Cainite

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Cainite
Kainite - Brefeld mine, Tarthun, Staßfurt, Saxony-Anhalt.jpg
Idiomorphic cainite from the Brefeld mine, Tarthun near Staßfurt, Saxony-Anhalt (crystal size: 3.8 cm)
General and classification
chemical formula
  • KMg [Cl | SO 4 ] • 3H 2 O
  • KMg [Cl | SO 4 ] • 2.75H 2 O
  • K 4 Mg 4 [Cl | SO 4 ] 4 • 11H 2 O or [KMg (Cl | SO 4 )] 4 • 11H 2 O
Mineral class
(and possibly department) 		Sulphates (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates and tungstates)
System no. to Strunz
and to Dana 		7.DF.10 ( 8th edition : VI / D.18)
07/31/01/01
Similar minerals Halite , sylvine , kieserite , carnallite
Crystallographic Data
Crystal system monoclinic
Crystal class ; symbol monoclinic prismatic; 2 / m
Space group C 2 / m (No. 12)Template: room group / 12
Lattice parameters a  = 19.72  Å ; b  = 16.23 Å; c  = 9.53 Å
β  = 94.92 °
Formula units Z  = 16
Frequent crystal faces {001}, {100}, {010}, {111}, {11 1 }, {421}, {42 1 }
Twinning irregular penetration twins, also polysynthetic twins
Physical Properties
Mohs hardness 2.5 to 3
Density (g / cm 3 ) 2.1
Cleavage completely after {001}, clear after {111}, indistinct after {11 1 }
Break ; Tenacity smooth to splintery; brittle
colour colorless, yellowish-white, gray to gray-blue, green, blue, violet
Line color White
transparency transparent to translucent
shine Glass gloss
Crystal optics
Refractive indices n α  = 1.494
n β  = 1.505
n γ  = 1.516
Birefringence δ = 0.022
Optical character biaxial negative
Axis angle 2V = 2V ≈ 90 °, 84 ° 33 ′
Pleochroism with blue crystals clearly from X = violet to Y = blue to Z = yellowish.
Other properties
Chemical behavior soluble in water, salty-bitter taste

Kainite is a rarely occurring mineral from the mineral class of " sulfates " (and related ones, see classification). It crystallizes in the monoclinic crystal system with the chemical composition KMg [Cl | SO 4 ] · 3H 2 O, so from a chemical point of view it is a water-containing potassium - magnesium - sulfate with an additional chloride ion.

Kainite mainly develops granular to massive aggregates , in rare cases also thick tabular to isometric crystals , which can be either colorless or yellowish-white, gray to gray-blue, green, blue or purple in color due to foreign admixtures, whereby the transparency decreases accordingly.

Etymology and history

Mining captain August Huyssen first reported on a mineral found in the “Anhaltinian rock salt mine” in Stassfurt, which “represents an otherwise rare combination of a sulfuric acid salt with a chlorine metal” in the Cologne magazine “Berggeist” on February 21, 1865.

Kainite was discovered by the mountain jury W. Schöne as early as 1864 in the "Herzoglich Anhaltischen Salzwerk Leopoldshall " (near Staßfurt ). The mineral was described by Carl Friedrich Jacob Zincken in the "Berg- und Hüttenmännische Zeitung" published in Leipzig on February 27, 1865. He named the mineral after the Greek word καινος [ kainos ] "new, (previously) unknown" because with Kainite was the first compound found that contains sulfate and chloride as anions . Furthermore, Zincken reported on the discovery of the mineral in a letter dated March 18, 1865 to Professor Hanns Bruno Geinitz , one of the two editors of the "New Yearbook for Mineralogy, Geology and Palaeontology":

