Burbankit

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Burbankit
Burbankite-Sodalite-Galena-253961.jpg
Reddish burbankite with blue sodalite and shiny metallic galena in a white Abit matrix. Other companions are brown ankerite , dawsonite and white hisingerite . Cerro Sapo complex in the alkaline rock province of Ayopaya , Cochabamba department in Bolivia . Step size: 5.1 × 4.3 × 4.0 cm.
General and classification
chemical formula
  • Q 6 (CO 3 ) 5 (Q = Na, Ca, Sr, Ba, SEE)
  • (Na, Ca) 3 (Sr, Ba, Ce) 3 (CO 3 ) 5
  • (Na, Ca) 3 (Sr, Ba, Ce) 3 [CO 3 ] 5
  • (Na 2.46 Ca 0.98 Sr 1.71 Ba 0.32 Y 0.05 Ce 0.17 La 0.08 Nd 0.08 Pr 0.02 Th 0.09 ) Σ = 5.96 (CO 3 ) 5
  • (Na, Ca) 3 (Sr, REE, Ba) 3 (CO 3 ) 5
Mineral class
(and possibly department) 		Carbonates and nitrates - carbonates without additional anions; without H 2 O
System no. to Strunz
and to Dana 		5.AC.30 ( 8th edition : Vb / A.05)
04/14/04/01
Crystallographic Data
Crystal system hexagonal
Crystal class ; symbol dihexagonal-pyramidal; 6 mm
Space group P 6 3 mc (No. 186)Template: room group / 186
Lattice parameters a  = 10.514  Å ; c  = 6.477 Å
Formula units Z  = 2
Physical Properties
Mohs hardness 3.5 to 4
Density (g / cm 3 ) 3.50 (measured); 3.50 to 3.54 (calculated)
Cleavage prismatic, clear to imperfect after {10 1 0}
Break ; Tenacity not given; brittle
colour colorless, pale yellow, gray-yellow, yellow, lemon-yellow, yellow-brown, orange-red, pink, pale greenish
Line color grey yellow
transparency translucent to translucent
shine Glass gloss
radioactivity weakly radioactive
Crystal optics
Refractive indices n ω  = 1.627
n ε  = 1.615
Refractive index n  = 1.625 (measured); 1.632 (calculated)
Birefringence δ = 0.012
Optical character uniaxial negative
Other properties
Chemical behavior Easily soluble in cold, dilute HCl
Special features Occasional orange-red to pink fluorescence in short- and long-wave UV light. Piezoelectric and pyroelectric.

Burbankit is a rarely occurring mineral from the mineral class of " carbonates and nitrates " (formerly carbonates, nitrates and borates ). It crystallizes in the hexagonal crystal system with the idealized chemical composition of (Na, Ca) 3 (Sr, Ba, Ce) 3 (CO 3 ) 5 - is thus chemically seen a sodium - strontium - carbonate with more or less high content of calcium , barium and SEE as well as thorium . Due to the cerium and thorium content , the mineral can be radioactive .

Burbankit forms parallel striped, long prismatic, dihexagonal crystals up to 4 cm in length, the end faces of which are formed by flat pyramids. In addition, there are spherical, radial-fiber and xenomorphic- grain mineral aggregates up to 5 cm in size.

The type locality of the Burbankit is the "Vermiculite Prospect No. 6 "( coordinates of Vermiculite Prospect No. 6 ) at the source of Big Sandy Creek in the Bearpaw Mountains, Hill County , Montana , United States . The deposits are located on the Rocky Boy's Indian Reservation .

Etymology and history

Light pink burbankite crystals from Poços de Caldas , Minas Gerais , Brazil (field of view: 5 mm)

A number of rare earth carbonates were found while investigating a group of silicate carbonate sulfide deposits in the Bearpaw Mountains of Montana . When examining two of these carbonates more closely, the US mineralogists William Thomas Pecora and Joe H. Kerr identified two phases which subsequently turned out to be new minerals. In 1953 these minerals were first described scientifically by the two scientists in the American science magazine "The American Mineralogist" as Burbankit ( English Burbankite ) and Calkinsite ( English Calkinsite ). They named the former mineral after the geologist of the United States Geological Survey Wilbur Sweet Burbank (1898-1975) in recognition of his contributions to the geology of mineral deposits in the western United States.

