Chalcophyllite
| Chalcophyllite | |
|---|---|
.jpg) |
|
| General and classification | |
| other names |
|
| chemical formula | Cu 9 Al [(OH) 12 | (SO 4 ) 1.5 | (AsO 4 ) 2 ] • 18H 2 O |
|
Mineral class (and possibly department) |
Phosphates, arsenates and vanadates |
|
System no. to Strunz and to Dana |
8.DF.30 ( 8th edition : VII / D.20) 43.05.14.01 |
| Similar minerals | tabular spangolite, gordaite |
| Crystallographic Data | |
| Crystal system | trigonal |
| Crystal class ; symbol | trigonal-rhombohedral; 3 |
| Space group | R 3 (No. 148) |
| Lattice parameters | a = 10.76 Å ; c = 28.68 Å |
| Formula units | Z = 3 |
| Frequent crystal faces | {0001}, {01 1 2}, {10 1 1}, {10 1 6}, {01 1 3}, {10 1 0}, {10 1 4}, {02 1 2} |
| Twinning | with (10 1 0) as the twin plane |
| Physical Properties | |
| Mohs hardness | 2 |
| Density (g / cm 3 ) | 2.67 to 2.69 |
| Cleavage | very perfect after {0001} |
| Break ; Tenacity | flaky, brittle |
| colour | emerald green, grass green, bluish green to blue |
| Line color | pale green to bluish |
| transparency | translucent to translucent |
| shine | Glass gloss to semi-diamond gloss, pearlescent on the base and on the split surfaces |
| Crystal optics | |
| Refractive indices |
n ω = 1.618 to 1.632 n ε = 1.552 to 1.575 |
| Birefringence | δ = 0.057 to 0.066 |
| Optical character | uniaxial negative |
| Pleochroism | pronounced from almost colorless to blue-green |
| Other properties | |
| Chemical behavior | Easily soluble in acids and in ammonia |
Chalkophyllit (obsolete and copper mica , leavened Olivenerz , Tamarit , erinite ) is a rarely occurring mineral from the mineral class of arsenate . It crystallizes in the trigonal crystal system with the chemical composition Cu 9 Al [(OH) 12 | (SO 4 ) 1.5 | (AsO 4 ) 2 ] · 18H 2 O, and is thus chemically seen a hydrous copper - aluminum - arsenate with additional Sulfate groups and hydroxide ions . Chalcophyllite develops tabular, translucent to transparent crystals of emerald-green to blue-green color, which come together to form fan-shaped to rosette-shaped aggregates , but can also appear scaly or massive and in the form of crusty coatings. It can be partially dehydrated, which affects some properties such as gloss and refraction.
Etymology and history
Chalcophyllite was already known at the end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th century and was analyzed chemically - more or less correctly as copper arsenate. Due to its chemical composition and the foliar formation, the mineral was named by Dietrich Ludwig Gustav Karsten Blättriges Olivenerz , Abraham Gottlob Werner Kupferglimmer , by René-Just Haüy Cuivre arseniaté lamelliforme and by Jacques Louis de Bournon Arseniate of Copper in hexaedral laminae, with inclined sides . Henry James Brooke and William Hallowes Miller named it after the occurrence on "Wheal Tamar" near Landulph in Cornwall Tamarit and François Sulpice Beudant and Alfred Des Cloizeaux after an alleged occurrence near Limerick in Ireland (Éire) Erinit . The name chalcophyllite ( Chalkophyllites rhomboëdricus ) comes from August Breithaupt , who named the mineral in 1841 after the ancient Greek words χαλκός "copper" and φύλλου "leaf, leafy". This designation, which is still valid today, is a more or less correct translation of the names already used by Werner, Haüy and Bournon into ancient Greek and aims on the one hand at the copper contained in the chemical composition and on the other hand at the leafy structure of the mica-like, but Minerals not belonging to the mica group .
Although the first evidence for the mineral comes from Cornwall (“it was first found either in Carrachach mine, in the parish of Gwennap, or in Tincroft mine in the parish of Allogan”), according to the type mineral catalog Germany, the mine “Altväter including Eschig ”in Mortelgrund near Sayda in the Ore Mountains, Saxony, as a type locality. Johann Carl Freiesleben wrote about this :
“The copper mica is in Saxony, only from Alt Väter s. Eschig known, but here I found it, especially in 1814, of uncommon clarity and beauty, as beautiful as the one from Cornwall; it appeared high emerald green, sprinkled in, in narrow veins and crystallized, partly in individual free crystals, partly in drusty nests, of small and fine-grained composition with brick ore, copper pechers on dull quartz mixed with red iron ocher. "
The type material of the mineral is in the geoscientific collections of the Technical University Bergakademie Freiberg under the catalog no. 21355 kept at location M 7.5.
classification
In the meanwhile outdated, but still in use 8th edition of the mineral classification according to Strunz , the chalcophyllite belonged to the division of "anhydrous phosphates, with foreign anions F, Cl, O, OH", where it was found together with Coeruleit , Leogangit , Lirokonit , Parnauit and Zapatalite forms the unnamed group VII / D.20 .