“In the Leopold shaft of Leopoldshall near Stassfurt, known for its excellent occurrence of Leopoldite (massive amounts of pure potassium chloride), the mountain jury Schöne recently discovered a new salt; the same consists of: potash, soda, magnesia, lime earth, chlorine, sulfuric acid and water. The combination of chlorine metals with sulfuric acid salts is a very peculiar one, which is why I allow myself to suggest the name Kainite (from καινος, new) for it, with the permission of the discoverer. The kainite is found so far only coarse and only shows small crystalline parts in individual places, which do not allow a conclusion to the crystallization. "

The following is a very precise description of the actual site for the time:

"The kainite occurred in front of the mining site 37 of the southern main device line of the potash region, hard on its hanging border, and indeed both in individual small parts in the rock salt, which in places several puddles, which strangely over the potash layers covering the main rock salt deposit in the southern Grubenfelde and is found under the hanging salt clays, as well as in a 4 inch thick layer immediately above the carnallite layer. "

- Carl Friedrich Jacob Zincken

While Kainite was initially only known in coarse quantities, in 1868 Adolph Frank observed not only well-developed sylvin and halite crystals, but also clear, approximately 5 mm crystals in the “Prussian rock salt works von der Heydt zu Stassfurt”.

classification

Already in the now outdated, but still in use 8th edition of the mineral classification according to Strunz , the kainite belonged to the mineral class of "sulfates (including selenates , tellurates , chromates , molybdates and tungstates )" and there to the department of "anhydrous sulfates, with foreign anions " , where together with natrochalcite , uklonscovite and vonbezingite he created the kainite-natrochalcite group with system no. VI / D.18 .

The 9th edition of Strunz's mineral systematics , which has been in effect since 2001 and is used by the International Mineralogical Association (IMA), also assigns kainite to the category of "sulfates (selenates, etc.) with additional anions, with H 2 O". However, this is further subdivided according to the relative size of the cations involved , so that the mineral can be found according to its composition in the sub-section “With large and medium-sized cations” , where it is the only member of the unnamed group with the system no. 7.DF.10 forms.

The systematics of minerals according to Dana , which is mainly used in the English-speaking world , assigns kainite to the class of "sulfates, chromates and molybdates" and there to the category of "water-containing sulfates with hydroxyl or halogen". Here he is the only member of the unnamed group July 31, 2001 within the subdivision of " Hydrogen sulfates with hydroxyl or halogen with (A + B 2+ ) 2 (XO 4 ) Z q × x (H 2 O) ".

Chemism

The ideal formula KMg (SO 4 ) Cl · 3H 2 O requires contents of 18.91% K 2 O; 16.19% MgO; 14.24% Cl; 32.16% SO 3 and 21.71% H 2 O. Often some potassium is replaced by sodium. Robert Kühn and Karl-Heinrich Ritter postulate that mountain moisture (tiny lye inclusions) was obviously included in the water of crystallization in the past. In their numerous kainite analyzes, they found that kainite only contains 2.75 mol of water of crystallization and that the theoretical H 2 O content is only 20.27% by weight of H 2 O. The resulting formula KMg [Cl | SO 4 ] · 2.75H 2 O is also used by Strunz & Nickel. As early as 1908, low levels of bromine and iodine were detected in kainite . The isomorphic contents of bromine, which enters the crystal lattice for chlorine, are 0.036-0.131% by weight and, according to more recent studies on kainite from Ukrainian potash deposits, 0.08-0.23% by weight. In violet kainite from the mine "Hansa Silberberg I" (Benther salt dome) in Empelde near Hanover, Lower Saxony, Johannes Leonhardt and Robert Kühn found significant levels of hydrogen sulfide , H 2 S, which are based on finely divided levels of an alkali sulfide, e.g. B. Na 2 S, are due.

Chemically, kainite can be regarded as a chlorine analogue containing water of crystallization of the chlorine-free sulfate-dominated langbeinite .