The type material for Burbankit (type level) is kept under catalog number 106843 (Donation USGS ) in the collection of the National Museum of Natural History in Washington, DC , USA , which is part of the Smithsonian Institution .

Due to the discovery and first description before 1959, Burbankit is one of the minerals that are designated as grandfathered by the International Mineralogical Association (IMA) and do not have an IMA number.

classification

In the meanwhile outdated, but partly still in use 8th edition of the mineral classification according to Strunz , the Burbankit belonged to the common mineral class of "Carbonates, Nitrates and Borates" and there to the department of "Carbonates", where it belongs together with Bütschliit , Carbocernait , Eitelit , Fairchildit , Nyerereit , Sahamalith and Shortit the "Eitelit-Sahamalith-Gruppe" with the system no. Vb / A.05 within the sub-section "Anhydrous carbonates without foreign anions ".

In the last revised and updated Lapis mineral directory in 2018 , which is still based on this outdated system of Karl Hugo Strunz out of consideration for private collectors and institutional collections , the mineral was given the system and mineral number. V / B.07-040 . In the "Lapis system" this corresponds to the section "Anhydrous carbonates [CO 3 ] 2− , without foreign anions ", where burbankite together with Rémondite (La) , Rémondite (Ce) , Petersenite (Ce) , Calcioburbankite , Khanneshit , Sanrománit and Carbocernait the Burbankit series with the system no. V / B.07 forms.

The 9th edition of Strunz's mineral systematics, which has been valid since 2001 and updated by the International Mineralogical Association (IMA) until 2009, assigns the Burbankit to the “carbonates and nitrates” class, which has been reduced by the borates, and to the “carbonates without additional ones” Anions; without H 2 O “. However, this is further subdivided according to the predominant element group in the compound (alkali and / or alkaline earth metals), so that the mineral can be found according to its composition in the sub-section " Alkali and alkaline earth carbonates", where it is found together with calcioburbankite, khanneshite and Sanrománit the "Burbankit group" with the system no. 5.AC.30 forms.

The systematics of minerals according to Dana , which is mainly used in the English-speaking world , assigns the Burbankit, like the outdated Strunz system, to the common class of “carbonates, nitrates and borates” and there to the department of “anhydrous carbonates”. Here it is together with khanneshite, calcioburbankite and sanrománite in the " Burbankite group (hexagonal) " with the system no. 04/14/04 within the sub-section "Anhydrous carbonates with a compound formula A 2+ B 2+ 2 (CO 3 ) 4 ".

Chemism

The chemical analysis of the Burbankit from the type publication represented a combination of wet chemical , flame spectroscopic (Na 2 O and K 2 O) and spectroscopic ( SEE ) methods. A renewed analysis of this sample by Herta Silvia Effenberger and colleagues via microprobe analysis yielded 11.47% CaO; 25.08% SrO; 11.47% BaO; 8.34% Na 2 O; <0.03% Y 2 O 3 ; 3.37% La 2 O 3 ; 5.39% Ce 2 O 3 ; 0.46% Pr 2 O 3 ; 1.26% Nd 2 O 3 ; 0.14% Sm 2 O 3 ; 0.41% Gd 2 O 3 ; 0.05% Tb 2 O 3 ; 33.24% CO 2 ; Total 100.68. The empirical formula (Na 1.78 Ca 0.89 ) Σ = 2.67 (Sr 1.60 Ba 0.50 Ca 0.46 La 0.14 Ce 0 ) is calculated from these values ​​on the basis of five moles of CO 2 , 22 Nd 0.05 Pr 0.02 Gd 0.01 ) Σ = 3.00 (CO 3 ) 5 . Burbankite from sediments in the “Cioclovina” cave in Romania contains 2.93 to 4.00 wt% ThO 2 (mean value 3.39 ± 0.35 wt% ThO 2 ). These thorium contents are z. Partly responsible for the weak radioactivity of the Burbankit.

