Tantalite (Mn)

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Tantalite (Mn)
Tantalite- (Mn) -Quartz-221344.jpg
Tantalite (Mn) on quartz from the pegmatite field Darra-i-Pech, Nangarhar Province , Afghanistan (step size: 7.1 cm × 5.7 cm × 4.7 cm)
General and classification
other names
  • Mangantantalite
  • Manganese tantalite
  • Alvarolite
  • 鉭 錳礦
  • 錳 鉭 鐵礦
chemical formula
  • Mn 2+ Ta 2 O 6
  • (Mn 2+ , Fe 2+ ) (Ta, Nb) 2 O 6
Mineral class
(and possibly department) 		Oxides and hydroxides
System no. to Strunz
and to Dana 		4.DB.35 ( 8th edition : IV / D.18)
03/08/02/03
Similar minerals Columbite (Mn), columbite (Fe), hematite, ilmenite, allanite
Crystallographic Data
Crystal system orthorhombic
Crystal class ; symbol orthorhombic-dipyramidal; 2 / m  2 / m  2 / m
Space group Pbcn (No. 60)Template: room group / 60
Lattice parameters a  = 14.413  Å ; b  = 5.760 Å; c  = 5.084 Å
Formula units Z  = 4
Twinning according to {021} and {023}, which can result in pseudo-hexagonal triplets
Physical Properties
Mohs hardness 6; Vickers hardness VHN 100  = 488-681 kg / mm²
Density (g / cm 3 ) 6.65 to 8.00 (measured); 8.01 (calculated)
Cleavage clearly according to (100), less clearly according to (010)
Break ; Tenacity half-mussel to uneven; brittle
colour pink to almost colorless or reddish brown to black; colorless, reddish brown, red in reflected light
Line color Depending on the mineral color, white, red, scarlet to black
transparency opaque, transparent on thin edges
shine Semi-metallic to glass gloss, metal-like pitch gloss
radioactivity possible due to contents of uranium and thorium
Crystal optics
Refractive indices n α  = 2.140
n β  = 2.150
n γ  = 2.340
Birefringence δ = 0.200
Optical character biaxial positive
Axis angle 2V = 82 °
Pleochroism strong from red to red-brown to orange
Other properties
Chemical behavior Infusible in front of the soldering tube, hardly soluble in acids such as H 2 SO 4
Special features occasionally partial isotropization due to the content of uranium

Tantalite (Mn) is a rare mineral from the mineral class of oxides and hydroxides . It crystallizes in the orthorhombic crystal system with the composition Mn 2+ Ta 2 O 6 , that is a manganese - tantalum - oxide .

Tantalite- (Mn) forms short-prismatic, isometric or tabular crystals that have grown together to form aggregates arranged parallel or subparallel , can also be found in the form of granular to massive aggregates and in soaps also in unrolled grains.

The type locality of the tantalite (Mn) are pegmatite dikes in the area of ​​the "Utö gruvor" (pits of Utö) on the island of Utö ( coordinates of the pegmatite Utö ), municipality of Haninge , Stockholm County (historical province of Södermanland ), Sweden .

Etymology and history

In 1802 found Anders Gustaf Ekeberg in two newly discovered minerals from Ytterby in Sweden and Skogsböle in Kimito (now Kimitoön or Kemiönsaari), landscape Finland Proper , Finland , a new chemical element, describing it as tantalum ( German  tantalum ). He named the two new minerals tantalite ( kimito ) and yttrotantalite ( ytterby ). Ekeberg chose the name tantalum after the Greek mythological figure Tantalus - due to the difficulty of solving the corresponding minerals:

"Sjelfva recruten bland metallerne kallar jag Tantalum, dels för at följa bruket, from gillar namn ur mythologies, dels för at alludera på defs oförmögenhet at, midt i öfverflödet af fyra, daraf taga något åt ​​fig och mättas”.

"I call the new mineral itself tantalum, partly according to usage, which is a good name from the doctrine of the gods, partly to allude to its inability to accept something of it in the midst of an excess of acid and to become saturated."

- Anders Gustaf Ekeberg : Kongl. Vetenskaps Academiens nya Handlingar , Vol. 23

The name manganese tantalite ( Swedish manganese tantalite ) goes back to Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld , who used this term in 1876/77 to describe a red to black-brown mineral from the pits on the Swedish island of Utö due to its dominant manganese and mineral content Called tantalum. After Andreas Arzruni but it is in this mineral because of the low density by a niobdominierten and not a tantalum-dominated representative of columbite - tantalite - solid solutions . On a suggestion by Christian Wilhelm Blomstrand , Arzruni himself described a mineral that was probably recovered in the wash gold of the gold soaps of "Bakakin" in the Sanarka area, Southern Urals , Urals Federal District , Russia , as manganotantalite .