Crystal structure

Crystal structure of kainite

Kainite crystallizes in the monoclinic crystal system in the space group C 2 / m (space group no. 12) with the lattice parameters a = 19.72  Å ; b = 16.23 Å; c = 9.53 Å and β = 94.92 °; as well as 16 formula units per unit cell . Template: room group / 12

In the crystal structure of kainite three MgO 4 (H 2 O) 2 - octahedron and four SO 4 - tetrahedron shared corners joined together so that they form layers in parallel (100), which consist of eight-membered rings. These layers are loosely linked to a framework via the corners of further MgO 2 (H 2 O) 4 octahedra. Cavities in the framework contain four K + , four Cl - and two water molecules. The K + ions are partly surrounded by eight (four O 2− and four Cl - ) and partly by nine nearest neighbors.

properties

morphology

Kainite occurs in crystals up to 10 cm in size, which are almost always more or less thick tabular according to {001}. In addition, there are also thick tabular crystals according to {100}. Short prismatic, dipyramidal or nearly isometric crystals have also been found less frequently. The prisms {111}, {11 1 } and the basic pinacoid {001} are decisive for the costume of natural crystals . As a result, the kainite crystals are either thick tabular according to {001} or dipyramidal according to {111}. In addition to these differences in habitus, there are also differences in the costume of the kainite (see the crystal drawings on the left). Kainite crystals can be very extensive. In addition to the surface shapes mentioned above, the prisms {110}, {210}, {310}, {021}, {131}, {13 1 }, {421}, {42 1 } and {46 1 } as well as the pinacoids {100}, {010}, {101}, {201} and {401} were found.

  • Costume and habitus of kainite crystals (the same colors mean the same surface shapes)

  • 1. Thick prismatic crystal. "Von der Heydt" shaft, 7th level, Staßfurt.

  • 2. Head image of the thick prismatic crystal 1.

  • 3. Dipyramidal crystal. "Von der Heydt" shaft, 7th level, Staßfurt.

  • 4. Dipyramidal, area-rich crystal. Neustaßfurt I shaft (Agathe).

  • 5. Isometric crystal. Neustaßfurt I shaft (Agathe).

  • 6. According to {100} tabular crystal with indicated cleavage.

At the type locality Leopoldshall, kainite mostly forms those grown on halite or coarse kainite, e.g. Sometimes also “floating” crystals, where both crystal ends are present. The habit of the not very common crystals from the type locality consists of the above-mentioned supporting forms of the pinacoids {010} and {100} as well as the prisms {110} and {310}, which have only small areas. Most of the other shapes mentioned above are either only formed on individual crystals with larger areas or only appear in narrow strips. The prism {310} can have a stripe due to its oscillating appearance with {320}.

Far more often, however, the mineral is found in crusty or (sugar) grainy-massive aggregates with a typical pavement structure and fibrous aggregates ("fiber kainite"). From Government hole No. 13 in Eddy Co. , New Mexico / USA, pseudomorphoses of kainite after tetrahedral langbeinite crystals were described.

According to Gustav Tschermak , kainite often contains tiny inclusions of kieserite and, according to Eduard Reichardt, inclusions of gypsum , anhydrite and quartz crystals . In addition, pyrrhotine crystals enclosed in the zone were observed.

physical and chemical properties

Kainite crystals are water-clear in their pure form, but they can take on yellowish-white, reddish, dark-flesh-red, gray to gray-blue, green, blue and violet shades due to inclusions and foreign admixtures (clay, bitumen, hematite). The kainite of the type locality was described as light gray-green. According to Eduard Reichardt, gray and impure varieties resulted in "when dissolved a dark, unclear liquid, often with a bituminous odor, on the other hand the purer pieces dissolve completely clearly and easily in cold and hot water". The line color of the kainite, however, is always white.