The sum of the cations in the burbankite crystals is in the range from 5.9 to 6.6 and scatters around the ideal value of 6.0. Calcium and the light SEE ( lanthanum , cerium, praseodymium and neodymium ) are clearly negatively correlated. Burbankite can be distinguished from carbocernaite (with Na / Ca ratios <1) by high Na / Ca ratios of significantly> 1.0. During their investigations, Julia Belovitskaya and Igor Pekov identified a special type of burbankite mineralization which is much poorer in SEE than other burbankite mineralizations and which is associated with specific pectolite - metasomatites of the Chibinen - and Murun massifs in Russia.

The official formula of the IMA for the Burbankit simplifies the formula of Effenberger and colleagues to (Na, Ca) 3 (Sr, Ba, Ce) 3 (CO 3 ) 5 . The Strunz formula is (Na, Ca) 3 (Sr, Ba, Ce) 3 [CO 3 ] 5 and is identical to the IMA formula for Burbankit - but here, as usual, the anion group is summarized in square brackets.

The only combination of elements Na – Ca – Sr – Ba – Ce – C – O, as can be found in the official IMA formula for Burbankit, is among the currently known minerals (as of 2020), apart from Burbankite, only carbocernaite (Ca, Na ) 3 (Sr, Ce, Ba) 3 (CO 3 ) 5 , Khanneshit , (Na, Ca) 3 (Ba, Sr, Ce, Ca) 3 (CO 3 ) 5 , and the unnamed phase UM1990-98-CO: BaCaNaREESr , (Na, Ca) 3 (Sr, Ba, Ce) 3 (CO 3 ) 5 , on.

Burbankite can be understood as the Sr-dominant analogue of the Ca-dominated calcioburbankite, Na 3 (Ca, REE, Sr) 3 (CO 3 ) 5 , with calcium dominating among the cations on the B position in the latter . An invention described in 1975 by Tzong T. Chen, largely SEE and Ba-free Burbankit-variety of Mont Saint-Hilaire , whose chemical composition close to Na 2 Ca 2 Sr 2 (CO 3 ) 5 is located, according to this composition was Strontioburbankit called .

From a chemical point of view, like khanneshite, calcioburbankite, rémondite (Ce), rémondite (La) and petersenite (Ce), burbankite belongs to the burbankite group, which is a group of six minerals with the general formula А 3 В 3 (СО 3 ) 5 and А = Na > Ca , SEE 3+ or a vacancy (◻) as well as B = Sr , Ca, Ba , SEE 3+ and / or Na. All representatives of this Burbankit group investigated by Julia Belovitskaya and Igor Pekov (94 analyzes) can be used in an isomorphic system with the - hypothetical - end members (Na 2 Ca) М 2+ 3 (CO 3 ) 5 and Na 3 (SEE 2 Na) (CO 3 ) 5 , with М 2+  = Sr, Ba and / or Ca, can be described.

Crystal structure

Structure of Burbankit in a cation-centered polyhedral representation and standard crystallographic orientation. The blue outline shows the unit cell.
Color legend:    __ Na __ Ca __ Sr __ Ba __ Yb __ Ce __ La __ Pr __ Th __ C __ O
Spatial representation of the structure of Burbankit parallel to the c-axis. Same color legend as in the adjacent illustration.
Spatial representation of the structure of Burbankit parallel to the c-axis. Only the A O 8 polyhedron is shown.

The current investigation into the crystal structure of the Burbankit according to the official IMA list comes from Bogdan P. Onac, Heinz-Jürgen Bernhardt and Herta Silvia Effenberger. Then burbankite crystallizes in the hexagonal crystal system in the space group P 6 3 mc (space group no.186 ) with the lattice parameters a = 10.514  Å and c = 6.477 Å as well as two formula units per unit cell . John W. Anthony and colleagues gave ranges of a = 10.41 - 10.547 Å and c = 6.250 - 6.520 Å as well as two formula units per unit cell for the lattice parameters of the Burbankit  . Template: room group / 186