The 9th edition of Strunz's mineral systematics , which has been in effect since 2001 and is used by the International Mineralogical Association (IMA), also classifies chalcophyllite in the category of "phosphates, etc., with other anions, with H 2 O". However, this is further subdivided according to the relative size of the cations involved and the molar ratio of the additional anions to the phosphate, arsenate or vanadate complex (RO 4 ), so that the mineral can be classified according to its composition in the subsection "With only medium-sized cations (OH, etc.) .): RO 4 > 3: 1 “is to be found, where the unnamed group with the system no. 8.DF.30 forms.
The systematics of minerals according to Dana , which is mainly used in the English-speaking world , assigns chalcophyllite to the class of "phosphates, arsenates and vanadates" and there to the category of "anhydrous phosphates, etc., with hydroxyl or halogen". Here he can be found as the sole member of the unnamed group 43.05.14 within the subdivision Compound Phosphates etc., ( Compound anions containing water with hydroxyl or halogen) .
Crystal structure
Chalcophyllite crystallizes in the trigonal crystal system in the space group R 3 (space group number 148) with the lattice parameters a = 10.76 Å and c = 28.68 Å as well as 3 formula units per unit cell .
In the structure of Chalkophyllits nine common edges interconnected Cu (OH) form 6 - octahedron and an Al (OH) 6 octahedron open parallel layers (0001). These are on both sides by AsO 4 - tetrahedron decorated, the three corners with the vacant positions in the layers surrounding Cu (OH) to 6 sharing octahedra. Only nine of the 12 possible octahedral positions in the Cu-O layer of each unit cell are occupied by copper atoms. The layers are connected to one another by SO 4 tetrahedra and hydrogen bonds .
properties
morphology
Chalcophyllite forms mica-like, very characteristic, mostly after {0001} thin-tabular crystals with a hexagonal outline that reach a diameter of up to 1 cm. Often only the surfaces of the rhombohedron {01 1 2} can be seen on the crystals . Other surface shapes are {10 1 1}, {10 1 6}, {01 1 3}, {10 1 0}, {10 1 4} and {02 2 1}. The surfaces of the base are occasionally streaked at 60 °. The crystals come together to form fan-shaped to rosette-like aggregates, which are often located in drusen in the depleted primary ore. In addition, leafy to foliated aggregates and massive.
physical and chemical properties
The color of the translucent to transparent crystals of the chalcophyllite varies from emerald green to grass green and bluish green to blue. Its line color is pale green to bluish green and always lighter than the mineral color. On the surfaces of the base the crystals show a clear mother-of-pearl luster, on the other surfaces the mineral has a glass to semi-diamond luster. The mineral also has a pearly sheen on cleavage surfaces due to partial water release. Characteristic is a very perfect cleavage after the base (0001). Chalcophyllite is brittle and has a flaky crack. With a Mohs hardness of 2, chalcophyllite is one of the soft minerals that can be scratched with the fingernail , similar to the reference mineral gypsum . The calculated density of the mineral is 2.684 g / cm 3 .
Chalcophyllite is green in transmitted light; it shows a pronounced pleochroism from n ω = blue-green to n ε = almost colorless. Its birefringence is comparatively high with a maximum of 0.066.
“In front of the soldering tube, the mineral decrepitates, exfoliates, turning black, and melts, with the smell of arsenic on the coal; A lot of water is given off in the glow tube; the borax pearl is colored green due to the copper content, the flame green-blue. Chalcophyllite is very easily soluble in acids, also soluble in ammonia . It is decomposed in the air. "
Education and Locations
Chalcophyllite forms as a typical secondary mineral in the oxidation zone of arsenic- containing polymetallic deposits (the arsenic supplier is mainly arsenopyrite ). Accompanying minerals include azurite , malachite , brochantite , chrysocolla , spangolite , connellite , cuprite , cyanotrichite , strashimirite , parnauite , lavendulan , cornubite , langite , clinoclase , pharmacosiderite and mansfieldite . As a rather rare mineral formation, chalcophyllite can sometimes be abundant at various sites, but overall it is not very common. So far (as of 2016) around 200 sites are known.
