Chlorapatite

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Chlorapatite
Chlorapatite, Calcite, Laumontite, Magnetite-571993.jpg
Chlorapatite crystal from the Co-Fe deposit Daşkəsən, Daşkəsən administrative region , Azerbaijan ( total size of the step : 6.4 cm × 5 cm × 4.7 cm)
General and classification
other names
  • Apatite (CaCl)
  • Chlorine apatite
chemical formula
  • Ca 5 (PO 4 ) 3 Cl
  • Ca 5 [Cl | (PO 4 ) 3 ]
Mineral class
(and possibly department) 		Phosphates, arsenates and vanadates
System no. to Strunz
and to Dana 		8.BN.05 ( 8th edition : VII / B.16a)
08/41/01/02
Similar minerals Fluoroapatite, hydroxyapatite
Crystallographic Data
Crystal system hexagonal
Crystal class ; symbol hexagonal dipyramidal; 6 / m
Space group P 6 3 / m (No. 176)Template: room group / 176
Lattice parameters a  = 9.60  Å ; c  = 6.78 Å
Formula units Z  = 2
Physical Properties
Mohs hardness ≈ 5
Density (g / cm 3 ) measured: 3.17 to 3.18; calculated: 3.172
Cleavage indistinct after {0001} and {10 1 0}
Break ; Tenacity brittle
colour white, multicolored
Line color White
transparency transparent to translucent
shine Glass gloss
Crystal optics
Refractive indices n ω  = 1.675
n ε  = 1.668
Birefringence δ = 0.008
Optical character uniaxial negative
Other properties
Chemical behavior soluble in nitric acid
Special features Luminescent orange-orange-yellow

Chlorapatite (formerly apatite (CaCl) ) is a relatively rare mineral from the mineral class of "phosphates, arsenates and vanadates". Chloroapatite having the idealized chemical composition Ca 5 [Cl | (PO 4 ) 3 ] and is therefore chemically seen a calcium - phosphate with additional chlorine ions .

As a chlorine analogue of fluoroapatite and hydroxyapatite , chlorapatite is the chlorine-rich end member of the apatite group. Because of the possible mixed crystal formation within this group, a small proportion of chlorine is therefore often replaced ( substituted ) by fluorine and / or hydroxide ions .

Chlorapatite crystallizes in the hexagonal crystal system and often develops prismatic crystals with a hexagonal base, but also occurs in the form of granular to massive mineral aggregates and can form zonal adhesions with fluorapatite . In its pure form, chlorapatite would be colorless and transparent. However, due to multiple light refraction due to lattice construction defects or polycrystalline formation, it is usually translucent white or takes on different colors such as greenish-yellow, pinkish-white or light greenish-gray due to foreign admixtures.

Etymology and history

The name chlorapatite indicates, on the one hand, its close relationship and chemical similarity with the other members of the apatite group and, on the other hand, the element chlorine, which is decisive in its chemical composition . The chemical composition of the already known apatites was analyzed for the first time in 1827 by Gustav Rose , who, in addition to fluorapatite, also mentioned chlorapatite as a separate type of mineral.

The first type localities are the municipality of Kragerø (also Krageröe ) in the Norwegian province of Telemark , since according to Carl Rammelsberg, mineral samples with the highest chlorine and lowest fluorine contents occurred at this location.

The Dicksberg near Ransäter in the Swedish municipality of Munkfors (Värmland province) is a co-type locality , as Lars Johan Igelström (1822–1897) took mineral samples from this site to fully describe the crystal structure .

In the course of the 2008 publication “Tidying up Mineral Names: an IMA-CNMNC Scheme for Suffixes, Hyphens and Diacritical marks”, the members of the apatite group were renamed. to unify their names. The respective main cation and anion were added to the group name as a suffix in brackets and the chlorapatite became apatite (CaCl) . Two years later this name change was reversed with the reorganization and nomenclature of the apatite supergroup minerals and the mineral got its original name chlorapatite again.

classification

Already in the outdated, but partly still in use 8th edition of the mineral classification according to Strunz , the chlorapatite belonged to the mineral class of the "phosphates, arsenates and vanadates" and there to the department "anhydrous phosphates, arsenates and vanadates with foreign anions ", where it belonged together with Belovit , Carbonate fluoroapatite , oxy apatite (hypothetical), hydroxyapatite the " apatite series" with the system no. VII / B.16a .

