Carbocernaite

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Carbocernaite
Carbocernaite-92161.jpg
Light brown needle-like carbocernaite crystals from the "apatite mine Kirow" south of the mountain Kukiswumtschorr in the southern part of the Chibinen massif, Murmansk Oblast , Kola Peninsula , Russia . Field of view 5 mm.
General and classification
other names
  • Ambatoarinite
  • Unnamed (MSH UK-40)
chemical formula
  • (Ca, Na) (Sr, Ce, Ba) (CO 3 ) 2
  • (Sr, Ce, La) (Ca, Na) [CO 3 ] 2
  • (Sr, Ce, La) (Ca, Na) (CO 3 ) 2
  • (Ca 0.4 Na 0.2 TR 0.2 Sr 0.2 ) Σ = 1.00 CO 3
  • (Sr, REE, Ba) (Ca, Na) [CO 3 ] 2
Mineral class
(and possibly department) 		Carbonates and nitrates - carbonates without additional anions; without H 2 O
System no. to Strunz
and to Dana 		5.AB.50 ( 8th edition : Vb / A.05)
04/14/06/01
Similar minerals Representatives of the series Calcioankylit- (Ce) - Ankylit- (Ce)
Crystallographic Data
Crystal system orthorhombic
Crystal class ; symbol orthorhombic-pyramidal; mm 2
Space group Pmc 2 1 (No. 26)Template: room group / 26
Lattice parameters a  = 6.430  Å ; b  = 7.301 Å; c  = 5.214 Å
Formula units Z  = 2
Frequent crystal faces {100}, more rarely {010}, {001}, {021}, {540}, {210}
Physical Properties
Mohs hardness 3
Density (g / cm 3 ) 3.53 (measured); 3.64 (calculated)
Cleavage indistinct after {100}, {021} and {010}
Break ; Tenacity not specified; brittle
colour colorless; white, yellow, yellowish green, pink or brown after alteration
Line color White
transparency water-clear transparent; translucent to translucent
shine Glass gloss, fat gloss on broken surfaces
radioactivity weakly radioactive
Crystal optics
Refractive indices n α  = 1.569
n β  = 1.679
n γ  = 1.708
Birefringence δ = 0.139
Optical character biaxial negative
Axis angle 2V = 52 ° (measured); 2V = 50 ° (calculated)
Pleochroism none
Other properties
Chemical behavior Easily soluble in dilute HCl

Carbocernaite is a rarely occurring mineral from the mineral class of " carbonates and nitrates " (formerly carbonates, nitrates and borates ). It crystallizes in the orthorhombic crystal system with the idealized chemical composition (Ca, Na) (Sr, Ce, Ba) (CO 3 ) 2 , so it is chemically a calcium - strontium - carbonate .

Carbocernaite forms tabular crystals up to 4 mm in size, which typically have wedge-shaped end faces. It can also be found in the form of granular masses and segregation lamellae.

The type locality of Carbocernaits the alkali rock Ultra Basit massif "Vuoriyärvi" ( coordinates of the alkaline rock Ultra Basit massif "Vuoriyärvi" ) ( Russian массив Вуориярви ) in North Karelia , Murmansk Oblast , Kola Peninsula , Federal District Northwestern Federal District , Russia .

Etymology and history

In 1957, a mineral was discovered from the cores of the alkaline rock-ultrabasite massif "Vuoriyärvi" sunk research boreholes (drill holes 88 and 101), which LV Kozyreva and Georgij A. Ilinskij described in 1959 as "Ambatoarinite". As the following mineralogical (Andrej G. Bulakh), X-ray diffractometric (WW Kondratjewa) and chemical (EN Baranova) investigations showed, the material described by Kozyreva & Ilinskij represents a new mineral, unknown in the literature of the time, which belongs to the rare earth carbonates. In 1961, the first scientific description of this mineral was made by a team of Russian scientists around Andrei G. Bulakh in the Russian science magazine "Zapiski Vsesoyuznogo Mineralogicheskogo Obshchestva" ("Proceedings of the Russian Mineralogical Society") as carbocernaite ( Russian Карбоцернаит , English carbocernaite ). They named the mineral after its chemical composition (Carbo-cer-na-it), as it is a CARBOnate mineral, which contains the chemical elements CERium and NAtrium.