The surfaces of the translucent to transparent crystals show a glass-like sheen in accordance with the values ​​for light refraction . Kainite has a medium-high refraction (n α  = 1.494, n β  = 1.505, n γ  = 1.516) and a medium-high birefringence (δ = 0.022). Kainite is colorless in transmitted light and can be recognized by its clearly negative relief and its luminous polarization colors (yellow 1st order to blue 2nd order). Blue crystals can show a clear pleochroism from X = violet through Y = blue to Z = yellowish

Kainite has three different cleavages : a very perfect one according to {001} (cf. crystal drawing no. 6), a clear one according to {111} and an indistinct one according to {11 1 }. It breaks but similar because of its brittleness willemite or Vesuvianite , wherein the fractured surfaces are formed splintery. Depending on the author, the mineral has a Mohs hardness of 2.5 to 3 and is therefore one of the medium-hard minerals that can be scratched with a copper coin just as easily as the reference mineral calcite . The measured density for kainite is 2.132 g / cm³, the calculated density 2.24 g / cm³. Kainite is salty and bitter. It is not hygroscopic , but easily soluble in water and without residue (clear solution). When the solution crystallizes again , schoenite is eliminated. In the small flask, it immediately turns white and sinters a little while giving off a lot of water. In front of the Bunsen burner it melts to a white mass, throwing bubbles and turning the flame purple.

Similar minerals are halite and sylvine , which have different cleavage properties, kieserite , which is not brittle, and carnallite , which, in contrast to kainite, is significantly softer and much more hygroscopic.


Education and Locations

Dismantling in the Kainit in Staßfurt

Kainite is a primarily formed potassium mineral in salt deposits containing magnesium sulfate , where it is accompanied by halite and various magnesium sulfates such as epsomite , hexahydrite or kieserite. However, it probably emerged from the metastable primary excretions Epsomit + Sylvin at an early stage of diagnosis. If the excretion is normal, the carnallite region lies above the kainite region. However, since kainite is not stable in carnallite-saturated solutions, it reacts to form kieserite + carnallite, whereby the kainite region is already converted into a carnallite region during the primary separation.

On the other hand, the kainite that forms deposits in salt deposits is mostly secondary to the action of dilute solutions on kieseritic halite carnallites, on kieserite sylvin halites or on langbeinite rocks below 83 ° C, mostly even below 72 ° C. These formations can be caused by descending solutions (Zechstein Age leaching of the “Staßfurt” potash seam), in the hat area of salt domes (formation of the “Kainithut” over kieseritic carnallite rock in the Staßfurt saddle) or on the “salt slope”. In the Werra potash district - in tectonic connection with basalt dikes - kainitization of the potash seams often occurs due to the effects of sufficiently cooled post-volcanic solutions .

This "secondary" kainite is accompanied by carnallite, sylvin and kieserite as well as leonite , blödite (astrakanite), glaserite and polyhalite . Hut-kainite occurs next to halite, more rarely also next to leonite, blödit and magnesium sulphates. In the Kainit hat, Schönite occurs in the form of nests in the Kainite. It arises at the expense of Kainite, but is not stable next to it.

Kainite can also form below 50 ° C as a reaction seam with a columnar, fibrous structure between Langbeinite and Sylvin. Rarely, e.g. B. on the Tolbachik volcano, kainite is also formed by resublimation from volcanic vapors.

As a rare mineral formation, kainite has only been found at a few sites so far. So far (as of 2018) around 50 sites are known. The type locality is the Leopoldshall near Stassfurt, Saxony-Anhalt , Germany , which belongs to the former Stassfurt potash deposit (see salt extraction on the Staßfurter Sattel ) . On the same deposit district the localities belong to the former mines "Neustaßfurt I" (Agatha) at Strassfurt "Douglas Hall," Westeregeln with leeches , "shaft Brefeld" close Tarthun in leeches as well as the at Aschersleben located Kaliwerke "Schmidtmann Hall" and "Kleinschierstedt" near Klein Schierstedt . In Saxony-Anhalt also from the “Wilhelmshall-Anderbeck” potash works near Halberstadt and from the “Heinrich Rau” potash works in Roßleben / Unstrut . In Thuringia from the Merkers potash plant , Merkers-Kieselbach, near basalt dikes that penetrated the potash store. In Lower Saxony from the “Riedel” potash works, Hänigsen near Celle , from the “Niedersachsen” potash works, Wathlingen near Celle, from the “Hansa” mine, Lehrte near Hanover , from the “Hansa Silberberg I” mine (Benther salt dome) near Hanover, from the Siegfried-Giesen potash plant , Giesen bei Hildesheim , from the Vienenburg potash plant located 3 km north of Vienenburg and from the Asse potash mine near Wolfenbüttel - here in the form of crystals up to 8.5 cm in size. In Hesse from the Neuhof-Ellers potash works, Neuhof (near Fulda) , from the Wintershall potash works , Heringen and from the Hattorf potash works, Philippsthal , both in the Werra valley . The deposits in East Hesse and West Thuringia belong to the Werra potash district.