In the last revised and updated Lapis mineral directory by Stefan Weiß in 2018 , which, out of consideration for private collectors and institutional collections, is still based on this classic system of Karl Hugo Strunz , the mineral was given the system and mineral number. VII / B.39-20 . In the "Lapis system" this corresponds to the somewhat more precisely defined section "Anhydrous phosphates, with foreign anions F, Cl, O, OH", where chlorapatite together with alforsite , Belovit (Ce) , Belovit (La) , carbonate fluorapatite, carbonate-hydroxyapatite , Carlgieseckeit- (Nd) , Deloneit- (Ce) , fluorapatite , Fluorcaphit , Fluorphosphohedyphan , Fluorstrophit , Hedyphan , hydroxyapatite , Hydroxylpyromorphit , Johnbaumit , Kuannersuit- (Ce) , Mimetesit , Miyahisait , Morelandit , Phosphohedyphane , Pieczkait , Pyromorphite , Stronadelphite , Svabit , Turneaureit , Vanackerite and Vanadinit the "apatite group" with the system no. VII / B.39 forms.

The 9th edition of Strunz's mineral systematics, valid since 2001 and updated by the International Mineralogical Association (IMA) until 2009, also assigns chlorapatite to the category of “phosphates, etc. with additional anions; without H 2 O “. However, this is further subdivided according to the relative size of the cations involved and the molar ratio of the additional anions to the phosphate, arsenate or vanadate complex (RO 4 ), so that the mineral is classified in the subsection “With only large cations; (OH etc.): RO 4  = 0.33: 1 “can be found where it is found together with Alforsit, Belovit- (Ce), Belovit- (La), carbonate-fluoroapatite, carbonate-hydroxyapatite, fluorophosphohedyphane, fluorostrophite, hydroxyapatite , Hydroxylapatit-M , Deloneit- (Ce), Fermorit , Fluorapatit, Fluorcaphit, Hedyphan, Hydroxylpyromorphit, Johnbaumit, Kuannersuit- (Ce), Mimetesit, Mimetesit-M (discredited 2010), Morelandite, Phosphohedypadeleithan, Pyromorphit, Svabit, Stroneaphit and vanadinite also the "apatite group" with the system no. 8.BN.05 forms.

The systematics of minerals according to Dana , which is mainly used in the English-speaking world , assigns chlorapatite to the class of "phosphates, arsenates and vanadates" and there in the section "anhydrous phosphates etc., with hydroxyl or halogen". Here, too, it is in the "apatite group" with system no. 41.08.01 within the subsection “ Anhydrous phosphates etc., with hydroxyl or halogen with (A) 5 (XO 4 ) 3 Z q ”.

Crystal structure

Chlorapatite crystallizes hexagonally in the space group P 6 3 / m (space group no. 176) with the lattice parameters a  = 9.60  Å and c  = 6.78 Å and two formula units per unit cell . Template: room group / 176

The crystal structure of chlorapatite consists of 9-fold coordinated calcium polyhedra that form chains over shared surfaces parallel to the c-axis [0001]. These chains are edge- and corner-sharing PO 4 - tetrahedra linked together to form a hexagonal framework with large hexagonal channels. The chlorine ions are stored in these channels, which are also aligned parallel to the c-axis.

Education and Locations

Apatite crystals with quartz, chlorite and stilbite from Kurokura, Yamakita, Kanagawa Prefecture , Japan (comparative scale : 1  inch with a notch at 1 cm)

Chlorapatite forms far less frequently than fluorine or hydroxyapatite and only occurs in environments with a lack of fluorine. At its type locality Kragerø in Norway, the mineral was found in the igneous pegmatites together with hornblende , ilmenite , magnetite , pyrrhotite , rutile , scapolite ( wernerite ) and titanite ( sphen ).

At its co-type locality on Dicksberg near Ransäter in Sweden, the mineral appeared in the local gneisses together with quartz , damourite and unspecified feldspar .