The mineral was recognized as a mineral by the "Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names" of the International Mineralogical Association (IMA) in a 1967 report that summarized the 129 initial descriptions from 1961 to 1964. As a result, Carbocernait does not have an IMA number, but is managed under the sum recognition "IMA 1967 sp" ( special procedure ).

The type material (holotype) for Carbocernait is kept under catalog number 64100 in the systematic collection of the Mineralogical Museum " Alexander Evgenjewitsch Fersman " of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Moscow .

classification

In the 8th edition of the mineral classification according to Strunz , carbocernaite belonged to the common mineral class of "carbonates, nitrates and borates" and there to the department of "carbonates", where together with Burbankit , Bütschliit , Eitelit , Fairchildit , Nyerereit , Sahamalith and Shortit die "Eitelit-Sahamalith-Gruppe" with the system no. Vb / A.05 within the sub-section "Anhydrous carbonates without foreign anions ".

In the last revised and updated Lapis mineral directory in 2018 , which is still based on this outdated system of Karl Hugo Strunz out of consideration for private collectors and institutional collections , the mineral was given the system and mineral number. V / B.07-060 . In the "Lapis system" this corresponds to the section "Anhydrous carbonates [CO 3 ] 2− , without foreign anions ", where carbocernaite together with Rémondite (La) , Rémondite (Ce) , Petersenite (Ce) , Calcioburbankite , Burbankit , Khanneshit and Sanrománit form the Burbankit series with the number V / B.07.

The 9th edition of Strunz's mineral systematics, which has been in force since 2001 and updated by the International Mineralogical Association (IMA) until 2009, assigns carbocernaite to the class of "carbonates and nitrates" reduced by the borates and to the category of "carbonates without additional ones Anions; without H 2 O “. This is further subdivided according to the group membership of the cations involved , so that the mineral can be found according to its composition in the sub-section "alkaline earth (and other M 2+ ) carbonates", where the unnamed group with the system no . 5.AB.50 forms.

The systematics of minerals according to Dana , which is mainly used in the English-speaking world , assigns the carbocernaite, like the outdated Strunz system, to the common class of “carbonates, nitrates and borates” and there to the “carbonates” department. Here he is to be found as the only member of the unnamed group 04/14/06 within the sub-section " Anhydrous carbonates with a compound formula A 2+ B 2+ 2 (CO 3 ) 4 ".

Chemism

A wet chemical analysis by EN Baranowa on 0.4 mg of extracted carbocernaite grains showed 15.10% CaO; 12.43% SrO; 3.20% BaO; 26.10% SEE 2 O 3 ; 5.11% Na 2 O; 1.50%% Fe 2 O 3 ; 0.30% Al 2 O 3 ; 31.82% CO 2 ; 2.10% H 2 O + ; 0.30% H 2 O - ; (no F, no Cl, 1.40% insoluble residue, the sum is 99.36%). Chromatographic analyzes of the rare earth metals (SEE 2 O 3 ) by KA Baklanova showed 42.40% La 2 O 3 ; 42.40% Ce 2 O 3 ; 8.50% Nd 2 O 3 ; 4.25% Sm 2 O 3 and 2.90% Y 2 O 3 (total 100.05%). On the basis of three oxygen atoms - ignoring the water - the empirical formula (Ca 0.37 Na 0.23 SEE 0.25 Sr 0.16 Ba 0.03 ) Σ = 1.01 CO 3 , the can be simplified to (Ca 0.4 Na 0.2 SEE 0.2 Sr 0.2 ) Σ = 1.00 CO 3 . In view of the fact that strontium and rare earth elements as well as calcium and sodium occupy independent crystal-chemical positions in many rare earth carbonates, Bulakh and colleagues proposed a different formula for carbocernaite: (Ca 0.37 Na 0.23 ) Σ = 0.60 ( SEE 0.22 Sr 0.16 Ba 0.03 ) Σ = 0.41 CO 3 .

