Nantokit
| Nantokit | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| General and classification | |
| other names |
Copper chloride |
| chemical formula | CuCl |
|
Mineral class (and possibly department) |
Halides |
|
System no. to Strunz and to Dana |
3.AA.05 ( 8th edition : III / A.01a) 01/09/07/01 |
| Crystallographic Data | |
| Crystal system | cubic |
| Crystal class ; symbol | cubic-hexakistrahedral; 4 3 m |
| Space group | F 4 3 m (No. 216) |
| Lattice parameters | a = 5.42 Å |
| Formula units | Z = 4 |
| Physical Properties | |
| Mohs hardness | 2.5 |
| Density (g / cm 3 ) | measured: 3.93 to 4.3; 4.136 (synthetic); calculated: 4.22 |
| Cleavage | is missing |
| Break ; Tenacity | clamshell; sectile |
| colour | colorless to white, turning green due to weathering |
| Line color | White |
| transparency | transparent to translucent |
| shine | Diamond luster |
| Crystal optics | |
| Refractive index | n = synthetic crystals n = 1.930 (5) |
| Birefringence | Usually no, but anomalous anisotropy is possible |
| Other properties | |
| Chemical behavior | quickly weathering to atacamite or paratacamite in air |
Nantokit , also out of date copper chloride , is a rarely occurring mineral from the mineral class of " halides " with the chemical composition CuCl and thus, chemically speaking, copper (I) chloride .
Nantokit crystallizes in the cubic crystal system , but develops only tiny crystals from a few micrometers to a maximum of one millimeter in size, so it is usually found in the form of granular to massive mineral aggregates or crusty coatings. In its pure form, fresh samples of the Nantokit are colorless and transparent with a diamond-like sheen on the surfaces. However , it can also appear white or gray due to multiple light refraction due to lattice construction defects or polycrystalline training.
Etymology and history
Nantokit was first discovered by the engineer Albert Herrmann in the Carmen Bajo Mine near Nantoko ( Copiapó Province ) in the Chilean region of Atacama and described in 1868 by August Breithaupt , who named the mineral after its type of locality .
Type material of the mineral is kept in the mineralogical collection of the TU Bergakademie Freiberg (catalog no. 12013 / M 1,7).
classification
Already in the outdated 8th edition of the mineral classification according to Strunz , the Nantokit belonged to the mineral class of "halides" and there to the department of "simple halides", where together with Marshit and Miersit he created the "Miersite series" with the system no. III / A.01a within the "Miersite-Jodargyrit Group".
In the revised and updated Lapis mineral directory by Stefan Weiß, which, out of consideration for private collectors and institutional collections, is still based on this old form of Karl Hugo Strunz's system , the mineral was given the system and mineral number. III / A.01-10 . In the “Lapis system”, this also corresponds to the “Simple Halides” department, where Nantokit, together with Marshit and Miersit, forms an independent but unnamed group (as of 2018).
The 9th edition of Strunz's mineral systematics, which has been valid since 2001 and updated by the International Mineralogical Association (IMA) until 2009, classifies the Nantokit in the more finely subdivided section of “Simple halides without H 2 O”. This is further subdivided according to the molar ratio of metal to the respective halogen, so that the mineral according to its composition can be found in the sub-section "M: X = 1: 1 and 2: 3", where it is named after the "Nantokit group" the system no. 3.AA.05 and the other members Marshit and Miersit.
The systematics of minerals according to Dana , which is mainly used in the English-speaking world , assigns the Nantokit to the class and there in the division of the same name of "halides". Here, too, he is together with Marshit and Miersit in the " Nantokit series " with the system no. 09.01.07 to be found in the subsection “Anhydrous and water-containing halides with the formula AX”.
Crystal structure
Nantokit crystallizes cubically in the space group F 4 3 m (space group no. 216) with the lattice parameter a = 5.42 Å and 4 formula units per unit cell .
properties
The mineral is unstable and, unprotected in humid air, covers itself relatively quickly with a greenish crust of atacamite (Cu 2 Cl (OH) 3 ) or paratacamite (Cu 2 (Cu, Zn) (OH) 6 Cl 2 ). This weathering cannot be stopped one hundred percent, even in sealed glass tubes.
Education and Locations
Nantokit usually forms secondary in hydrothermal , copper-containing deposits , but can rarely also arise as a sublimation product from volcanic gases or in the oxidation zone of arid copper deposits. Besides atacamite and paratacamite, cerussite , claringbullite , cuprite , hematite and solid copper can occur as accompanying minerals , depending on where they were found .