According to Paul Ramdohr and Hugo Strunz, only the end links of the columbite mixed crystal series niobite and tantalite represent independent minerals, which was handled similarly in many other reference works from this period. Manganotantalite , like manganoniobite and magnesioniobite, was only considered a variety. In the course of the replacement of a prefix-dominated by a suffix-dominated nomenclature by the International Mineralogical Association (IMA), the mineral manganotantalite was renamed tantalite- (Mn) ( English tantalite- (Mn) ) and the term manganotantalite was discredited.

Type material is not defined for the mineral. Due to its discovery and first description before 1959, tantalite (Mn) is one of the minerals that the IMA calls grandfathered .

classification

The current classification of the IMA counts the tantalite (Mn) to the columbite group (columbite-tantalite series, columbite group minerals (CGM), columbotantalite ) with the general formula A  B 2 O 6 , in which A and B have different positions in the structure of the minerals of the columbite group with A  = Fe 2+ , Mn 2+ , Mg 2+ and subordinate also represent trivalent cations as well as B  = Ta 5+ , Nb 5+ and subordinate also Ti 4+ and Sn 4+ . The columbite group sensu stricto includes the orthorhombic minerals columbite (Fe), columbite (Mn), columbite (Mg), tantalite (Mn), tantalite (Fe), tantalite (Mg) and qitianlingite.

Already in the outdated, but partly still in use 8th edition of the mineral classification according to Strunz , the tantalite (Mn) (formerly manganotantalite ) belonged to the mineral class of "oxides and hydroxides" and there to the department of "oxides with the substance ratio metal: oxygen = 1 : 2 (MO 2 and related compounds) ", where together with columbite (Fe) (formerly ferrocolumbite ), columbite (Mg) (formerly magnesiocolumbite ), columbite (Mn) (formerly manganocolumbite ), tantalite (Fe) (formerly ferrotantalite ) and tantalite (Mg) (formerly magnesiotantalite ) the "columbite group" with the system no. IV / D.18 .

The 9th edition of Strunz's mineral systematics, valid since 2001 and used by the International Mineralogical Association (IMA), assigns the tantalite (Mn) also to the class of "oxides and hydroxides" and there to the department of oxides with the molar ratio " Metal: Oxygen = 1: 2 and comparable “one. This section is further subdivided according to the relative size of the cations involved and the crystal structure , so that the mineral is classified according to its composition in the sub-section “With medium-sized cations; Chains of edge-linked octahedra "can be found where it is found together with columbite- (Fe) (formerly ferrocolumbite ), columbite- (Mg) (formerly magnesiocolumbite ), columbite- (Mn) (formerly manganocolumbite ), qitianlingite , tantalite- (Fe) ( formerly ferrotantalite ) and tantalite (Mg) (formerly magnesiotantalite ) the columbite group with system no. 4.DB.35 forms.

The systematics of minerals according to Dana , which is mainly used in the English-speaking world , assigns tantalite (Mn) to the mineral class of "oxides and hydroxides" in the division of "multiple oxides with Nb, Ta and Ti". Here it is together with tantalite (Fe) (formerly ferrotantalite ), columbite (Fe) (formerly ferrocolumbite), columbite (Mn) (formerly manganocolumbite), columbite (Mg) (formerly magnesiocolumbite) and tantalite (Mg) (formerly magnesiotantalite ) to be found in the tantalite-columbite series 08.03.02 within the subsection “Multiple oxides with Nb, Ta and Ti and the formula A (B 2 O 6 )”.

Chemism

Quadrilateral diagram of the Mn-Fe-Ta-Nb minerals of the columbite group with the miscibility gap

Ten microprobe analyzes on tantalite (Mn) from the LCT granite pegmatite “Koktokay No. 3 "of the" Altay "deposit in the" Koktokay pegmatite field ", Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region , People's Republic of China , resulted in mean values ​​of 66.34% Ta 2 O 5 ; 15.49% Nb 2 O 5 ; 13.57% MnO; 1.10% FeO; 0.08% TiO 2 ; 0.02% Sb 2 O 5 (total 96.60%), from which the empirical formula (Mn 2+ 0.93 , Fe 2+ 0.07 ) Σ = 1.00 (Ta 1.44 Nb 0, 56 ) Σ = 2.00 O 6 calculated. This formula has been simplified to Mn 2+ Ta 2 O 6 , which requires levels of 86.17% Ta 2 O 5 and 13.63% MnO. The official formula of the IMA is also Mn 2+ Ta 2 O 6 . Like all members of the columbite group, tantalite (Mn) can contain significant amounts of uranium , rare earth metals , calcium and thorium and / or trivalent iron (Fe 3+ ), scandium , titanium , tin and tungsten .