After Liang Youbin and colleagues announced that carbocernaite is found in large quantities in the Bayan Obo rare metal deposit, Baotou in China, Shi Nicheng and colleagues examined the chemical composition of the material. They found 10.27% Ce 2 O 3 ; 8.78% La 2 O 3 ; 0.99% Pr 6 O 11 ; 2.47% Nd 2 O 3 ; 0.30% Sm 2 O 3 ; 0.39% Gd 2 O 3 ; 17.77% SrO; 5.24% BaO; 16.68% CaO; 0.53% FeO; 3.15% Na 2 O; 33.85% CO 2 ; 1.22% H 2 O, total 101.64%. With the exclusion of H 2 O, the empirical formula (Sr 0.44 REE 0.40 Ba 0.10 ) Σ = 0.94 (Ca 0.78 Na 0.26 ) Σ = 1.04 [CO 3 ] was calculated 2 , which was simplified to (Sr, SEE, Ba) (Ca, Na) [CO 3 ] 2 after the crystal structure analysis .

The official formula of the IMA for the carbocernaite is given as (Sr, Ce, La) (Ca, Na) (CO 3 ) 2 . The Strunz formula, (Sr, Ce, La) (Ca, Na) [CO 3 ] 2 , follows the IMA-compliant formula, but here, as usual, the anion group is summarized in square brackets.

The only combination of elements Sr – Ce – La – Na – Ca – C – O, as can be found in the IMA's official formula for carbocernaite, has, among the currently known minerals (as of 2019), besides carbocernaite, only calcioburbankite , Na 3 ( approx , REE, Sr) 3 (CO 3 ) 5 . Based on the notation (Ca, Na) (Sr, Ce, Ba) (CO 3 ) 2 , Burbankit , (Na, Ca) 3 (Sr, Ba, Ce) 3 (CO 3 ) 5 , Khanneshite , (Na , Ca) 3 (Ba, Sr, Ce, Ca) 3 (CO 3 ) 5 , and the unnamed phase UM1990-98-CO: BaCaNaREESr , (Na, Ca) 3 (Sr, Ba, Ce) 3 (CO 3 ) 5 , an almost identical chemical composition to carbocernaite.

Carbocernaite is an intermediate link in a row of mixed crystals between the two hypothetical end links CaSr (CO 3 ) 2 and NaSEE (CO 3 ) 2 .

Crystal structure

Spatial representation of the structure of carbocernaite parallel to the a-axis. Same color legend as in the adjacent illustration.
Spatial representation of the structure of carbocernaite in the standard crystallographic orientation. The blue outline shows the unit cell.
Color legend:    __ Sr __ Ce __ Ba __ Ca __ Na __ C __ O

Carbocernaite crystallizes in the orthorhombic crystal system in the space group Pmc 2 1 (space group no. 26) with the lattice parameters a = 6.430  Å ; b = 7.301 Å and c = 5.214 Å as well as two formula units per unit cell . Template: room group / 26

The crystal structure of carbocernaite was originally solved by Alexander A. Woronkow and Juri A. Pyatenko in the space group Pmc 2 1 (space group no. 26) , which was confirmed by Shi Nicheng and colleagues. The crystal structure indicates that the Sr atom and the Ca atom are in different crystallographic positions. According to the electrical density calculations, there are isomorphic representations between Sr and REE, Sr and Ba and between Ca and Na. The Sr (SEE, Ba) and Ca (Na) atom layers are arranged alternately in the direction of the a-axis. The trigonal (CO 3 ) plane is parallel to the a-axis and inclined to the b- and c-axes. The trigonal (CO 3 ) plane is divided into two equal parts either by the layer with the Sr (SEE, Ba) or the layer with the Ca (Na) atoms, since these are symmetrical planes. Consequently, between the layers with Sr (REE, Ba) and those with Ca (Na) atoms there is a layer with the oxygen atoms in the general position O1 and O2. The atoms with the positions C, O3, O4 are in the layer with the Sr (REE, Ba) or Ca (Na) atoms. In the crystal structure of carbocernaite, the coordination number of Sr (REE, Ba) is eight, its coordination polyhedron consists of a trigonal prism and two tetragonal pyramids . The coordination number of Ca (Na) is seven, its coordination polyhedron consists of a trigonal prism and a tetragonal pyramid. A tight packing such as B. in calcite or aragonite is not present in carbocernaite; consequently the cleavage of the carbocernaite is not very pronounced either. Template: room group / 26

