; 728 kB ]).
  16. ↑ a b c d e Carlos Cornejo, Andrea Bartorelli: Minerals an precious stones of Brazil . 2nd Edition. Solaris Cultural Publication, São Paulo 2014, ISBN 978-85-89820-08-0 , pp. 370-371 .
  17. ↑ a b Pete J. Dunn, C. Wroe Wolfe, Peter B. Leavens, Wendell E. Wilson: Hydroxyl-herderite from Brazil and a Guide to Species Nomenclature for the Herderite / Hydroxyl-herderite Series . In: The Mineralogical Record . tape 10 , 1979, p. 5-11 .
  18. ↑ a b V. Dürrfeld: The Druze minerals of the Waldstein granite in the Fichtelgebirge . In: Journal of Crystallography and Mineralogy . tape XLVI , 1909, pp. 3-38 .
  19. ↑ a b V. Dürrfeld: The Druze minerals of the Waldstein granite in the Fichtel Mountains (addendum) . In: Journal of Crystallography and Mineralogy . tape XLVII , 1910, pp. 242-248 .
  20. ^ A b c Charles Palache , Earl V. Shannon: Beryllonite and other phosphates from Newry, Maine . In: The American Mineralogist . tape  13 , 1928, pp. 392–396 ( minsocam.org [PDF; 566 kB ]).
  21. ↑ Joel E. Arem: Color encyclopedia of gemstones . 2nd Edition. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York 1987, ISBN 0-442-20833-2 , pp. 111 .
  22. ↑ Carl Hintze : Handbook of Mineralogy. First volume. Fourth department. First half . 1st edition. Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin and Leipzig 1933, p.  680-688 .
  23. ^ Edward S. Grew: Mineralogy, petrology and geochemistry of beryllium: An introduction and list of beryllium minerals. In: Edward S. Grew (Ed.), Beryllium: Mineralogy, Petrology, and Geochemistry . In: Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry . tape 50 , 2002, pp. 1-76 .
  24. ↑ Petr Černý: Mineralogy of beryllium in granitic pegmatites. In: Edward S. Grew (Ed.), Beryllium: Mineralogy, Petrology, and Geochemistry . In: Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry . tape 50 , 2002, pp. 405-444 .
  25. ↑ George E. Harlow, Frank Christopher Hawthorne : Herderite from Mogok, Myanmar, and comparison with hydroxyl-herderite from Ehrenfriedersdorf, Germany . In: The American Mineralogist . tape 93 , 2008, p. 1545–1549 , doi : 10.2138 / am.2008.2943 ( rruff.info [PDF; 1.7 MB ]).
  26. ↑ Ray L. Frost, Ricardo Scholz, Andrés López, Yunfei Xi, Camila de Siqueira Queiroz, Fernanda M. Belotti, Mauro Cândido Filho: Raman, infrared and near-infrared spectroscopic characterization of the herderite – hydroxylherderite series mineral . In: Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy . tape 118 , 2014, p. 430–437 , doi : 10.1016 / j.saa.2013.09.021 ( rruff.info [PDF; 14.7 MB ]).
  27. ↑ Bernard Charoy: Beryllium speciation in evolved granitic magma: phosphates versus silicates . In: European Journal of Mineralogy . tape 11 , 1999, p. 135-148 , doi : 10.1127 / ejm / 11/1/0135 .
  28. ^ Iva Černá, Petr Černý, Julie Beryl Selway, Ron Chapman: Paragenesis and origin of secondary beryllophosphates: beryllonite and hydroxylherderite from the BEP granitic pegmatite, southeastern Manitoba, Canada . In: The Canadian Mineralogist . tape 40 , 2002, p. 1339–1345 , doi : 10.2113 / gscanmin.40.5.1339 ( rruff.info [PDF; 434 kB ]).
  29. ↑ Giacomo Diego Gatta, Steven D. Jacobsen, Pietro Vignola, Garry J. Mcintyre, Giorgio Guastella, LF Abate: Single-crystal neutron diffraction and Raman spectroscopic study of hydroxylherderite, CaBePO 4 (OH, F) . In: Mineralogical Magazine . tape 78 , 2014, p. 723-737 , doi : 10.1180 / minmag.2014.078.3.18 .
  30. ^ Anthony R. Kampf, Pete J. Dunn, Eugene E. Foord: Parafransoletite, a new dimorph of fransoletite from the Tip Top Pegmatite, Custer, South Dakota . In: The American Mineralogist . tape 77 , 1992, pp. 843–847 ( rruff.info [PDF; 559 kB ]).
  31. ↑ Mindat - Number of localities for Hydroxylherderite
  32. ↑ a b List of locations for hydroxyl herderite in the Mineralienatlas and Mindat
  33. ^ Gerhard Brandstetter, Martin Reich: Luftenberg - an important pegmatite mineralization in Upper Austria . In: Mineral World . 10 (volume 3), 1999, p. 12-18 .
  34. ↑ Ludi van Bezing, Rainer Bode, Steffen Jahn: Namibia: Minerals and Localities I . 1st edition. Bode-Verlag GmbH, Salzhemmendorf 2014, ISBN 978-3-942588-13-3 , p. 104 .
  35. ^ William Earl Hidden: On the probable occurrence of herderite in Maine. With a note from ES Dana . In: American Journal of Science . 77 (Third Series 27), 1884, p. 73 .
  36. ^ William Earl Hidden, JB Mackintosh: On herderite (?), A glucinum calcium phosphate and fluoride, from Oxford County, Maine . In: American Journal of Science . 77 (Third Series 27), 1884, p. 135-138 .
  37. ↑ Frederick Augustus Genth : On herderite . In: Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society . tape  21 , no. 116 , 1884, pp. 694-699 .
  38. ↑ Cheryl Y. Wentzell: Herderite Update . In: Gems & Gemology . tape XL , 2004, pp. 61-62 .
  39. ^ Smithsonian Institution - honed hydroxyl herderite