As an accessory component, chlorapatite can also arise in layered mafic intrusions . It can also be found in metamorphic calcium silicate rocks and marbles such as on Bobs Lake in the municipality of Oso in the Canadian province of Ontario . The accompanying minerals here included actinolite , calcite , diopside , quartz and talc .

As a rare mineral formation, chlorapatite could only be detected in a few places around the world, whereby around 190 sites have been documented so far, most of which, however, are limited to meteorite finds .

In Germany, chlorapatite was found in the meteorites Stubenberg in Lower Bavaria, Linum and Trebbin in Brandenburg, Bremervörde in Lower Saxony and Salzwedel in Saxony-Anhalt. In addition, the mineral appeared on the Nickenicher Sattel (Eicher Sattel) near Nickenich in the Rhineland-Palatinate district of Mayen-Koblenz and in the Sauberg tin mine near Ehrenfriedersdorf in Saxony.

In Austria the mineral has so far only been discovered in the Malaschofsky marble quarry near Lichtenau in the Waldviertel (Lower Austria) as well as on the Höllkogel near the town of Alpl and near Granegg in the Freßnitzgraben district in the municipality of Krieglach (Styria). It was also found in the meteorite of the same name discovered in 1976 near the municipality of Ischgl in Tyrol .

The only known location in Switzerland is the low mineralized uranium - deposit Boitses near Lavey in the Swiss canton of Vaud.

Particularly noteworthy due to the extraordinary finds of chlorapatite are pegmatites in the vicinity of Bamble in Norway, where perfectly formed and up to 35 cm long, prismatic crystals were found.

Other well-known terrestrial sites include Sar-e-Sang in Afghanistan, Daşkəsən (also Dashkesan ) in Azerbaijan, Linópolis in Minas Gerais and Parauapebas in Pará in Brazil, a cave on San Salvador Island and various places in Chile, China, Denmark, Finland, Iraq, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, New Zealand, Pakistan, Romania, Russia, Hungary, the USA and Venezuela.

As a meteorite find, the mineral is also known from various Martian meteorites that have been discovered many times in north-west Africa . Only one catalog number. wear such as NWA 2046 and NWA 3171 from Algeria , NWA 856 from Morocco as well as NWA 1460 , NWA 2737 , NWA 7251 and many more from Tunisia and Western Sahara . Chlorapatite was mainly found in meteorites in the Antarctic , more precisely in the Allan Hills (ALH), after which the corresponding meteorites were also named (e.g. ALH A77176 , ALH A77304 ).

Other well-known meteorite finds were in Argentina ( Campo del Cielo ), Australia ( Forest Vale , Karoonda , Miles and others), England in the United Kingdom, Mexico, Mongolia, the Netherlands, Nigeria, Oman, Poland, Serbia, Spain and known in Ukraine.

use

Chlorapatite is used in the manufacture of fertilizers and in the chemical industry.

See also

literature

  • Gustav Rose : About the chemical composition of apatites . In: Annals of Physics and Chemistry . tape 85 , 1827, pp. 185–214 ( rruff.info [PDF; 990 kB ; accessed on May 24, 2019]).
  • Chlorapatites . In: John W. Anthony, Richard A. Bideaux, Kenneth W. Bladh, Monte C. Nichols (Eds.): Handbook of Mineralogy, Mineralogical Society of America . 2001 (English, handbookofmineralogy.org [PDF; 68 kB ; accessed on May 21, 2019]).