In the crystal structure of the two ordered Burbankits cation positions exist A and B . The A position is [6 + 2] coordinated and has an average A -O bond length of 2.491 Å. If we only consider the six closest neighbors, we see strongly distorted octahedra , which are connected by common corners to form A 2 O 10 chains along the axis [0001]. The inclusion of the two longer AO bonds results in a trigonal prism in which two of the faces are covered by O3 atoms. These [ A O 8 ] polyhedra are connected to one another via common surfaces. These common surfaces ( face sharing ) seem to prevent the A position from being occupied by tetravalent thorium atoms Th 4+ due to repulsion effects. The B position is [10] -coordinated, with an average B- O bond length of 2.678 Å. Of the ten ligands, four form a basal square almost parallel to a pentagonal ring with an O4 atom on top. Neither the B O 10 polyhedra with one another nor the B O 10 polyhedra and A O 8 polyhedra with one another have areas in common. The Na and Ca atoms are concentrated in the smaller A O 8 - polyhedron , the larger cations whereas on the B position seated.

The packing of the A 2 O 10 chains is relatively close; they form a three-dimensional network with two types of channels running parallel to [0001]. The large channels are formed by six A 2 O 10 chains and house the B [10] cations. The C 2 O 3 groups sit in the center of the chains, the C3O 3 groups in their border . The small channels consist of three A 2 O 10 chains that are centered by the C3O 3 groups. The three crystallographically different carbonate groups are planar, with the CO bonds varying between 1.268 Å and 1.294 Å.

Burbankite, calcioburbankite and khanneshite are isotypic (isostructural).

properties

morphology

At the type locality, burbankite is found in close intergrowth with ankylite in the form of irregular masses and in dikes in calcite or in separate crystals also in calcite. At Mont Saint-Hilaire in Canada , Burbankite forms up to 4 cm long, prismatic, parallel {0001} striped crystals, the end faces of which are bounded by flat dipyramids or by dipyramids and base pinacoid. The costume of the Burbankit crystals from Mont Saint-Hilaire includes the costume -determining prism {10 1 0}, the prism {11 2 0}, the dipyramids {10 1 1} and {11 2 1} and the basic pinacoid {0001} (see the crystal drawings opposite). Crystals with fibrous, corroded, "brush-like" ends as well as crystals with an opaque, white, glaze-like coating on the prismatic surfaces are also widespread.

  • Costume and habit of burbankite crystals

  • Long prismatic crystal with few areas and shapes

  • Long prismatic crystal with few areas and shapes with the base pinacoid as termination

  • Long prismatic crystal rich in shapes with two different prisms

  • Long prismatic crystal, rich in shapes, with all the surface shapes observed on Mont Saint-Hilaire

In late-formed calcite carbonatites in the alkaline rock massif of the Chibinen on the Kola Peninsula in Russia , burbankite is even a rock-forming mineral with 10 to 50% by volume of the rock and represents a primary phase. It is usually found in the form of up to 5 cm long and up to 2.5 cm in diameter, prismatic crystals that occasionally crystallized perpendicular to the contact with the ducts. Also as teardrop-shaped inclusions up to 0.2 mm in size in calcite, which is associated with idiomorphic, zoned apatite crystals.

In the host rock of the Kalkfeld Carbonatite Complex , Namibia , Burbankite has been identified as a common solid phase in fluid inclusions derived from fluids from the carbonatite. However, the burbankite crystals in these liquid inclusions rarely reach sizes of more than 10 µm. In the “Cioclovina” cave near Boșorod in Hunedoara County , Transylvania , Romania , Burbankit occurs in sub-millimeter-sized aggregates that form hard, microcrystalline crusts and blocks within a lacustrine-like sequence of sediments.

Burbankit can also be found in the form of radially fibrous-spherical ( Green River Formation , Wyoming ) and xenomorphic- grain mineral aggregates up to 5 cm in size.

physical and chemical properties

The crystals of the Burbankit of the type locality are pale yellow, on Mont Saint-Hilaire lemon-yellow to orange-red or colorless, yellow and pink and in the chibines yellow-brown. According to John W. Anthony and colleagues, Burbankit is generally colorless or gray-yellow, pale yellow, pink, and pale greenish in color. Its stroke color is given as gray-yellow. The surfaces of the translucent to transparent crystals of the Burbankit show a characteristic glass-like sheen . According to this glass gloss, Burbankit has a high light refraction ( n ε  = 1.615; n ω  = 1.627) and a low birefringence (δ = 0.012). In transmitted light, the uniaxial negative Burbankit is colorless and shows no pleochroism .