In Austria, kainite was found in the Bad Ischler Salzberg in the Salzkammergut , Perneck near Bad Ischl , Gmunden district , Upper Austria . Locations in Switzerland are not known.

The “Kalusch” salt deposit, located in western Ukraine , Oblast Ivano-Frankivsk , was formerly known as “Kalusz in Galicia ” and until the 1930s was the only important site for kainite alongside the German potash deposits . Kainite formed here a closed elliptical embedment in the Hasel Mountains . In Kłodawa , Powiat Kolski , Greater Poland Voivodeship (Wielkopolskie), and Inowrocław (Hohensalza), Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship , both Poles . In Russia in addition to the deposits in the Saratov Oblast , Volga Federal District and from the fumarole "Glavnaya Tenoritovaya" the Second cinder cone on the north breakthrough of the Great fissure eruption (Great Fissure), volcano Tolbachik ( coordinates of the volcano Tolbachik ), Kamchatka , Far Eastern Federal District . A similar formation is the "Grillid" occurrence (Cave S-4), Surtsey Island , Vestmannaeyjar (Westman Islands), Iceland .

In the United States from the "Carlsbad Potash District" (e.g. from the "Kerr McGee Mine") in Counties Eddy and Lea , New Mexico , and from the Wendover area in Tooele County , Utah . Also from various salt deposits on the Italian island of Sicily , from salt deposits in Canada , China , Iran , Kazakhstan and Pakistan as well as from several exploratory drillings near Whitby , North Yorkshire , England , United Kingdom .

The mineral was also discovered on Mars . Kainite was identified by spectral analysis here in the Columbia Hills within the Gusev Crater in the Aeolis Quadrangle . It is one of the 50 or so minerals known from this planet.

use

Kainite is a potash salt and as such an important raw material for the production of various fertilizers and for the chemical industry. In the development years of the German potash industry in the last third of the 19th century, kainite was mined as a hat stone because it could be sold without further processing. As a result of this improper overexploitation , water was often released from the hanging gypsum hat, which led to the drowning of these pits and the associated loss of supplies.

literature

  • Carl Friedrich Jacob Zincken : About a new salt from Leopoldshall near Stassfurth . In: Berg- und Huettenmaennische Zeitung . tape 24 , no. 9 , 1865, p. 79–80 ( rruff.info [PDF; 261 kB ; accessed on February 1, 2018]).
  • Kainite . In: John W. Anthony, Richard A. Bideaux, Kenneth W. Bladh, Monte C. Nichols (Eds.): Handbook of Mineralogy, Mineralogical Society of America . 2001 ( handbookofmineralogy.org [PDF; 67 kB ; accessed on February 1, 2018]).
  • Hans Jürgen Rösler : Textbook of Mineralogy . 4th revised and expanded edition. German publishing house for basic industry (VEB), Leipzig 1987, ISBN 3-342-00288-3 , p. 671 .
  • Friedrich Klockmann : Klockmann's textbook of mineralogy . Ed .: Paul Ramdohr , Hugo Strunz . 16th edition. Enke, Stuttgart 1978, ISBN 3-432-82986-8 , pp. 615–616 (first edition: 1891).