The crystal structure of Paratooite (La) is closely related to that of Carbocernaite and forms a 1 × 2 × 2 superstructure to that of Carbocernaite. A recent study of Carbocernait from Wyoming revealed the presence of reflections violating the above space group Pmc 2 1 (space group # 26) , very similar to the observations made by Sergey V. Krivovichev and colleagues at Paratooit- (La). Template: room group / 26

Another sample examined by Anton R. Chakhmouradian and colleagues using single crystal X-ray diffraction, the chemical composition of which is [(Ca 0.57 Na 0.42 ) Σ = 0.99 (Sr 0.50 SEE 0.47 Ba 0.01 ) Σ = 0.98 (CO 3 ) 2 ] is located approximately in the middle of the mixed crystal row between the two hypothetical end members mentioned above, has a clearly monoclinic structure with the lattice parameters a = 6.434 Å; b = 7.266 Å; c = 5.220 Å and β = 89.979 ° and two formula units per unit cell . The decrease in symmetry is due to a partial cation order to seven-coordinate positions, which are predominantly occupied by Ca and Na, and to ten-coordinate positions, which are occupied by Sr, SEE and Ba.

The crystal structure of Carbocernaits is corresponding to the new model of Chakhmouradian and colleagues of chains of A * O 7 - polyhedra with common edges and zigzag chains of (B, B ') O 10 polyhedra with common surfaces extending parallel to the b- Axis [010] extend. The A * O 7 polyhedra can best be described as monocapped triangular prisms with an average cation-oxygen atom distance of ≈ 2.44 Å, this type of coordination in Ca- and Na-containing inorganic and organic components are not uncommon. The B * O 10 polyhedra are truncated hexagonal bipyramids. The polyhedral groups are connected to one another by common corners, edges and also by carbonate groups oriented parallel to (250) and ( 2 5 0). The structure can also be described by corrugated layers of B * O 10 bipyramids, which alternate along the a-axis [100] with isolated chains of capped A * O 7 prisms.

properties

Drawing of a characteristically striped carbocernaite crystal with wedge-shaped end faces

morphology

Carbocernaite forms tabular crystals up to 4 mm in size, which typically have wedge-shaped end faces (see the crystal drawing opposite). At the type locality, the supporting form of the crystals is the anterior pinacoid {100}. The costume of the crystals also includes the pinacoids {010} and {001}, the doma {021} and the prisms {540} and {210}. {305} and {210} form characteristic vicinal surfaces. The crystals usually come together to form cluster-like aggregates .

The carbocernaite crystals show a complex juxtaposition of core-edge, sector and patterns of oscillating zoning, which results from significant fluctuations in the content of all major cations.

In other confirmed occurrences of carbocernaite in carbonatites, the mineral is found in various forms:

  • as exsolution lamellae in primary calcite (gang-like carbonatite in fenitisiertem Melanephelinit in alkaline rock complex Sarnu-Dandali, Rajasthan, India)
  • Slat-shaped carbocernaite crystals in early calcite carbonatites that have separated from Sr-rich calcite and REE-containing oxides, especially zirconolite ( Chibinen , Kola, Russia)
  • Pseudomorphoses according to primary Burbankit (Chibinen, Kola, Russia)
  • Pseudomorphoses after calcite or anchorite (Swartbooisdrif, Namibia)
  • Overgrowths of cordylite (La) (Ust'-Biraya, Russia)
  • pink to reddish slat-shaped crystals in carbonate veins in a gray syenitic alkaline rock complex (Sturgeon Narrows, District of Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada)
  • extremely zoned crystals in a hydrothermally impressed burbankite-fluoroapatite-containing calcite-carbonatite (Bear Lodge in Wyoming / USA)
  • Carbocernaite is also found in the form of granular masses.