Tantalite- (Mn) is the Ta 5+ -dominant analogue of the Fe 2+ -dominated columbite- (Mn) , MnNb 2 O 6 , with which it forms a continuous mixed crystal row . It also forms the Mn 2+ -dominant analogue of the Fe 2+ -dominated tantalite- (Fe) (or its tetragonal dimorph, tapiolite- (Fe)), FeTa 2 O 6 , and the Mn 2+ Ta 5+ -dominant analogue to the Fe 2+ Nb 5+ -dominated columbite- (Fe) , FeNb 2 O 6 - a mixed crystal formation is only partially possible here due to the miscibility gap in the quadrilateral diagram of the end members of the columbite group (see the adjacent figure). Finally, it is also the Mn 2+ -dominant analogue of the Mg 2+ -dominant tantalite- (Mg) , (Mg, Fe 2+ ) (Ta, Nb) 2 O 6 , and the Mn 2+ Ta 5+ -dominant analogue to the Mn 2+ Nb 5+ -dominated columbite- (Mg) , (Mg, Fe, Mn) (Nb, Ta) 2 O 6 .

Chemically identical with tantalite (Mn) are its tetragonal dimorphs tapiolite (Mn) and tantalowodginite , (Mn 2+ 0.5 □ 0.5 ) TaTa 2 O 8 .

Crystal structure

Tantalite- (Mn) crystallizes in the orthorhombic crystal system in the space group Pbcn (space group no. 60) with the lattice parameters a = 14.41  Å ; b = 5.76 Å and c = 5.08 Å as well as four formula units per unit cell . Template: room group / 60

As with all representatives of the columbite group, the crystal structure of tantalite (Mn) consists of corner and edge-linked octahedra that come together to form chains parallel [001] and layers parallel [100]. According to Petr Černý and Scott Ercit, these are corrugated layers of zigzag chains, which consist of octahedra with common edges, which are connected to one another via common corners.

The structure is similar to that of scrutinyite , α-PbO 2 , but the presence of three different types of chains and layers [… (AB), (BA), (BB)…] results in a tripling of the dimensions of the unit cell. It is a 6-layer superstructure of α-PbO 2 , this superstructure slowly being lost when the temperature rises. At 1100 ° C the order of the cations is largely statistical and corresponds to the α-PbO 2 structure. The structure itself represents a hexagonal closest packing of the oxygen atoms, in which both the atoms on the A position (in this case Mn 2+ ) and the atoms on the B position (here Ta) are octahedrally coordinated. The cations occupy half of the available octahedral positions. B cations (here tantalum) form double layers of edge-sharing octahedra that alternate with single layers of A cations (here manganese).

Tantalite (Mn) is isotypic (isostructural) to the other representatives of the columbite group. Furthermore, it forms the orthorhombic dimorph to the chemically completely identical, but tetragonally crystallizing tapiolite (Mn).

properties

morphology

Tantalite (Mn) is found in the form of short-prismatic, isometric or tabular crystals that have grown together to form aggregates arranged parallel or sub-parallel. Furthermore, massive accumulations or granular aggregates are also frequent.

Minerals of the columbite group can form very large crystals, but a chemical analysis is almost never given for the crystals described in the literature, which is why an exact assignment is seldom possible. Large crystals are said to come from near Ribauè in the district of the same name , Nampula , Mozambique. Crystals up to 500 kg (Columbite- (Fe)) have been found in the Mina La Verde near La Bella, Ñuflo de Chavez Province , Santa Cruz Department, Bolivia.

A tantalite mass with a weight of "about five hundredweights" (approx. 254 kg) comes from a vein-shaped pegmatite near ML86 HM, Wodginaa, Pilbara , Western Australia , Australia . In 1953 JB Hanley described the minerals of the "Bob Ingersoll Mine" in the Keystone District, South Dakota , United States , and stated that in Dike No. 1 the wall zone of the cleavelandite-quartz-muscovite pegmatite "Columbite, commonly in thin plates as much as 2.5 ft. Long (0.76 m) and 2 ft. Wide (0.61 m) ..." ( German  columbite, usually in thin plates up to 2.5 ft. (76 cm) long and 2 ft. (61 cm) wide ... ). In Dike No. 2, the quartz-albite pegmatite is coarser on the 4,950-ft level than on the surface, "..., and columbite plates are as much as 2.5 ft. Long (0.76 m) and 1.3 ft. Wide (0.40 m) at this level “( German  ... and columbite plates reach here 2.5 ft. length (76 cm) and 1.3 ft. width (40 cm) ). Lincoln R. Page described these crystals as "... very thin, as I remember, about one quarter of an inch or less." ( German  ... very thin, as far as I remember, about a quarter of an inch (6.4 mm) or less ). A columbite crystal aggregate also found in the Black Hills weighed approx. 825 kg.