In addition to the type locality, chalcophyllite can be found in Germany, among others, in Sadisdorf near Schmiedeberg, the "Fundgrube Fortuna", Deutschkatharinenberg near Seiffen , (both Erzgebirge , Saxony ), on various mines in Siegerland, the Virneberg mine near Rheinbreitbach in Rhineland-Palatinate , as well as in the Clara mine in the Rankach valley near Oberwolfach in the Black Forest , Baden-Wuerttemberg . In addition to many other Cornish localities in Great Britain, particularly beautiful from the pits “Wheal Gorland”, “Wheal Unity” and the “United Mines” near Gwennap , “Ting Tang” near Carharrack (all Camborne-Redruth-St-Day-District), the "Old Gunnislake Mine" at Calstock , Callington District, and the Penberthy Croft Mine at St Hilary , Mount's Bay District. In Austria , chalcophyllite is known from the Neufinkenstein-Grabanz area on Mallestiger Mittagskogel and the Rijavitzagraben copper deposit near Bad Eisenkappel (both Karawanken , Carinthia ) as well as the Schwaz - Brixlegg area in the Inntal and the Flirscher Skihütte, Flirsch , Stanzer Tal , both Tyrol . In Switzerland , chalcophyllite is known from the copper-uranium deposits Mürtschenalp , Murgtal, Canton Glarus , from the Les Moulins mine and from the Gosan mine near Anniviers , Val d'Anniviers , from the Col des Mines, Isérables , Riddes , and from the Wannigletscher- Shear bath in the Kriegalp valley near Binn (all canton Valais ).
From “Piesky” near Špania Dolina (Herrengrund) not far from Banská Bystrica , Slovakia , from Moldova Nouă (Neumoldowa), Banat , Caraș-Severin district , Romania and from the “Hilarion Mine” near Agios Konstantinos , Lavrion , Attikí , Greece . In Italy from the "Miniera di Monte Avanza", Forni Avoltri , Friuli-Venezia Giulia region , as well as the "Miniera Perda Niedda", Domusnovas , Province Carbonia-Iglesias , and "Miniera Baccu Locci", Villaputzu , Cagliari , (both Sardinia ) . From France from the "Cap Garonne Mine" near Le Pradet , Var , from the copper mines of Roua, Alpes-Maritimes , about 50 km north of Nice , from the "Mine de Salsigne", Mas-Cabardès, Carcassonne , Aude , Occitania , the “Le Franciman” mine, Saint-Jean-de-Jeannes, Paulinet, Alban, Tarn department , and “La Treille Mine”, Neuenberg near Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines (Markirch), Haut-Rhin department , Alsace .
In the USA from the "Majuba Hill Mine", Antelope District, Pershing County , and the "Burrus Mine", Pyramid District, Washoe County (both Nevada ), the "Grand View Mine", Horseshoe Mesa, Coconino County , Arizona , and the "Mammoth Mine" at Mammoth, Tintic District, East Tintic Mts, Juab County , Utah . From "Marianna de Itacolumy", Quadrilátero Ferrífero, Minas Gerais , Brazil and the copper deposits " Chuquicamata ", Calama , Province of El Loa, Región de Antofagasta , "Potrerillos", Diego de Almagro, Province Chañaral, Región de Atacama , and "El Teniente “, Rancagua , Province of Cachapoal, Región del Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins , all Chile . From Gengma Autonomous County , Lincang , Yunnan Province , China .
Other locations include Neuquén in Argentina; the provinces of Limburg , Luxembourg and Namur in Belgium; La Paz in Bolivia; Honshū in Japan; Souss-Massa-Daraâ in Morocco; Oshikoto in Namibia; the North Island of New Zealand; the districts of Castelo Branco and Viseu in Portugal; the Urals in Russia; Valencia in Spain; Gauteng in South Africa; Bohemia and Moravia in the Czech Republic; as well as Heves county in Hungary.
See also
literature
- Chalcophyllite , In: John W. Anthony, Richard A. Bideaux, Kenneth W. Bladh, Monte C. Nichols (Eds.): Handbook of Mineralogy, Mineralogical Society of America , 2001 ( PDF, 66 kB )
Web links
- Type mineral catalog Germany - storage of the chalcophyllite type stage
- Mineral Atlas: Chalcophyllite (Wiki)
- Mindat - Chalcophyllite
- Web mineral - Chalcophyllite
- Database-of-Raman-spectroscopy - Chalcophyllite
- American-Mineralogist-Crystal-Structure-Database - Chalcophyllite
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e Hugo Strunz , Ernest H. Nickel: Strunz Mineralogical Tables . 9th edition. E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagbuchhandlung (Nägele and Obermiller), Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-510-65188-X , p. 506 .