Burbankit exhibits a prismatic, distinct to imperfect cleavage according to {10 1 0}. The mineral is brittle and there is no information about its behavior in the event of breakage . Burbankite has a Mohs hardness of 3.5 to 4 and is therefore one of the medium-hard minerals that, like the reference minerals calcite (hardness 3), can be easily scratched with a copper coin and fluorite (hardness 4) with a pocket knife. The measured density for Burbankit is 3.50 g / cm³, the calculated density, depending on the author, is 3.50 to 3.54 g / cm³.

In long-wave (356 nm) and short-wave (254 nm) UV light, the mineral shows an orange-red, more rarely pink fluorescence . The most common activator is Fe 3+ , other activators are Ce 3+ , Sm 3+ , Dy 3+ , Mn 2+ , O * and Nd 3+ .

According to studies by Sokolov and Rassulov, the color centers probably do not correspond to the luminescence centers in both SEE-rich and SEE-poor Burbankites . Burbankite and all SEE-rich (SEЕ 2 О 3  ≈ 10.5% by weight) minerals of the burbankite group are characterized by violet luminescence; their photo and X-ray luminescence spectra always contain four bands of Sm 3+ . Hydrothermal burbankites with low REE contents (SEЕ 2 О 3  <3% by weight) are characterized by various luminescent colors (from whitish to violet) and low-intensity spectra without Sm 3+ bands. According to Sokolov and Rassulov, the main differences in the luminescence properties of Burbankites with high compared to those with low REE contents are the concentration ratios of the luminogen donor (Се 3+ ) and the luminogen acceptor (Sm 3+ ).

Burbankit is piezoelectric , so it builds up an electrical voltage when it is deformed at intervals. It should also have pyroelectric properties.

Burbankit is readily soluble in cold, dilute hydrochloric acid , HCl.

Precautions

Burbankit is classified as weakly radioactive due to its content of rare earth elements and radioactive isotopes of the REE cerium and lanthanum and the occasional thorium content and has a specific activity of about 133  Bq / g (for comparison: natural potassium 30.346 Bq / g). In spite of the only weak radioactivity of the mineral, mineral samples from Burbankit should only be kept in dust- and radiation-tight containers, but especially never in living rooms, bedrooms or work rooms. Absorption into the body (incorporation, ingestion ) should also be prevented in any case and, for safety, direct body contact should be avoided and respiratory protection mask and gloves should be worn when handling the mineral .

Education and Locations

Reddish burbankite with sodalite and galena in albite from Cerro Sapo, Ayopaya, Departamento Cochabamba, Bolivia
Burbankite-Sodalite-Galena-253960.jpg
View of the entire 5.1 × 4.3 × 4.0 cm step
Burbankite-Sodalite-Galena-253962.jpg
Label and description for the level shown above

In general, three main genetic types of burbankite mineralization can be distinguished, all of which are associated with alkaline rocks:

  • The greatest concentrations of burbankite occur in carbonatites. Often, however, Burbankite is only found in the carbonatites as an accessory mineral.
  • With alkaline hydrothermalites, the greatest variations in chemical composition are observed. Here the mineral is found in hyper-alkaline or highly alkaline pegmatites (Chibinen, Lowosero ), in tunnels (Vuorijärvi) or in hydrothermalites of nepheline syenites (structure Pokrovo-Kirejevo, Donetsk Oblast , Ukraine ).
  • A third genetic type consists of accumulations of SEE-depleted burbankite, as observed in pectolite metasomatites of the massifs in the Chibinen and Murun.

At its type locality, the burbankite is found in close intergrowths with ankylite in hydrothermally formed calcite dykes in shonkinite dykes. Burbankite from the sodium-bearing sedimentary Green River Formation (USA) is in most cases associated with the same minerals as in the carbonatites and alkaline hydrothermalites and was probably formed under low-thermal conditions. Burbankit is thus formed in alkali carbonate systems of the most varied geological types, whereby the temperature range in which it crystallizes is extremely wide.