Investigations by Mikhail Yu. Povarennykh in tantalum-bearing granite massifs in Transbaikalia (Russia) and Kazakhstan have shown that in these rare metal granites in the course of evolution on the habitus of minerals of the columbite group there is a trend from needle-like and leafy crystals through tabular and thick-tabular crystals as well as tabular-columnar crystals and up to isometric-columnar crystals short columnar crystals can be observed. In detail, he distinguished five different habit types.

  • Habitus type I: columnar-needle-shaped and leafy: {010}, {031}, {130}, {hk0}
  • Habitus type II: tabular: {010}, {110}, {011}
  • Habitus type III: thick panel: {010}, {110}, {0kl}, {111}
  • Habitus type IV: tabular-columnar: {010}, {001}, {hk0}, {hkl}
  • Habitus type V: isometric and short columnar: {001}, {010}, {0kl}, {hk0}, {h0l}

It is characterized by the formation of twins according to (021) and / or according to (023), which creates pseudo-hexagonal triplets in addition to the classic twins with reentrant angles. Furthermore, areas of {530} and {051} were observed as twin planes.

The fine striations occurring on crystals of Ivittuut on almost all surfaces, but most clearly observed on {110}, is explained by parallel translation {010}, it is not a combination of stripes. Oriented intergrowths of columbite on samarskite (Y) from Ånnerød near Moss , Østfold , Norway , are referred to as Ånnerødit after the place where they were found. From the Shigar Valley, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan, pseudomorphoses from tantalite (Mn) to fluorine atomic microlite are known. Separation lamellae of tantalite (Mn) in a representative of the microlith group within the pyrochlore upper group have been described from the Rubicon pegmatite near Karibib in Namibia. The representative of the microlite group sits in amblygonite montebrasite and is accompanied by tapiolite (Fe), apatite and bismuth minerals. Also from the Rubicon pegmatite comes a 2 cm large tantalite (Mn) crystal, in whose narrow edge zone the tantalite (Mn) is replaced by tantalite (Fe) along cracks. Oleg von Knorring and Eric Condliffe have shown that manganeseotantalite (tantalite-Mn) can occasionally show a simple macrozonation that is already visible to the naked eye - a lighter tantalum-rich edge zone in the crystals, which ultimately represents nothing more than an enrichment of tantalum during the last stages the pegmatitic crystallization.

Columbite (Mn) and columbite (Fe) can be very similar to tantalite (Mn), from which tantalite (Mn) can often not be clearly distinguished without chemical analysis. Nb-rich members of the columbite group (i.e. columbite (Mn) and columbite (Fe)) are generally tabular developed according to (100) - and show {010}, {001}, {021} and {111} - or prismatic parallel to the b-axis [010]. Ta-rich links such as tantalite (Mn) are more columnar along the c-axis [001] and are often strongly striped on {100}. It can also be confused with hematite - but this shows striations in only one direction - and ilmenite and allanite .

physical and chemical properties

Tantalite (Mn) crystals are pink to almost colorless or red, reddish brown to black. Depending on the mineral color , their line color is red to scarlet or black or white. The surfaces of the thin, transparent, otherwise translucent to opaque crystals show a glass-like to semi-metallic sheen or even a metallic, pitch-like sheen. Tantalite- (Mn) has a high light refraction and a very high birefringence (δ = 0.200) corresponding to its gloss . In the reflected light the mineral is colorless, reddish brown or red and shows a strong pleochroism from X = red through Y = reddish brown to Z = orange.

Tantalite (Mn) has two different cleavages : a clear one according to (100) and a less clear one according to (010). It breaks but similar because of its brittleness Amblygonit or quartz , wherein the fractured surfaces are formed uneven (as in Amblygonit) or conchoidal (as in quartz). The mineral has a Mohs hardness of 6 and is therefore one of the medium-hard minerals that can be scratched with a steel file just as easily as the reference mineral orthoclase . The Vickers hardness for tantalite (Mn) was determined to be VHN 100  = 488 - 681 kg / mm². The measured density for tantalite (Mn) is 6.65 to 8.00 g / cm³, depending on the processor, the calculated density is 8.01 g / cm³. The crystal used to determine the lattice parameters has a measured density of 6.76 g / cm³ and a calculated density of 7.073 g / cm³.