Web links

Commons : Kainit  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Friedrich Klockmann : Klockmanns textbook of mineralogy . Ed .: Paul Ramdohr , Hugo Strunz . 16th edition. Enke, Stuttgart 1978, ISBN 3-432-82986-8 , pp.  615–616 (first edition: 1891).
  2. ↑ a b c Robert Kühn, Karl-Heinrich Ritter: The crystal water content of Kainit and Löweit . In: Potash and Rock Salt . tape 2 , no. 7 , 1958, pp. 238-240 .
  3. ^ A b c Hugo Strunz , Ernest H. Nickel : Strunz Mineralogical Tables . 9th edition. E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagbuchhandlung (Nägele and Obermiller), Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-510-65188-X , p.  406 .
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g h Waldemar Theodore Schaller , Edward Porter Henderson: Mineralogy of drill cores from the potash field of New Mexico and Texas . In: US Geological Survey Bulletin . tape  833 , 1932, pp. 38–39 ( usgs.gov [PDF; 150 kB ; accessed on February 1, 2018]).
  5. ↑ a b c d e f Walter Ehrenreich Tröger : Optical determination of rock-forming minerals, Part 2: Text volume . Ed .: Hans Ulrich Bambauer, Otto Braitsch, Franz Taborszky, Hans Dieter Trochim. 2nd Edition. Swiss beard, Stuttgart 1969, p.  40-42 (first edition: 1967).
  6. ^ A b c Paul D. Robinson, HH Fang, Y. Ohya: The crystal structure of kainite . In: The American Mineralogist . tape 57 , 1972, p. 1325–1332 ( rruff.info [PDF; 599 kB ; accessed on February 1, 2018]).
  7. ↑ a b c d Balthasar Gossner : Kainit. SO 4 Mg · KCl · 3H 2 O . In: Gottlob Linck (Ed.): Handbuch der Mineralogie von Dr. Carl Hintze . Sulphates, Chromates, Molybdates, Wolframates, Uranates 1st part. 1st edition. tape  1 , third division. 2nd half. Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin and Leipzig 1930, p. 4544-4551 .
  8. ↑ a b c Victor Leopold Ritter von Zepharovich : About kainite, rutile and anatase . In: Journal for Crystallography and Mineralogy . tape  6 , no. 1-6 , 1882, pp. 234-243 , doi : 10.1524 / zkri.1882.6.1.234 .
  9. ↑ a b c d Bruno Baumgärtel: Blue kainite crystals from the Asse potash works near Wolfenbüttel . In: Centralblatt für Mineralogie Geologie und Paläontologie . tape 1905 , 1905, pp. 449-452 .
  10. ^ August Huyssen : New mineral deposits in the Stassfurt salt deposit . In: Der Berggeist: newspaper for mining, metallurgy and industry February 21, 1865 . tape  10 , no. 15 , 1865, p. 67–68 ( available online in Der Berggeist , p. 67 ff. In the Google book search).
  11. ^ A b Carl Friedrich Jacob Zincken : About a new salt from Leopoldshall near Stassfurth . In: Berg- und Huettenmaennische Zeitung . tape  24 , no. 9 , 1865, p. 79–80 ( rruff.info [PDF; 261 kB ; accessed on February 1, 2018]).
  12. ^ Carl Friedrich Jacob Zincken : Communication to Prof. HB Geinitz of March 18, 1865 . In: New Yearbook for Mineralogy, Geology and Palaeontology . tape  1865 , 1865, pp. 310 ( available online in New Yearbook , p. 310 in the Google book search).
  13. ↑ Adolph Frank : On the occurrence and formation of crystallized sylvine (KCl) and crystallized kainite in the rock salt works at Stassfurt . In: Reports of the German Chemical Society in Berlin . tape  1 , no. 1–3 , 1868, pp. 121–124 , doi : 10.1002 / cber.18680010150 ( available online in Reports of the German Chemical Society , p. 121 in the Google book search).