Other educational opportunities for Burbankit are:

  • intrusive in an alkali gabbro-syenite complex
  • authigen in lacustric sediments of the Green River Formation, Utah and Wyoming
  • Authigen in cave sediments, e.g. B. the cave "Cioclovina" in Romania, in the form of precipitations from weakly alkaline solutions. The mineral formed in the lower part of an alternation of allogeneic detritic sediments (rich source of Ca, Na and REE) and organic matter ( guano ).
  • In the side rock of the carbonatite complex of Kalkfeld, Namibia, as a solid phase in fluid inclusions that originate from fluids from the carbonatite.

Minerals accompanying the burbankite at its type locality are ankylite , calcite and biotite . The result of weathering is a porous, flaky, powdery mixture of calcinsite , lanthanite , fine-grained barite and goethite . At Mont Saint-Hilaire, Canada, he is accompanied by analcime , natrolite , microcline , aegirine, as well as calcite, siderite and ankylite . According to other sources, analcime, natrolite, zirconium , ilmenite , calcite and pyrophanite belong to the paragenesis minerals of the Burbankit. In the sediments of the Green River Formation, Burbankit et al. a. accompanied by mckelveyite , nahcolith , trona , pyrite , dolomite , oligoclase , microcline, muscovite and quartz . In the sediments of the “Cioclovina” cave, Foggit , Churchit- (Y) , colorless to milky-white, needle-like brushite and gypsum are among the companions of the Burbankit. In the fluid inclusions in the host rock of the carbonatite complex of Kalkfeld, Namibia, include Nahcolith, Halite , Sylvin , a (Na, Ca, Mn, Fe) -containing fluorocarbonate (possibly Rouvilleit ), fluorite , (Mn, Fe) -containing calcite, cryolite , various Fe-Cu-Zn-As sulfides, some phosphates as well as an unspecified, REE-containing mineral also belonging to the Burbankit group of REE carbonates for the paragenesis of Burbankit.

As a rare mineral formation, Burbankit (as of 2020) is known from around 60 other sites in addition to its type locality. The type locality of the Burbankit is the “Vermiculite Prospect No.” located on the Rocky Boy's Indian Reservation . 6 ”at the source of Big Sandy Creek in the Bearpaw Mountains, Hill County , Montana , United States .

Other important locations for Burbankit are:

Burbankit has also been described from deposits and deposits in Angola , Finland , Mongolia , New Zealand , Portugal and Vietnam as well as other locations in Brazil, China, Canada, Romania, Russia, South Africa and the USA. Locations for Burbankit from Germany , Austria and Switzerland are therefore unknown.

use

In contrast to the other members of the Burbankit group, Burbankit sensu stricto is a widespread mineral. In REE carbonatites such as the Chibinen, the alkaline rock-ultrabasite massif “Vuoriyärvi” or the carbonatite complex “Gornoe Ozero”, burbankite and its alteration products form huge accumulations, which are important raw materials for REE, Sr and Ba. In addition, Burbankit is a mineral valued by mineral collectors.

See also

literature

  • William Thomas Pecora, Joe H. Kerr: Burbankite and calkinsite, two new carbonate minerals from Montana . In: The American Mineralogist . tape 38 , no. 11/12 , 1953, pp. 1169–1183 (English, rruff.info [PDF; 850 kB ; accessed on February 23, 2020]).
  • Burbankite . In: John W. Anthony, Richard A. Bideaux, Kenneth W. Bladh, Monte C. Nichols (Eds.): Handbook of Mineralogy, Mineralogical Society of America . 2001 ( handbookofmineralogy.org [PDF; 65 kB ; accessed on February 23, 2020]).
  • Friedrich Klockmann : Klockmann's textbook of mineralogy . Ed .: Paul Ramdohr , Hugo Strunz . 16th edition. Enke , Stuttgart 1978, ISBN 3-432-82986-8 , pp. 577 (first edition: 1891).
  • Hans Jürgen Rösler : Textbook of Mineralogy . 4th revised and expanded edition. German publishing house for basic industry (VEB), Leipzig 1987, ISBN 3-342-00288-3 , p. 716 .