In front of the soldering tube , the tantalite in the platinum tweezers and on carbon cannot be melted; on charcoal, with soda and a small addition of borax in the reducing fire, it usually supplies some metallic tin. With soda and saltpeter, the reaction to manganese takes place, in the glass flask there is no release of volatile substances. In the case of iron contents, it is slowly dissolved by borax to form a glass colored by iron, which, at a certain degree of saturation, can turn gray-white, especially if it has been treated with the reducing flame beforehand. When fully saturated, it becomes unclear by itself as it cools down. It is also only slowly dissolved by phosphorus salt to form a glass colored by iron oxide, which turns pale yellow but not red in the reduction fire after cooling. When treated with tin on charcoal, the glass turns green. Tantalite containing tungstic acid produces a bead of phosphorus salt colored by iron, which turns dark red after heating in a reducing fire and after cooling, and which retains this color even when treated with tin on charcoal. Is decomposed by melting with potassium bisulfate. Light dissolution in sulfur monochloride, beautiful crystals arise from the cold solution. Hiroshi Majima and colleagues investigated the dissolution reaction of tantalite in aqueous solutions of HF, HF-HCl, NH 4 F-HCl, HF-H 2 SO 4 and NH 4 F-H 2 SO 4 . The presence of H + and F - is necessary for rapid dissolution of the tantalite . Increasing the concentration of these ions and increasing the temperature help increase the rate of dissolution. Instead of using a weak acid such as HF as an ion supplier, combinations of HCl or H 2 SO 4 and neutral fluorine salts such as NH 4 F can be used as solvents.

Tantalit- (Mn) is not in the long term nor in the short wave UV light , a fluorescent .

Education and Locations

The minerals of the columbite group come as an accessory and mostly primary component of igneous tungsten, tin and REE deposits (alkaline and peralkaline granites and syenites), from alkaline rock and carbonatite intrusions as well as from granites (rare metal granites) and pegmatites of the LCT family (Li-cesium-tantalum), where tantalite- (Mn) can be found in all of these different types with the exception of carbonatites. Within the pegmatite it can occur in all main stages of the pegmatite development. During the postmagmatic stages, tantalite (Mn) also crystallizes as an overgrowth or displacement border on minerals of the columbite group formed in front of it. Manganese and tantalum-rich representatives of the columbite group in the pegmatites and granites represent in many cases the end point of the evolution of the minerals of the columbite group and thus the last formed representatives of the columbite group. Finally, like all representatives of the columbite group, tantalite (Mn) is found as a detritic heavy mineral in soaps .

Typical accompanying minerals of tantalite (Mn) are albite (also in its cleavelandite variety ), microcline , beryl (especially the aquamarine variety ), lepidolite , muscovite , tourmaline , spodumene , lithiophilite , triphyline , amblygonite , triplite , samarskite , apatite , and minerals Microlite group within the pyrochlore upper group and cassiterite as well as quartz , fluoroapatite , topaz , simpsonite and väyrynenite .

As a rather rare mineral formation, tantalite (Mn) is sometimes abundant at various sites, but overall it is not very widespread. So far (as of 2018) the mineral could be described from approx. 220 sites. The type locality for tantalite (Mn) are pegmatite dikes in the area of ​​the "Utö gruvor" (Utö pits) on the island of Utö , Haninge municipality , Stockholm county (historical Södermanland province ), Sweden . Several Proterozoic granite tunnels run through the rocks in the northern part of the island on Utö. Some of these can be classified as LCT pegmatites of the petalite subtype. Two of these LCT pegmatites (one of which is a lithium pegmatite) set in old iron mines through a sequence of rhyolite metatuffites , skarns and bands of banded iron formation . These two LCT pegmatites are the type locality for four mineral species ( spodumene , petalite , tantalite (Mn) and holmquistite ) as well as for the chemical element lithium .

In view of the very large number of sites for tantalite (Mn), only the most important deposits and those deposits that have provided larger crystals can be mentioned here. These include:

Locations for tantalite (Mn) from Germany , Austria and Switzerland are therefore unknown.

use

Due to its Ta 2 O 5 content of a maximum of 86.17%, tantalite (Mn) is a rich and sought-after tantalum ore.

Tantalum has a unique ability to store and release energy, which is why more than half of the world's production of this metal is used in electronics. Tantalum-based components can be exceptionally small; other elements cannot be used as replacements without reducing the performance of the electronic devices. As a consequence, tantalum is used as a component in ubiquitous devices such as cell phones , hearing aids and hard drives . The low mechanical strength of tantalum and its high biocompatibility make it possible to coat stronger substrates such as stainless steels for medical applications. Here it is used for blood vessel prostheses, plates, bone substitutes, and suture clips and wires. In the chemical industry, the corrosion resistance of tantalum is used in the lining of pipes, tanks and containers. Tantalum oxides increase the refractive index of glass lenses, whereas the hardness of tantalum carbide makes it an ideal material for making cutting tools.

