Phillipsite

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Phillipsite-Ca, -K or -Na
Phillipsite-180014.jpg
Translucent Phillipsite rosettes from Clifton Hill, Yarra City , Victoria, Australia (size: 4.3 cm × 3.5 cm × 2 cm)
General and classification
chemical formula General: (KNaCa 0.5 Ba 0.5 ) x [Al x Si 16-x O 32 ] · 12H 2 O
Mineral class
(and possibly department) 		Silicates and Germanates - framework silicates
System no. to Strunz
and to Dana 		9.GC.10 ( 8th edition : VIII / J.25)
77.01.03
Crystallographic Data
Crystal system monoclinic
Crystal class ; symbol monoclinic prismatic; 2 / m
Space group P 2 1 (No. 4) or P 2 1 / m (No. 11)Template: room group / 4Template: room group / 11
Lattice parameters a  = 9.865 (2)  Å ; b  = 14.300 (4) Å; c  = 8.668 (2) Å
β  = 124.20 (3) °
Formula units Z  = 1
Frequent crystal faces tabular to tabular, with {110}, {001}
Twinning single and double, cross-shaped twins according to {001}, {021}, {110}
Physical Properties
Mohs hardness 4 to 4.5
Density (g / cm 3 ) measured: 2.20; calculated: 2.242
Cleavage clearly after {010} and {100}
Break ; Tenacity uneven; brittle
colour white, reddish, yellowish
Line color White
transparency translucent to opaque
shine Glass gloss
Crystal optics
Refractive indices n α  = 1.483 to 1.505
n β  = 1.484 to 1.511
n γ  = 1.486 to 1.514
Birefringence δ = 0.003 to 0.009
Optical character alternating biaxially
Axis angle 2V = measured: 60 to 90 °; calculated: 70 to 72 °

Phillipsite is the collective name for an unspecified mineral from a group of chemically very similar minerals, consisting of the end members Phillipsit-Ca , Phillipsit-K and Phillipsit-Na recognized by the International Mineralogical Association (IMA) . All end links crystallize in the monoclinic crystal system with the following chemical composition:

  • Phillipsite Ca: Ca 3 [Al 6 Si 10 O 32 ] • 12H 2 O
  • Phillipsite-K: K 6 [Al 6 Si 10 O 32 ] • 12H 2 O
  • Phillipsite Na: Na 6 [Al 6 Si 10 O 32 ] • 12H 2 O

There are thus chemically seen hydrous calcium -, potassium - or sodium - aluminosilicates which are structurally to the tectosilicates belonging and as such a group of zeolites within the mineral class are counted the "silicates and germanates".

Phillipsite usually develops tabular or isometric to prismatic crystals or crystal twins with a glass-like sheen on the surfaces, but also occurs in the form of radial to spherical mineral aggregates . In its pure form it is colorless and transparent. However, since it is predominantly twinned or occurs in polycrystalline aggregates, it appears white due to multiple refraction. It can also take on a reddish or yellowish color due to foreign admixtures, whereby the transparency can decrease accordingly to the point of opacity.

Etymology and history

Phillipsite was first described in 1825 by Armand Lévy , who named the mineral after the English mineralogist and founder of the Geological Society of London William Phillips (1775-1829). Lévy gave the city of Acireale in the metropolitan city of Catania in Sicily , more precisely the nearby slopes of Mount Etna , as the type locality . More recent descriptions of the mineralogy of Etna in this area by Di Franco 1942 indicate, however, that the phillipsite samples were more likely to be collected in the basalt rocks near the neighboring community of Aci Castello .

In the course of a general revision of the zeolite nomenclature by Coombs et al. In 1997/98, Phillipsite was divided into its end members as a mixed crystal row and the mineral originally described by Lévy was redefined as a sodium-rich end member with the type locality Aci Castello under the name Phillipsite-Na. For the potassium-rich end member Phillipsit-K applies Capo di Bove in the Alban Hills (province of Rome) and for the calcium-rich end member Phillipsit-Ca salt lake tuffs near the Puuloa Road on the Hawaii -Insel O'ahu as the type locality.

classification

Already in the outdated, but partly still in use 8th edition of the mineral systematics according to Strunz , the Phillipsite belonged to the mineral class of "silicates and germanates" and there to the department of "tectosilicates (tectosilicates), with zeolites ", where together with amicite , garronite , Gismondin , Gobbinsit , Harmotom , Merlinoit , Montesommait and Yugawaralith the "group of leaf zeolites III" with the system no. VIII / J.25 formed.