As a rare mineral formation, Nantokit could only be detected at a few sites, with around 30 sites being known to date (as of 2014). Its type locality Carmen Bajo Mine near Nantoko is the only known site in Chile so far.
The only known site in Germany so far is the copper-silver smelter "God's reward" near Hettstedt in Saxony-Anhalt.
Other previously known sites are Broken Hill (New South Wales) and Cloncurry (Queensland) in Australia, Avyssalos on Serifos and Lavrio in the Attica region in Greece, Padritola in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh , various sites on Monte Somma (Campania), near Carpenara (Val Varenna, Liguria), Campiglia Marittima and Piombino (Tuscany) in Italy, Schesqasghan ( Dzhezkazgan ) in Kazakhstan, Mapimí and San José in the Municipio Villagrán (Tamaulipas) in Mexico, Bou Skour in Jbel Sarhro in Morocco, Chrzanów and Bytom in Poland , Chelyabinsk (Urals) in Russia, Huércal-Overa in the Spanish province of Almería , Krupka (Bohemia) in the Czech Republic, Trewellard in the mining district of St Just, Cornwall (England) in the United Kingdom and Bisbee (Arizona) , Stamford (Connecticut) , Mass City ( Michigan ), Steeple Rock in Grant County, New Mexico, and Balmat, New York in the United States of America.
See also
literature
- Negotiations of the Bergmännischer Verein zu Freiberg. Meeting of October 10, 1867 . In: Bruno Kerl, Friedrich Wimmer (Ed.): Berg- und Huettenmaennische Zeitung . No. 1, Volume XXVII, January 1, 1968, p. 3 ( rruff.info [PDF; 509 kB ; accessed on December 21, 2019]).
- August Breithaupt: Nantokit . In: G. Leonard, HB Geinitz (Hrsg.): New year book for mineralogy, geology and palaeontology . Swiss beard, Stuttgart 1872, p. 814–816 ( rruff.info [PDF; 375 kB ; accessed on December 21, 2019]).
Web links
- Mineral Atlas: Nantokit (Wiki)
- David Barthelmy: Nantokite Mineral Data. In: webmineral.com. Retrieved December 21, 2019 .
- American-Mineralogist-Crystal-Structure-Database - Nantokite. In: rruff.geo.arizona.edu. Retrieved December 21, 2019 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c August Breithaupt: Nantokit . In: G. Leonard, HB Geinitz (Hrsg.): New year book for mineralogy, geology and palaeontology . Swiss beard, Stuttgart 1872, p. 814–816 ( rruff.info [PDF; 375 kB ; accessed on December 21, 2019]).
- ↑ a b c d Hugo Strunz , Ernest H. Nickel : Strunz Mineralogical Tables. Chemical-structural Mineral Classification System . 9th edition. E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagbuchhandlung (Nägele and Obermiller), Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-510-65188-X , p. 148 (English).
- ↑ a b c Nantokite . In: John W. Anthony, Richard A. Bideaux, Kenneth W. Bladh, Monte C. Nichols (Eds.): Handbook of Mineralogy, Mineralogical Society of America . 2001 (English, handbookofmineralogy.org [PDF; 60 kB ; accessed on December 21, 2019]).
- ↑ a b Stefan Weiß: The large Lapis mineral directory. All minerals from A - Z and their properties. Status 03/2018 . 7th, completely revised and supplemented edition. Weise, Munich 2018, ISBN 978-3-921656-83-9 .
- ↑ a b Nantokite. In: mindat.org. Hudson Institute of Mineralogy, accessed December 21, 2019 .
- ^ Type mineral catalog - Nantokit. In: typmineral.uni-hamburg.de. University of Hamburg , December 8, 2017, accessed on December 21, 2019 .
- ↑ Ernest H. Nickel, Monte C. Nichols: IMA / CNMNC List of Minerals 2009. (PDF 1816 kB) In: cnmnc.main.jp. IMA / CNMNC, January 2009, accessed December 21, 2019 .
- ^ Helmut Schrätze , Karl-Ludwig Weiner : Mineralogie. A textbook on a systematic basis . de Gruyter, Berlin; New York 1981, ISBN 3-11-006823-0 , pp. 320 .
- ↑ Localities for Nantokite. In: mindat.org. Hudson Institute of Mineralogy, accessed December 21, 2019 .
- ↑ Find location list for Nantokit in the Mineralienatlas and Mindat , accessed on December 21, 2019.