Although with a hardness of 6 it is rather soft for a gemstone, tantalite (Mn) is occasionally ground due to its unusual color and the high light and very high birefringence. Images of polished tantalite (Mn) can be seen on Gemdat.org and RealGems.org. The largest of the tantalite (Mn) shown there weighs 8.35 ct. The mineral is also in great demand among mineral collectors because of its attractive crystals.

See also

literature

  • Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld : Mineralogiska meddelanden. 3. Tantalum syrade mineralier från Utö . In: Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar . tape 3 , 1876, p. 282–286 (Swedish, rruff.info [PDF; 312 kB ; accessed on December 20, 2018]).
  • Manganotantalite (= Tantalite- (Mn)) . In: John W. Anthony, Richard A. Bideaux, Kenneth W. Bladh, Monte C. Nichols (Eds.): Handbook of Mineralogy, Mineralogical Society of America . 2001 ( handbookofmineralogy.org [PDF; 69 kB ; accessed on December 20, 2018] as Manganotantalite).
  • Friedrich Klockmann : Klockmann's textbook of mineralogy . Ed .: Paul Ramdohr , Hugo Strunz . 16th edition. Enke, Stuttgart 1978, ISBN 3-432-82986-8 , pp. 540-541 (first edition: 1891).
  • Hans Jürgen Rösler : Textbook of Mineralogy . 4th revised and expanded edition. German publishing house for basic industry (VEB), Leipzig 1987, ISBN 3-342-00288-3 , p. 395 (as columbite).
  • Charles Palache , Harry Berman , Clifford Frondel : Columbite-Tantalite Series . In: The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana: Yale University 1837-1892 . Elements, sulfides, sulfosalts, oxides. 7th edition. tape I . John Wiley and Sons, New York / London / Sydney 1944, ISBN 0-471-19239-2 , pp. 780-787 (English).