The 9th edition of Strunz's mineral systematics , which has been in effect since 2001 and is used by the International Mineralogical Association (IMA), also assigns the Phillipsite to the division of “tectosilicates with zeolitic H 2 O; Family of zeolites ”. This is, however, further subdivided according to the framework structure, so that the minerals can be found in the sub-section "Chains of double-connected rings of four", where they can only be found together with Harmotome, the "Phillipsite group" with the system no. Form 9.GC.10 .

Also the systematics of minerals according to Dana , which is mainly used in the English-speaking area , assigns the Phillipsite to the class of "silicates" and there in the department of "framework silicates: zeolite group". Here they are in the group " Gismondin and allied species " with the system no. 77.01.03 to be found in the sub-section "Real Zeolites".

Crystal structure

Phillipsite crystallizes monoclinically in the space group P 2 1 (space group no. 4) or P 2 1 / m (no. 11) with the lattice parameters a  = 9.865 (2)  Å ; b  = 14.300 (4) Å; c  = 8.668 (2) Å and β = 124.20 (3) ° and one formula unit per unit cell . Template: room group / 4Template: room group / 11

Modifications and varieties

Wellsite from the " Buck Creek Mine", Clay County (North Carolina) , USA (size: 4.5 cm × 4.2 × 3.8 cm)

A mixed crystal of the Harmotom –Phillipsit-Ca series is called “Wellsite” .

Education and Locations

Phillipsit-K, Gmelinit Na (yellow) and Donnayit (dark green rosettes) from the quarry Poudrette, Mont Saint-Hilaire , Quebec, Canada (visible area 4.5 mm x 6.3 mm)

Phillipsite are mostly formed by hydrothermal processes in cavities of alkaline and basic effusive rocks ( volcanic rocks ) such as basalt . In addition, they can also arise as autogenous minerals in salt lakes and thermal springs as well as in calcareous deposits of deep-sea sediments . In addition to other zeolites, various apophyllites and olivine , calcite , melilite , nepheline , nosean and celadonite occur as accompanying minerals .

As a relatively frequent mineral formation, Phillipsite can sometimes be abundant at different sites, but are generally not very widespread. Worldwide, around 700 sites are known to date (as of 2013). Concretely, minerals determined as Phillipsite-Ca are only known from around 50 sites, minerals certain as Phillipsite-K are also known from around 50 sites and Phillipsite-Na from around 20 sites.

In Germany, the minerals of the Phillipsite series have so far mainly been found in the Gießen district and in several places in the Vogelsberg in Hesse and in many places in the Eifel (Daun, Gerolstein, Kelberg, Niederzissen) and in the Westerwald in Rhineland-Palatinate. In addition, Phillipsite is also known from the Kaiserstuhl in Baden-Württemberg, the Fichtelgebirge and the Upper Palatinate in Bavaria, from the Harz in Lower Saxony, the Siebengebirge in North Rhine-Westphalia, Freisen in Saarland, near Bärenstein and Oberwiesenthal in the Saxon Ore Mountains, on the Löbauer Berg in Oberlausitz and near Bergen in Vogtland in Saxony as well as on the so-called "Pflasterkaute", a basalt chimney on Mount Lehne in Thuringia.

In Austria, Phillipsite was found at Pauliberg in Burgenland, near Sankt Paul in Lavanttal in Carinthia, at several sites in Lower Austria's Waldviertel , near Freistadt in Upper Austria's Mühlviertel and on Stradner Kogel , near Klöch , Mühldorf near Feldbach , Kirchdorf near Frohnleiten and Weitendorf in of Styria.

In Switzerland, the mineral is only known from the Oberalpstock in the canton of Graubünden.