It must be noted that the identification of carbocernaite without X-ray diffraction and quantitative chemical data is not trivial, since its optical properties (high birefringence , biaxially negative) are very similar to those of the representatives of the calcioankylite (Ce)  -  ankylite (Ce) series are.

physical and chemical properties

The crystals of carbocernaite are colorless, altered crystals are white, pale yellow to yellow, yellowish green, pink or brown. Their line color , however, is always white. The surfaces of the water-clear, transparent or translucent to translucent crystals of carbocernaite show a characteristic glass-like sheen and have a greasy shine on the fractured surfaces. Carbocernaite has a medium to high refraction ( n α  = 1.569; n β  = 1.679; n γ  = 1.708) and - like many carbonate minerals - a high birefringence (δ = 0.139). In transmitted light, the biaxially negative carbocernaite is colorless and shows no pleochroism .

Carbocernaite has three indistinct cleavages according to {100}, {021} and {010}. It is brittle and there is no information about the breakage of the mineral. Carbocernaite has a Mohs hardness of 3 and is one of the medium-hard minerals that can be scratched with a copper coin if the crystal size is the same as the reference mineral calcite (hardness 3). The measured density for carbocernaite is 3.531 g / cm³, the calculated density is 3.64 g / cm³.

Carbocernait shows neither fluorescence in long-wave UV light nor in short-wave UV light . The mineral dissolves easily in dilute hydrochloric acid , HCl.

Precautions

Carbocernaite is classified as weakly radioactive due to its content of rare earth elements and radioactive isotopes of the REE cerium and lanthanum and has a specific activity of about 356  Bq / g (for comparison: natural potassium 30.346 Bq / g). Despite the only weak radioactivity of the mineral, mineral samples from Carbocernait should only be kept in dust- and radiation-tight containers, but above all never in living rooms, bedrooms or workrooms. Absorption into the body (incorporation, ingestion ) should also be prevented in any case and, for safety, direct body contact should be avoided and respiratory protection mask and gloves should be worn when handling the mineral .

Education and Locations

Carbocernaite is a rock-forming mineral in carbonatites. At its type locality it is found as an unusual accessory mineral in a dolomite-calcite-carbonatite, which is genetically linked to an ultramafic alkali rock massif ("Vuoriyärvi"). In addition, it seems to represent a genetically late formation in the form of segregation lamellae from primary calcite or in pseudomorphoses after other carbonates. In the location "Bear Lodge" in Wyoming / USA the formation of carbocernaite is interpreted as precipitation from fluids containing sulphate , which come from an external source and are enriched with Na, Ca, Sr, Ba and REE through the dissolution of primary calcite and burbankite .

Minerals accompanying carbocernaite are chlorite , anchorite , alstonite , anatase and quartz (Vuoriyärvi); Dolomite , barite , chlorite , mckelveyite (Y) , calcinsite (Ce) and khanneshite (Khanneshin complex, Afghanistan); Georgechaoite (Poços de Caldas alkali rock complex , Minas Gerais, Brazil); as well as pyrite cubes , strontianite , barite, ankylite (Ce) and late-formed calcite rhombohedra (Bear Lodge in Wyoming / USA).

As a seldom occurring mineral formation, carbocernaite is only known from a few localities or in a small number of stages. So far (as of 2019) the mineral has been described by around 30 sites in addition to its type locality. The type localities of carbocernaite are calcite and dolomite-calcite-carbonatites in the alkali rock-ultrabasite massif "Vuoriyärvi" ( Russian массив Вуориярви ) in North Karelia , Murmansk Oblast , Kola Peninsula , Russia , Northwestern Federal District . In addition to carbonatites, this alkali-rock-ultrabasite-massif is built up by dunites , pyroxenites , ijolite -meltigites and phoscorites .

Other locations for Carbocernait are:

Locations from Germany , Austria and Switzerland are therefore unknown.

use

Although the mineral contains cerium and other rare earth metals , carbocernaite is completely insignificant economically. It is only of interest to the collector of minerals.