Web links

Commons : Tantalite- (Mn)  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld : Mineralogiska meddelanden. 3. Tantalum syrade mineralier från Utö . In: Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar . tape  3 , 1876, p. 282–286 (Swedish, rruff.info [PDF; 312 kB ; accessed on December 20, 2018]).
  2. ↑ a b c Andreas Arzruni : Manganotantalit, a new uralic mineral variety . In: Negotiations of the Imperial Russian Mineralogical Society in St. Petersburg . tape  23 , 1887, p. 181-192 .
  3. ↑ a b c IMA / CNMNC List of Mineral Names; November 2018 (PDF 1.65 MB)
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Manganotantalite (= Tantalite- (Mn)) . In: John W. Anthony, Richard A. Bideaux, Kenneth W. Bladh, Monte C. Nichols (Eds.): Handbook of Mineralogy, Mineralogical Society of America . 2001 ( handbookofmineralogy.org [PDF; 69  kB ; accessed on December 20, 2018] as Manganotantalite).
  5. ↑ a b Joel D. Grice, Petr Černý, Robert Bury Ferguson: The Tanco pegmatite at Bernic Lake, Manitoba. II. Wodginite, tantalite, pseudo-ixiolite and related minerals . In: The Canadian Mineralogist . tape 11 , 1972, p. 609-642 (English).
  6. ↑ a b Joel D. Grice, Robert Bury Ferguson, Frank C. Hawthorne: The crystal structures of tantalite, ixiolite and wodginite from Bernic Lake, Manitoba; I. Tantalite and ixiolite . In: The Canadian Mineralogist . tape 14 , no. 4 , 1976, p. 540–549 (English, rruff.info [PDF; 896 kB ; accessed on December 20, 2018]).
  7. ↑ a b c d e f g h Friedrich Klockmann : Klockmann's textbook of mineralogy . Ed .: Paul Ramdohr , Hugo Strunz . 16th edition. Enke, Stuttgart 1978, ISBN 3-432-82986-8 , pp.  540-541 (first edition: 1891).
  8. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Mindat - Tantalite- (Mn) , accessed on December 20, 2018 (English)
  9. ↑ a b Mineralienatlas - Tantalit- (Mn) , accessed on December 20, 2018
  10. ↑ a b c d e Karl Schulz: 2a. Columbite (Fe, Mn) [(Nb, Ta) O 3 ] 2 . 2 B. Tantalite (Fe, Mn) [(Ta, Nb) O 3 ] 2 . In: Gottlob Linck (Ed.): Handbuch der Mineralogie von Dr. Carl Hintze . Borates, aluminates and ferrates, phosphates, arsenates, antimonates, vanadates, niobates and tantalates 1st part. 1st edition. tape 1 , fourth division - first half. Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin / Leipzig 1933, p. 437-483 .
  11. ↑ Rudolf Duthaler, Stefan Weiß: Clean, prepare and store minerals. The workbook for the collector . 1st edition. Christian Weise Verlag, Munich 2008, ISBN 978-3-921656-70-9 , p. 163 (as columbite series).
  12. ↑ Mindat - locality "Skogsböle", Finland , accessed on December 16, 2018 (English)
  13. ↑ a b Anders Gustaf Ekeberg : Uplysning om Ytterjordens egenskaper, i synnerhet i jämförelse med Berylljorden: om de Fossilier, hvari förstnämnde jord innehålles, including om en ny uptäckt kropp af metallisk natur . In: Kongl. Vetenskaps Academiens nya Handlingar . tape  23 , 1802, pp. 68–83 (Swedish, archive.org [PDF; 33.2 MB ; accessed on December 20, 2018]).
  14. ↑ Anders Gustaf Ekeberg : About a new metal, tantalum, which is discovered at the same time as ytter earth in some Swedish fossils; together with some explanations about the properties of the ytter earth in comparison with the beryl earth . In: Crell's chemical annals for the friends of the natural sciences, Arzney knowledge, household art, and manufactories . tape  1 , 1802, pp. 3–21 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  15. ^ Ernst AJ Burke, Frédéric Hatert: New minerals approved in 2007: Nomenclature modifications approved in 2007 by the Commission on New Minerals, Nomenclature and Classification International Mineralogical Association . ( main.jp [PDF; 90 kB ; accessed December 20, 2018] IMA No. 07-C).
  16. ↑ Ernst AJ Burke: Tidying up mineral names: an IMA-CNMNC scheme for suffixes, hyphens and diacritical marks . In: The Mineralogical Record . tape 39 , no. 2 , 2008, p. 131–135 (English, rruff.info [PDF; 734 kB ; accessed on December 20, 2018]).
  17. ↑ Mindat - Columbite Group , accessed December 20, 2018 (English)
  18. ↑ a b Thomas Mulja, Anthony E. Williams-Jones, Robert F. Martin, Scott A. Wood: compositional variation and structural state of columbite-tantalite in rare-element granitic pegmatites of the Preissac-Lacorne batholith, Quebec, Canada . In: The American Mineralogist . tape 81 , 1996, pp. 146–157 (English, minsocam.org [PDF; 1.3 MB ; accessed on December 20, 2018]).
  19. ↑ RRUFF - Tantalite- (Mn): Sample R060252 from Kohtokay, China , accessed on December 20, 2018 (English)
  20. ↑ a b Deane K. Smith Jr .: Uranium Mineralogy . In: Benedetto de Vivo, Felice Ippolito, G. Capaldi, PR Simpson (eds.): Uranium geochemistry, mineralogy, geology, exploration and resources . 1st edition. The Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, London 1984, p. 43–88 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search).
  21. ↑ a b Petr Černý, T. Scott Ercit: Mineralogy of Niobium and Tantalum: Crystal Chemical Relationships, Paragenetic Aspects and Their Economic Implications . In: Peter Möller, Petr Černý, Francis Saupé (Eds.): Lanthanides, Tantalum and Niobium: Mineralogy, Geochemistry, Characteristics of Primary Ore Deposits, Prospecting, Processing and Applications . Proceedings of a Workshop in Berlin, November 1986. 1st edition. Springer-Verlag, Berlin 1989, ISBN 978-3-642-87264-8 , pp. 437-483 , doi : 10.1007 / 978-3-642-87262-4_2 (English, researchgate.net [PDF; 837 kB ; accessed on December 20, 2018]).