  14. ↑ a b c Paul Groth : About the crystallized Kainit von Staßfurth . In: Poggendorff's annals of physics and chemistry . tape  CXXXVII , no. 5 , 1869, pp. 442–447 , doi : 10.1002 / andp.18692130708 ( available online in Poggendorff's Annalen der Physik und Chemie , p. 442 ff. In the Google book search).
  15. ↑ a b c Kainite . In: John W. Anthony, Richard A. Bideaux, Kenneth W. Bladh, Monte C. Nichols (Eds.): Handbook of Mineralogy, Mineralogical Society of America . 2001 ( handbookofmineralogy.org [PDF; 67  kB ; accessed on February 1, 2018]).
  16. ↑ Hendrik Enno Boeke : About the crystallization scheme of chlorides, bromides, iodides of sodium, potassium and magnesium, as well as about the occurrence of bromine and the lack of iodine in the potassium salt deposits . In: Journal for Crystallography and Mineralogy . tape  45 , no. 1-6 , 1908, pp. 346-391 , doi : 10.1524 / zkri.1908.45.1.346 .
  17. ↑ Frederick H. Stewart: Marine Evaporites . In: Michael Fleischer (Ed.): Data of Geochemistry (=  Geological Survey Professional Paper . 440-Y). 6th edition. United States Government Printing Office, Washington 1963, p. Y36 (English, available online in Marine Evaporites , p. Y36 in Google Book Search).
  18. ↑ Sophia P. Hryniv, BV Dolishniy, OV Khmelevska, AV Poberezhskyy, SS Vovnyuk: Evaporites of Ukraine: a review . In: B. Charlotte Schreiber, S. Lugli, M. Bąbel (Eds.): Evaporites Through Space and Time (=  Special Publication . No. 285 ). 1st edition. Geological Society, London 2007, ISBN 978-1-86239-232-8 , pp. 309-334 , doi : 10.1144 / SP285.18 (English).
  19. ↑ Renate von Hodenberg, Reinhard Fischbeck, Robert Kühn: Contribution to the knowledge of salt minerals, salt rocks and salt deposits, especially in the German Zechstein (part 2) . In: The opening . tape 38 , 1987, pp. 109-125 .
  20. ^ Helmut Schrätze , Karl-Ludwig Weiner : Mineralogie. A textbook on a systematic basis . de Gruyter, Berlin; New York 1981, ISBN 3-11-006823-0 , pp.  596-597 (kainite).
  21. ^ A b c d Rupert Hochleitner, Henning von Philipsborn, Karl-Ludwig Weiner , Klaus Rapp: Minerals determine according to external characteristics . 3. Edition. Schweizerbart, Stuttgart 1996, ISBN 3-510-65164-2 , p. 262 (kainite).
  22. ^ A b Charles Palache , Harry Berman , Clifford Frondel : Kainite. [KMg (SO 4 ) Cl • 3H 2 O] . In: The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana: Yale University 1837-1892 . Halides, Nitrates, Borates, Carbonates, Sulfates, Phosphates, Arsenates, Tungstates, Molybdates, etc. 7th edition. tape  II . John Wiley and Sons, New York, London, Sydney 1951, ISBN 0-471-19272-4 , pp. 594-596 (English).
  23. ↑ a b c d Karl Busz : About Kainit von Staßfurt and Carnallit von Beienrode . In: New Yearbook for Mineralogy, Geology and Palaeontology . 1907 (fixed volume), 1907, p.  115-128 .
  24. ↑ a b Otto Luedecke : Observations on events in Stassfurt (pinnoite, picromerite, kainite and rock salt) . In: Journal of Natural Sciences . tape  58 , 1885, p. 656-662 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  25. ^ Gustav Tschermak : Contribution to the Nentniss of the salt storage . In: Meeting reports of the Imperial Academy of Sciences. Mathematical and natural science class 1st division . tape  63 , no. 4 , 1871, p. 311-314 ( archive.org ).