See also

literature

  • Andrej G. Bulakh, WW Kondratjewa, EN Baranova: КАРБОЦЕРНАИТ - НОВЫЙ РЕДКОЗЕМЕЛЪНЫЙ КАРБОНАТ (Carbocernaite, a new rare earth carbonate) . In: Zapiski Vsesoyuznogo Mineralogicheskogo Obshchestva . tape 90 , no. 1 , 1961, pp. 42–49 (Russian, rruff.info [PDF; 803 kB ; accessed on December 21, 2019]).
  • Carbocernaite . In: John W. Anthony, Richard A. Bideaux, Kenneth W. Bladh, Monte C. Nichols (Eds.): Handbook of Mineralogy, Mineralogical Society of America . 2001 ( handbookofmineralogy.org [PDF; 67 kB ; accessed on December 21, 2019]).
  • Friedrich Klockmann : Klockmann's textbook of mineralogy . Ed .: Paul Ramdohr , Hugo Strunz . 16th edition. Enke , Stuttgart 1978, ISBN 3-432-82986-8 , pp. 577 (first edition: 1891).
  • Hans Jürgen Rösler : Textbook of Mineralogy . 4th revised and expanded edition. German publishing house for basic industry (VEB), Leipzig 1987, ISBN 3-342-00288-3 , p. 716 .