Other locations include the Antarctic, Argentina, Ethiopia, Australia, Belgium, Chile, Costa Rica, Denmark, France and French Polynesia, Greece, India, Iceland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Canada, Kenya, Cuba, Madagascar, Mayotte, Mexico, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Réunion, Romania, Russia, Sweden, Slovakia, Spain, South Africa, Taiwan, Tanzania, Czech Republic, Turkey, Ukraine, Hungary, the United Kingdom (UK), the United States of America (USA) and Cyprus.

Phillipsite was also detected in rock samples from the “Ninety East Ridge” from the Indian Ocean and in several rock samples from the Pacific Ocean in the southern Californian border area and the Clarion-Clipperton Zone.

See also

literature

Monographs and scientific papers
  • Douglas S. Coombs, Alberto Alberti, Thomas Armbruster , Gilberto Artioli, Carmine Colella, Ermanno Galli, Joel D. Grice, Friedrich Liebau , Joseph A. Mandarino , Hideo Minato, Ernest H. Nickel , Elio Passasslia, Donald R. Peacor, Simona Quartieri, Romano Rinaldi, Malcom Ross, Richard A. Sheppard, Ekkehard Tillmanns, Giovanna Vezzalini: Recommended nomenclature for zeolite minerals: report of the Subcommittee on Zeolites of the International Mineralogical Association, Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names. In: The Canadian Mineralogist. Volume 35 (1997), pp. 1571–1606 ( PDF 3.3 MB )
In compendia
  • Hans Jürgen Rösler : Textbook of Mineralogy . 4th revised and expanded edition. German publishing house for basic industry (VEB), Leipzig 1987, ISBN 3-342-00288-3 , p. 618 .
  • Paul Ramdohr , Hugo Strunz : Klockmann's textbook of mineralogy . 16th edition. Ferdinand Enke Verlag, 1978, ISBN 3-432-82986-8 , pp. 794 .
  • A. Lévy: Descriptions of Two New Minerals. (Herschelite and Phillipsite) In: The Annals of Philosophy. Volume 26, Baldwin, Cradock and Joy, London 1825, pp. 361–363 ( available online in the Google book search)

Web links

Commons : Phillipsite  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e Douglas S. Coombs, Alberto Alberti, Thomas Armbruster , Gilberto Artioli, Carmine Colella, Ermanno Galli, Joel D. Grice, Friedrich Liebau , Joseph A. Mandarino , Hideo Minato, Ernest H. Nickel , Elio Passasslia, Donald R. Peacor, Simona Quartieri, Romano Rinaldi, Malcom Ross, Richard A. Sheppard, Ekkehard Tillmanns, Giovanna Vezzalini: Recommended nomenclature for zeolite minerals: report of the Subcommittee on Zeolites of the International Mineralogical Association, Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names . In: The Canadian Mineralogist. Volume 35 (1997), p. 1588 ff. ( PDF 3.3 MB ; Phillipsit from p. 18)
  2. ^ Helmut Schrätze, Karl-Ludwig Weiner: Mineralogie. A textbook on a systematic basis . de Gruyter, Berlin; New York 1981, ISBN 3-11-006823-0 , pp. 916 .
  3. ↑ a b Phillipsite , In: John W. Anthony, Richard A. Bideaux, Kenneth W. Bladh, Monte C. Nichols (Eds.): Handbook of Mineralogy, Mineralogical Society of America , 2001 ( PDF 83.4 kB )
  4. ↑ a b c d Mindat - Phillipsite (English)
  5. ^ IMA / CNMNC List of Mineral Names; October 2013 (PDF 1.5 MB)
  6. ^ A b International Zeolite Association (IZA) - Phillipsite
  7. ↑ Stefan Weiß: The large Lapis mineral directory. All minerals from A - Z and their properties . 5th completely revised and supplemented edition. Weise, Munich 2008, ISBN 978-3-921656-70-9 .
  8. ↑ Mindat - Number of localities for Phillipsite-Ca
  9. ↑ Mindat - Number of localities for Phillipsite-K
  10. ↑ Mindat - Number of localities for Phillipsite-Na
  11. ↑ Find location list for Phillipsite at the Mineralienatlas and at Mindat