  26. ^ A b Eduard Reichardt : The Stassfurt rock salt mine and what happened in it . In: New Yearbook for Mineralogy, Geology and Palaeontology . tape  1866 , 1866, pp. 337–338 ( available online in Neues Jahrbuch , pp. 337 ff. In Google Book Search).
  27. ↑ E. Harbort: About magnetic gravel crystals grown in rock salt and kainite from the Aller-Nordstern potash salt mine . In: Kali magazine for the extraction, processing and utilization of potash salts . tape 9 , 1915, pp. 250-253 .
  28. ↑ Robert Kühn: The microscopy of potash salts l. Part: Research methods and minerals . 1st edition. Kaliforschungsstelle Empelde, Hannover 1950, p. 1-115 .
  29. ↑ Johannes Leonhardt , Robert Kühn: Violet kainite containing hydrogen sulfide . In: Zentralblatt für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paläontologie . tape  1935 , 1935, pp. 193-194 .
  30. ↑ a b c Rudolf von Görgey: To the knowledge of the minerals of the salt deposits . In: Tschermaks mineralogical and petrographic communications . tape 29 , no. 3 , 1910, pp. 192-210 .
  31. ^ Hugo Bücking : Communications from the mineralogical institute of the University of Strasbourg. 13. Glaserite, Blödit, Kainit and Boracit from Douglashall near Westeregeln . In: Journal for Crystallography and Mineralogy . tape  15 , no. 1-6 , 1889, pp. 561-575 , doi : 10.1524 / zkri.1889.15.1.561 .
  32. ↑ a b c Otto Braitsch: Origin and stock of the salt deposits . 1st edition. Springer, Berlin, Göttingen, Heidelberg 1962, pp. 1-232 .
  33. ↑ a b c Hans Jürgen Rösler , Klaus Koch: Salt microscopy: Determination of the most important minerals in the saline area . 1st edition. Distance learning teaching letters Bergakademie Freiberg, Freiberg 1968, p.  78-80 .
  34. ↑ a b H. Mayrhofer: About a Langbeinite and Kainite deposit in the Ischler Salzgebirge . In: The Karinthin . tape 30 , 1955, pp. 94-98 .
  35. ↑ H. Autenrieth: Recent studies in the quinary system of oceanic salt deposits that are important for potash salt processing . In: Potash and Rock Salt . tape 1 , no. 11 , 1955, pp. 18-32 .
  36. ↑ a b Igor V. Pekov, Natalia V. Zubkova, Vasiliy O. Yapaskurt, Inna S. Lykova, Dmitry I. Belakovskiy, Marina F. Vigasina, Evgeny G. Sidorov, Sergey N. Britvin, Dmitry Yu. Pushcharovsky: New zinc and potassium chlorides from fumaroles of the Tolbachik volcano, Kamchatka, Russia: mineral data and crystal chemistry. I. Mellizincalite, K 3 Zn 2 C 17 . In: European Journal of Mineralogy . tape 27 , no. 2 , 2015, p. 247-253 , doi : 10.1127 / ejm / 2015 / 0027-2430 (English).
  37. ↑ Mindat - Number of localities for Kainite
  38. ↑ Find location list for kainite in the Mineralienatlas and Mindat
  39. ↑ Karl Ritter v. Hauer: About the Cainite of Kalusz in Galicia . In: Yearbook of the Imperial Royal Geological Institute . tape 20 , 1870, p. 141–146 ( geologie.ac.at [PDF; 413 kB ; accessed on February 1, 2018]).
  40. ↑ MS Rice, JF Bell III, EA Cloutis, A. Wang, SW Ruff, MA Craig, DT Bailey, JR Johnson, PA de Souza, Jr., WH Farrand Karl Ritter v. Hauer: Silica-rich Deposits and Hydrated Minerals at Gusev Crater, Mars . In: 40th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference . tape 20 , 2009, p. 2134.pdf ( usra.edu [PDF; 910 kB ; accessed on February 1, 2018]).
  41. ↑ Mindat - Kainit