- ↑ a b c d e f Chalcophyllite , In: John W. Anthony, Richard A. Bideaux, Kenneth W. Bladh, Monte C. Nichols (Eds.): Handbook of Mineralogy, Mineralogical Society of America , 2001 ( PDF, 66 kB ).
- ^ A b Carl Hintze : Handbook of Mineralogy. First volume. Fourth department department. 2nd half . 1st edition. Verlag Veit & Co., Leipzig 1933, pp. 888-891.
- ↑ a b http://www.mindat.org/min-979.html Mindat - Chalcophyllite
- ^ Richard Chenevix : Analysis of the Arseniates of Copper, and of Iron, described in the preceding paper; likewise an Analysis of the red octaedral Copper Ore of Cornwall; with Remarks on some particular Modes of Analysis . In: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London . tape 1801 . W. Bulmer & Co., London 1801, p. 193 ( available online in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 1801 Part I. S. 193 in the Google book search).
- ↑ Dietrich Ludwig Gustav Karsten : Mineralogical remarks on the arsenic acid, hydrochloric acid and phosphoric acid copper, accompanied by an external characteristic of these fossils . In: The Society of Friends of Natural Scientists in Berlin, New Writings . tape 3 . Society of Friends of Natural Sciences in Berlin, Berlin 1801, p. 288–306 ( available online in Der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin, Neue Schriften. P. 299 in the Google book search).
- ^ Christian Friedrich Ludwig : Handbook of Mineralogy according to AG Werner First Part: Oryctognosie . 1st edition. Siegfried Leberecht Crusius, Leipzig 1803, p. 232 ( available online in Handbuch der Mineralogie according to AG Werner. P. 232 in the Google book search).
- ^ Christian August Siegfried Hoffmann : Handbook of Mineralogy by CAS Hoffmann, continued by August Breithaupt, third volume, second section . 1st edition. Craz & Gerlach, Freiberg 1816, p. 162 ( available online in the manual of mineralogy by CAS Hoffmann. P. 162 in the Google book search).
- ^ René-Just Haüy : Traité de Mineralogie, Tome Troisième . 1st edition. Louis, Paris 1801, p. 578 ( available online in Traité de Mineralogie. P. 578 in the Google book search).
- ^ A b Jacques Louis de Bournon : Description of the Arseniates of Copper, and of Iron, from the County of Cornwall . In: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London . tape 1801 . W. Bulmer & Co., London 1801, p. 169 ( available online in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 1801 Part I. p. 169 in the Google book search).
- ^ Henry James Brooke , William Hallowes Miller : Introduction to Mineralogy by the late Wm. Phillips, 1823 . New edition. Longman, Brown, Green, & Longmans [etc.], London 1852, pp. 512 ( available online in Introduction to Mineralogy by Wm. Phillips. P. 512 in the Google book search).
- ^ François Sulpice Beudant : Traité élémentaire de Minéralogie, Tome II . 2nd Edition. Verdière, Paris 1832, p. 598 ( available online in Traité élémentaire de Minéralogie. P. 598 in the Google book search).
- ^ Alfred Des Cloizeaux : Examen cristallographique de cinq variétés d'arséniate de cuivre . In: Annales de chimie et de physique . tape 13 . Fortin, Masson et Cie., Paris 1845, p. 417-425 ( available online in Annales de chimie et de physique. P. 420 in the Google book search).
- ↑ August Breithaupt : Complete manual of mineralogy by August Breithaupt. Second Volume, First Section of the Special Part . 1st edition. Arnoldische Buchhandlung, Dresden and Leipzig 1841, p. 149 ( available online in Complete Handbook of Mineralogy by August Breithaupt. P. 149 in the Google book search).
- ^ Johann Carl Free Life : Magazine for the oryctography of Saxony, Fifteenth issue . 1st edition. JG Engelhardt, Freiberg 1848, p. 272 ( available online in Magazin für die Oryktographie von Sachsen, Fifteenth Heft. P. 272 in the Google book search).
- ↑ C. Sabelli (1980): The crystal structure of chalcophyllite. In: Zeitschrift für Kristallographie , Volume 151, pp. 129–140 ( PDF, 595 kB ).
- ↑ Mindat - Number of localities for chalcophyllite
- ↑ Find location list for chalcophyllite in the Mineralienatlas and Mindat