Web links

Commons : Burbankite  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac William Thomas Pecora, Joe H. Kerr: Burbankite and calkinsite, two new carbonate minerals from Montana . In: The American Mineralogist . tape 38 , no. 11/12 , 1953, pp. 1169–1183 (English, rruff.info [PDF; 850 kB ; accessed on February 23, 2020]).
  2. ↑ a b c d Malcolm Back, William D. Birch, Michel Blondieau and others: The New IMA List of Minerals - A Work in Progress - Updated: January 2020. (PDF; 1762 kB) In: cnmnc.main.jp. IMA / CNMNC, Marco Pasero, January 2020, accessed January 20, 2020 .
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g Burbankite. In: mindat.org. Hudson Institute of Mineralogy, accessed February 23, 2020 .
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Burbankite . In: John W. Anthony, Richard A. Bideaux, Kenneth W. Bladh, Monte C. Nichols (Eds.): Handbook of Mineralogy, Mineralogical Society of America . 2001 ( handbookofmineralogy.org [PDF; 65  kB ; accessed on February 23, 2020]).
  5. ^ A b c Hugo Strunz , Ernest H. Nickel: Strunz Mineralogical Tables . 9th edition. E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagbuchhandlung (Nägele and Obermiller), Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-510-65188-X , p.  291 (English).
  6. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Bogdan P. Onac, Heinz-Jürgen Bernhardt, Herta Silvia Effenberger: Authigenic burbankite in the Cioclovina Cave sediments (Romania) . In: European Journal of Mineralogy . tape 21 , no. 2 , 2009, p. 507-514 , doi : 10.1127 / 0935-1221 / 2009 / 0021-1916 (English, researchgate.net [PDF; 443 kB ; accessed on February 23, 2020]).
  7. ↑ a b c d e f Bernhard Bühn, Andrew H. Rankin, Martin Radtke, Martin Haller, Arndt Knöchel: Burbankite, a (Sr, REE, Na, Ca) -carbonate in fluid inclusions from carbonatite-derived fluids: Identification and characterization using laser Raman spectroscopy, SEM-EDX, and synchrotron micro-XRF analysis . In: The American Mineralogist . tape 84 , no. 7/8 , 1999, p. 1117–1125 , doi : 10.2138 / am-1999-7-814 (English, rruff.info [PDF; 847 kB ; accessed on February 23, 2020]).
  8. ↑ a b c d e f g h i László Horváth, Elsa Pfenninger-Horváth: The minerals of Mont-Saint-Hilaire . In: Lapis . tape 25 , no. 7/8 , 2000, pp. 28 .
  9. ^ A b c Tzong T. Chen, George Y. Chao: Burbankite from Mont-Saint-Hilaire, Quebec . In: The Canadian Mineralogist . tape 12 , no. 5 , 1974, p. 342–345 (English, rruff.info [PDF; 318 kB ; accessed on February 23, 2020]).
  10. ↑ a b c Anatoly N. Zaitsev, Frances Wall, Michael J. Le Bas: REE -Sr-Ba minerals from the Khibina carbonatites, Kola Peninsula, Russia: their mineralogy, paragenesis and evolution . In: Mineralogical Magazine . tape 62 , no. 2 , 1998, p. 225–250 , doi : 10.1180 / 002646198547594 (English, rruff.info [PDF; 1,2 MB ; accessed on October 4, 2019]).
  11. ^ A b c David Barthelmy: Burbankite Mineral Data. In: webmineral.com. Retrieved February 23, 2020 .
  12. ↑ a b c Gerard Barmarin: Burbankite. In: fluomin.org. Luminescent Mineral Database, accessed December 29, 2019 (fluorescence data for Burbankit).
  13. ^ A b c Ruth Shannon: List of Piezoelectric and Pyroelectric Minerals . In: John W. Anthony, Richard A. Bideaux, Kenneth W. Bladh, Monte C. Nichols (Eds.): Handbook of Mineralogy, Mineralogical Society of America . 2011 ( handbookofmineralogy.org [accessed May 21, 2019]).