Web links

Commons : Carbocernaite  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e Carbocernaite. In: mindat.org. Hudson Institute of Mineralogy, accessed December 21, 2019 .
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Carbocernaite . In: John W. Anthony, Richard A. Bideaux, Kenneth W. Bladh, Monte C. Nichols (Eds.): Handbook of Mineralogy, Mineralogical Society of America . 2001 ( handbookofmineralogy.org [PDF; 67  kB ; accessed on December 21, 2019]).
  3. ↑ a b c d e Hugo Strunz , Ernest H. Nickel: Strunz Mineralogical Tables . 9th edition. E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagbuchhandlung (Nägele and Obermiller), Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-510-65188-X , p.  289 (English).
  4. ↑ a b c Malcolm Back, William D. Birch, Michel Blondieau and others: The New IMA List of Minerals - A Work in Progress - Updated: November 2019. (PDF 1752 kB) In: cnmnc.main.jp. IMA / CNMNC, Marco Pasero, November 2019, accessed December 21, 2019 .
  5. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad Andrej G. Bulakh, WW Kondratjewa, EN Baranova: КАРБОЦЕРНАИТ - НОВЫЙ РЕДКОЗЕМЕЛЪНЫЙ КАРБОНАТ (Carbocerna a new rare earth carbonate) . In: Zapiski Vsesoyuznogo Mineralogicheskogo Obshchestva . tape 90 , no. 1 , 1961, pp. 42–49 (Russian, rruff.info [PDF; 803 kB ; accessed on December 21, 2019]).
  6. ↑ a b c d e f Shi Nicheng, Ma Zhesheng, Peng Zhizhong: The crystal structure of Carbocernaite . In: Kexue Tongbao . tape 27 , no. 1 , 1982, pp. 76–80 (English, rruff.info [PDF; 208 kB ; accessed on December 21, 2019]).
  7. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Anton R. Chakhmouradian, Mark A. Cooper, Ekaterina P. Reguir, Meghan A. Moore: Carbocernaite from Bear Lodge, Wyoming: Crystal chemistry, paragenesis, and rare-earth fractionation on a microscale . In: The American Mineralogist . tape 102 , no. 6 , 2017, p. 1340-1352 (English).
  8. ↑ a b Alberto Dal Negro, Giuseppe Rossi, Vittorio Tazzoli: The crystal structure of ancylite, (RE) x (Ca, Sr) 2-x (CO 3 ) 2 (OH) x (2-x) H 2 O . In: The American Mineralogist . tape 60 , no. 3/4 , 1975, p. 280–284 (English, rruff.info [PDF; 533 kB ; accessed on December 21, 2019]).
  9. ^ A b c David Barthelmy: Carbocernaite Mineral Data. In: webmineral.com. Retrieved December 21, 2019 .
  10. ↑ LV Kozyreva, Georgij A. Ilinskij 1959: К минералогии доломито-калъцитовых карбонатитов массива Вуори-Ярви (Mineralogy-of the dolomite massifites) . In: Материалы по минералогии Колъского полуострова (Materials on the Mineralogy of the Kola Peninsula) . tape 1 , 1959, p. 69-76 (Russian).
  11. ↑ International Mineralogical Association: Commission on new minerals and mineral names: Without . In: Mineralogical Magazine . tape 36 , no. 1 , 1967, p. 131-136 (English).
  12. ^ Igor V. Pekov: Minerals first discovered on the territory of the former Soviet Union . 1st edition. Ocean Pictures, Moscow 1998, ISBN 5-900395-16-2 , pp. 155-156 (English).
  13. ↑ Catalog of Type Mineral Specimens - C. (PDF 128 kB) In: docs.wixstatic.com. Commission on Museums (IMA), December 12, 2018, accessed December 21, 2019 .
  14. ↑ Stefan Weiß: The large Lapis mineral directory. All minerals from A - Z and their properties. Status 03/2018 . 7th, completely revised and supplemented edition. Weise, Munich 2018, ISBN 978-3-921656-83-9 .
  15. ↑ Ernest H. Nickel, Monte C. Nichols: IMA / CNMNC List of Minerals 2009. (PDF 1703 kB) In: cnmnc.main.jp. IMA / CNMNC, January 2009, accessed September 25, 2019 .
  16. ↑ a b Minerals with Sr – Ce – La – Na – Ca – C – O. In: mindat.org. Hudson Institute of Mineralogy, accessed December 21, 2019 .
  17. ↑ Alexander A. Voronkow, Juri A. Pyatenko: Crystal structure of carbocernaite (Na, Ca) (TR, Sr, Ca, Ba) (CO 3 ) 2 . In: Journal of Structural Chemistry . tape 8 , no. 5 , 1967, p. 835-840 , doi : 10.1007 / BF00746498 (English).
  18. ↑ a b Sergey V. Krivovichev, Taras L. Panikorovskii, Andrey A. Zolotarev, Vladimir N. Bocharov, Anatoly V. Kasatkin, Radek Škoda: Jahn-Teller Distortion and Cation Ordering: The Crystal Structure of Paratooite- (La), a Superstructure of Carbocernaite . In: Minerals . tape 9 , no. 6 , 2019, pp. 370 , doi : 10.3390 / min9060370 (English, mdpi.com [PDF; 5.0 MB ; accessed on December 21, 2019]).
  19. ^ A b Frances Wall, Michael John Le Bas, Rajesh K. Srivastava: Calcite and carbocernaite exsolution and cotectic textures in a Sr, REE-rich carbonatite dyke from Rajasthan, India . In: Mineralogical Magazine . tape 57 , no. 388 , 1993, pp. 495–513 , doi : 10.1180 / minmag.1993.057.388.11 (English, citeseerx.ist.psu.edu [PDF; 7.3 MB ; accessed on December 21, 2019]).
  20. ^ Frances Wall, Anatoly N. Zaitsev: Rare earth minerals in Kola carbonatites . In: Anatoly N. Zaitsev, Frances Wall (Ed.): Phoscorites and Carbonatites from Mantle to Mine: the Key Example of the Kola Alkaline Province . Mineralogical Society Series. 1st edition. tape 10 . The Mineralogical Society of Great Britain & Ireland, London 2004, ISBN 0-903056-49-6 , pp. 341–373 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search).
  21. ↑ Kirsten Drüppel, Jochen Hoefs , Martin Okrusch : Fenitizing processes induced by ferrocarbonatite magmatism at Swartbooisdrif, NW Namibia . In: Journal of Petrology . tape 46 , no. 2 , 2005, p. 377-406 , doi : 10.1093 / petrology / egh081 (English, psu.edu [PDF; 2.1 MB ; accessed on December 21, 2019]).
  22. ↑ DC Harris: Carbocernaite, a Canadian occurrence . In: The Canadian Mineralogist . tape 11 , no. 4 , 1972, p. 812–818 (English, rruff.info [PDF; 307 kB ; accessed on December 21, 2019]).
  23. ↑ Localities for Carbocernaite. In: mindat.org. Hudson Institute of Mineralogy, accessed December 21, 2019 .
  24. ↑ a b c List of locations for carbocernaite from the Mineralienatlas and Mindat , accessed on January 1, 2020.
  25. ↑ Geology and Mineralogy of the Vuoriyarvi alkaline-ultrabasic massif. In: mindat.org. Hudson Institute of Mineralogy, accessed December 21, 2019 .