  22. ^ A b c Hugo Strunz , Ernest H. Nickel : Strunz Mineralogical Tables . 9th edition. E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagbuchhandlung (Nägele and Obermiller), Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-510-65188-X , p.  211 .
  23. ^ Helmut Schrätze, Karl-Ludwig Weiner: Mineralogie. A textbook on a systematic basis . de Gruyter, Berlin; New York 1981, ISBN 3-11-006823-0 , pp. 457-462 (as columbite (tantalite, niobite)).
  24. ↑ Mindat - locality "Mina La Verde", Bolivia , accessed on December 20, 2018 (English)
  25. ^ Andrew Gibb Maitland: Third report on the geological features and mineral resources of the Pilbara goldfield (= Bulletin Geological Survey of Western Australia No. 23) . 1st edition. Government Printer, Perth 1906, pp. 67 .
  26. ^ JB Hanley: Bob Ingersoll Mine (Keystone District) . In: Lincoln R. Page (Ed.): Pegmatite Investigations 1942-1945 Black Hills, South Dakota . Description, maps, and diagrams of deposits of mica, beryl, lithium, tantalum, tin, and feldspar (=  Geological Survey Professional Paper . No. 247 ). United States Government Printing Office, Washington 1953, p. 75–83 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search).
  27. ↑ a b Peter C. Rickwood: The largest crystals . In: The American Mineralogist . tape 66 , no. 9-10 , 1981, pp. 885–907 (English, minsocam.org [PDF; 2.5 MB ; accessed on December 20, 2018]).
  28. ^ William Phipps Blake: Columbite in the Black Hills of Dakota . In: American Journal of Science . tape 28 , no. 167 , 1884, pp. 340–341 , doi : 10.2475 / ajs.s3-28.167.340 (English).
  29. ↑ a b c Mikhail Yu. Povarennykh: Typomorphism of the columbite-tantalite group minerals in the rare-metal tantalum-bearing amazonite-albite granites . In: New Data on Minerals . tape 43 , 2008, p. 37–44 (English, fmm.ru [PDF; 186 kB ; accessed on December 20, 2018]).
  30. ↑ Waldemar C. Brøgger : Nogle bemærkninger om pegmatitgangene ved Moss og fuller of mineral . In: Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar . tape  5 , no. 8 , 1876, p. 326-376 (Norwegian, Ånnerødit on pp. 354-367 + plate 13).
  31. ^ Waldemar C. Brøgger : The minerals of the southern Norwegian granite pegmatite dikes. I. Niobates, tantalates, titantates and titanoniobates . In: Videnskabs-Selskabets Skrifter. Math.-Naturv. Class . tape  6 , 1906, pp. 1-162 .
  32. ^ Joy R. Baldwin, PG Hill, Adrian A. Finch, Oleg von Knorring, GJH Oliver: Microlite-manganotantalite exsolution lamellae: Evidence from rare-metal pegmatite, Karibib, Namibia . In: Mineralogical Magazine . tape 69 , no. 6 , 2005, p. 917-935 , doi : 10.1180 / 0026461056960299 (English, researchgate.net [PDF; 2.5 MB ; accessed on December 20, 2018]).
  33. ^ Joy R. Baldwin: Replacement phenomena in tantalum minerals from rare-metal pegmatites in South Africa and Namibia . In: Mineralogical Magazine . tape 53 , 1989, pp. 571–581 (English, rruff.info [PDF; 3.8 MB ; accessed on December 20, 2018]).
  34. ^ Oleg von Knorring, Eric Condliffe: On the occurrence of niobium-tantalum and other rare-element minerals in the Meldon aplite, Devonshire . In: Mineralogical Magazine . tape 48 , no. 348 , 1984, pp. 443–448 , doi : 10.1180 / minmag.1984.048.348.16 (English).
  35. ↑ Hans Jürgen Rösler : Textbook of Mineralogy . 4th revised and expanded edition. German publishing house for basic industry (VEB), Leipzig 1987, ISBN 3-342-00288-3 , p.  395 (as columbite).
  36. ^ Edgar F. Smith: Action of sulfur monochloride upon minerals . In: Journal of the American Chemical . tape 20 , no. 4 , 1898, p. 289–293 , doi : 10.1021 / ja02066a012 (English).
  37. ↑ Hiroshi Majima, Yasuhiro Awakura, Munenori Mashima, Tetsuji Hirato: Dissolution of Columbite and Tantalite in Acidic Fluoride Media . In: Metallurgical Transactions B . 19B, 1988, pp. 355–362 (English, springer.com [PDF; 1,2 MB ; accessed on December 20, 2018]).
  38. ↑ George J. Simandl, RO Burr, DL Trueman, S. Paradis: Tantalum and Niobium: Deposits, Resources, Exploration Methods and Market - A Primer for Geoscientists . In: Geoscience Canada . tape 45 , 2018, p. 85–96 , doi : 10.12789 / geocanj.2018.45.135 (English, tanb.org [PDF; 15.9 MB ; accessed on December 20, 2018]).
  39. ↑ a b c Elena V. Badanina, Maria A. Sitnikova, VV Gordienko, Frank Melcher, Hans-Eike Gäbler, Jerzy Lodziak, Ludmila F. Syritso: Mineral chemistry of columbite – tantalite from spodumene pegmatites of Kolmozero, Kola Peninsula (Russia) . In: Ore Geology Reviews . tape 64 , 2015, p. 720–735 , doi : 10.1016 / j.oregeorev.2014.05.009 (English, unileoben.ac.at [PDF; 2.3 MB ; accessed on December 20, 2018]).
  40. ↑ Mindat - number of sites for tantalite- (Mn) , accessed on December 20, 2018 (English)
  41. ↑ List of locations for tantalite (Mn) in the Mineralienatlas and Mindat (accessed on December 20, 2018)
  42. ↑ USGS - Niobium and Tantalum — Indispensable Twins (PDF) accessed on December 20, 2018 (English)
  43. ↑ Gemdat - Tantalite- (Mn) , accessed on December 20, 2018 (English)
  44. ↑ Realgems - Tantalit- (Mn) (accessed December 20, 2018)