  14. ^ A b Daniel S. Helman: Symmetry-based electricity in minerals and rocks: A review with examples of centrosymmetric minerals that exhibit pyro- and piezoelectricity . In: Periodico di Mineralogia . tape 85 , no. 3 , 2016, p. 201–248 , doi : 10.2451 / 2016PM590 (English, researchgate.net [PDF; 1,2 MB ; accessed on May 11, 2019]).
  15. ↑ Catalog of Type Mineral Specimens - B. (PDF 122 kB) In: docs.wixstatic.com. Commission on Museums (IMA), December 12, 2018, accessed August 29, 2019 .
  16. ↑ Stefan Weiß: The large Lapis mineral directory. All minerals from A - Z and their properties. Status 03/2018 . 7th, completely revised and supplemented edition. Weise, Munich 2018, ISBN 978-3-921656-83-9 .
  17. ↑ Ernest H. Nickel, Monte C. Nichols: IMA / CNMNC List of Minerals 2009. (PDF; 1703 kB) In: cnmnc.main.jp. IMA / CNMNC, January 2009, accessed September 25, 2019 .
  18. ↑ Herta Silvia Effenberger, F. Kluger, H. Paulus, ER Wölfel: Crystal structure refinement of burbankite . In: New yearbook for mineralogy, monthly books . tape 1985 , no. 4 , 1985, pp. 161-170 .
  19. ↑ a b c d e Yulia V. Belovitskaya, Igor V. Pekov: Genetic mineralogy of the burbankite group . In: Genetic mineralogy of the burbankite group . tape 39 , 2004, p. 50-64 ( rruff.info [PDF; 1.1 MB ; accessed on October 4, 2019]).
  20. ↑ Minerals with Na-Ca-Sr-Ba-Ce-C-O. In: mindat.org. Hudson Institute of Mineralogy, accessed February 23, 2020 .
  21. ^ Strontioburbankite. In: mindat.org. Hudson Institute of Mineralogy, accessed February 23, 2020 .
  22. ^ A b Charles Milton, Joseph James Fahey: Classification and association of the carbonate minerals of the Green River Formation . In: American Journal of Science . 258A, 1960, pp. 242–246 (English, earth.geology.yale.edu [PDF; 231 kB ; accessed on February 23, 2020]).
  23. ↑ SV Sokolov, VA Rassulov: Люминесцентные свойства минералов группы бербанкита (Luminescence characteristics of the burbankite group minerals) . In: Zapiski Vserossijskogo Mineralogicheskogo Obshchestva . tape 133 , no. 6 , 2004, p. 73–88 (Russian, rruff.info [PDF; 885 kB ; accessed on February 23, 2020]).
  24. ^ A b Joan Fitzpatrick, Adolf Pabst: Burbankite from the Green River Formation, Wyoming . In: The American Mineralogist . tape 62 , no. 1/2 , 1977, pp. 158–163 , doi : 10.2138 / am-1999-7-814 (English, minsocam.org [PDF; 648 kB ; accessed on February 23, 2020]).
  25. ^ Charles Milton, Hans P. Eugster : Mineral assemblages in the Green River Formation . In: Philip Hauge Abelson (Ed.): Researches in Geochemistry . A seminar series conducted at the Dep. of Geology, The Johns Hopkins Univ. 1st edition. tape 1 . John Wiley & Sons, New York 1959, p. 18-150 .
  26. ^ Charles Milton, Blanche Ingram, Joan R. Clark, Edward J. Dwornik: Mckelveyite, a new hydrous sodium barium rare-earth uranium carbonate mineral from the Green River Formation, Wyoming . In: The American Mineralogist . tape 50 , no. 5/6 , 1965, p. 593–612 (English, rruff.info [PDF; 1.3 MB ; accessed on February 23, 2020]).
  27. ↑ Localities for Burbankite. In: mindat.org. Hudson Institute of Mineralogy, accessed February 23, 2020 .
  28. ↑ a b c List of locations for Burbankit in the Mineralienatlas and Mindat (accessed on February 23, 2020)