Web links

Commons : Chlorapatite  - Collection of Images, Videos, and Audio Files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Malcolm Back, William D. Birch, Michel Blondieau and others: The New IMA List of Minerals - A Work in Progress - Updated: March 2019. (PDF 1703 kB) In: cnmnc.main.jp. IMA / CNMNC, Marco Pasero, March 2019, accessed May 20, 2019 .
  2. ↑ a b c d e f Hugo Strunz , Ernest H. Nickel : Strunz Mineralogical Tables. Chemical-structural Mineral Classification System . 9th edition. E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagbuchhandlung (Nägele and Obermiller), Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-510-65188-X , p.  467 (English).
  3. ^ David Barthelmy: Mineral Data. In: webmineral.com. Retrieved May 23, 2019 .
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g chlorapatite . In: John W. Anthony, Richard A. Bideaux, Kenneth W. Bladh, Monte C. Nichols (Eds.): Handbook of Mineralogy, Mineralogical Society of America . 2001 (English, handbookofmineralogy.org [PDF; 68  kB ; accessed on May 23, 2019]).
  5. ↑ a b c Stefan Weiss: The large Lapis mineral directory. All minerals from A - Z and their properties. Status 03/2018 . 7th, completely revised and supplemented edition. Weise, Munich 2018, ISBN 978-3-921656-83-9 .
  6. ↑ a b c Chlorapatite. In: mindat.org. Hudson Institute of Mineralogy, accessed May 23, 2019 .
  7. ↑ Gustav Rose : About the chemical composition of apatites . In: Annals of Physics and Chemistry . tape  85 , 1827, pp. 196 ( rruff.info [PDF; 990 kB ; accessed on May 24, 2019]).
  8. ↑ CF Rammelsberg: Handbuch der Mineralchemie . Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig 1860, p. 352 ( rruff.info [PDF; 234 kB ; accessed on May 26, 2019]).
  9. ↑ chlorine apatite from Dick Mountain, Ransäter, Munkfors, Värmland County, Sweden. In: mindat.org. Hudson Institute of Mineralogy, accessed May 26, 2019 .
  10. ^ Ernst AJ Burke: Tidying up Mineral Names: an IMA-CNMNC Scheme for Suffixes, Hyphens and Diacritical marks . In: Mineralogical Record . tape 39 , no. 2 , 2008, p. 132 (English, pubsites.uws.edu.au [PDF; 2.8 MB ; accessed on May 25, 2019]).
  11. ↑ M. Pasero, AR Kampf, C. Ferraris, IV Pekov, JR Rakovan, TJ White: Nomenclature of the apatite supergroup minerals . In: European Journal of Mineralogy . tape 22 , 2010, p. 163–179 (English, rruff.info [PDF; 740 kB ; accessed on May 25, 2019]).
  12. ↑ Ernest H. Nickel, Monte C. Nichols: IMA / CNMNC List of Minerals 2009. (PDF 1703 kB) In: cnmnc.main.jp. IMA / CNMNC, January 2009, accessed April 25, 2019 .
  13. ↑ Richard V. Gaines, H. Catherine W. Skinner, Eugene E. Foord, Brian Mason , Abraham Rosenzweig: Dana's New Mineralogy . 8th edition. John Wiley & Sons, New York et al. 1997, ISBN 0-471-19310-0 , pp. 860-861 .
  14. ^ LJ Igelström: XXXI. Shorter original communications and notes . In: Journal of Crystallography - Crystalline Materials . tape 27 , no. 1-6 , 1897, pp. 601–609 , doi : 10.1524 / zkri.1897.27.1.601 ( accessed via De Gruyter Online [PDF; 326 kB ; accessed on May 27, 2019]).
  15. ↑ Localities for chlorine apatite. In: mindat.org. Hudson Institute of Mineralogy, accessed May 23, 2019 .
  16. ↑ a b c List of places where chlorapatite was found in the Mineralienatlas and Mindat
  17. ^ Franz Brandstätter, Jürgen Konzett, Christian Koeberl, Ludovic Ferrière: The Ischgl meteorite, a new LL6 chondrite from Tyrol, Austria . In: Annals of the Natural History Museum in Vienna, Series A . tape 115 , January 2013, p. 5–18 (English, PDF on ZOBODAT [accessed on May 27, 2019]).
  18. ^ HA Stalder, A. Wagner, S. Graeser, P. Stuker: Mineralienlexikon der Schweiz . Wepf & Co., Basel 1998, ISBN 3-85977-200-7 , p. 44 .
  19. ↑ Petr Korbel, Milan Novák: Mineral Encyclopedia (=  Dörfler Natur ). Edition Dörfler im Nebel-Verlag, Eggolsheim 2002, ISBN 978-3-89555-076-8 , p. 171 .